Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis

Individuals are grouped according to joint offence behaviours/travel/ arrest/death (although there are additional connections between several cases). Cases are listed in chronological order according to when individ- uals were arrested or killed.

1. Ibrahim Suleiman Adnan Adam Harun. Al-Qaeda operative arrested in Italy, June 24, 2011. Overseas conviction. 2. Mohammed Osamah Abed Mohammed, Mohammed Al-Obaidi and Wesam Al Jbory. The Swiss IS-Cell. Arrested in Switzerland, March-April, 2014. Prosecuted. 3. Khavazhi Amaev. Chechen militant. Allegedly fought for ISIS faction in . Detained September 5, 2014, near Oinousses islands, Greece. Overseas legal allegations. 4. Abo Robeih Tarif. Syrian refugee smuggler/alleged member of Jabhat al-Nusra (JN). Arrested in Italy, September 2014. Public allegations. 5. Walid Hamam. French foreign fghter and member of Athens ISIS cell. Prosecuted in absentia for role in Verviers plot. Killed by US airstrike in Syria, December 4, 2016. 6. Louati Noussair. Attempted to go to Syria to join ISIS. Arrested in Ravenna, Italy, April 22, 2015. Prosecuted.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), 159 under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 S. Mullins, Jihadist Infltration of Migrant Flows to Europe, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13338-2 160 Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis

7. Ahmed Faredaws A. Afghan explosives expert, designated as a Gefährder (“endangerer”), by German police in July 2015. Missing as of July 2016. Administrative sanctions/public allegations. 8. Ayoub el-Khazzani. Thalys train attack, France, August 21, 2015. Legal allegations. 9. Ayoub Moutchou. ISIS-aligned recruiter/facilitator arrested near Stuttgart, Germany, September 4, 2015. Prosecuted. 10. Ahmad al-I. ISIS member. Arrested in Salzburg, , September 17, 2015. Prosecuted. 11. Mehdi Ben Nasr. Convicted Tunisian terrorist stopped at Lampedusa, Italy, October 4, 2015. Administrative sanctions (deported). 12. Unnamed male. JN member. Arrested in Salzburg, Austria, October 10, 2015. Prosecuted. 13. , Bilal Hadf, Ismael Mostefai, Samy Amimour, Foued Mohamed-Aggad, Chakib Akrouh, “Ahmad al-Mohammad” and “Mohammad al-Mahmod”. Paris attacks, France, November 13, 2015. All perpetrators killed. 14. Ahmad Alali Alhussein and Hazem Alhamed. ISIS mem- bers arrested at Bergamo airport, Italy, November 17, 2015. Prosecuted. 15. Mohamed Usman and Adel Haddadi. Paris attacks net- work. Arrested in Salzburg, Austria, December 10, 2015. Legal allegations. 16. Mohanned B. JN member. Arrested in The Hague, , November 30, 2015. Prosecuted. 17. Abdel Aziz K. and Abdel Hakeem K. Members of Ahrar al-Sham/ISIS. Arrested in Lebring, Austria, December 17, 2015. Prosecuted. 18. Youcef Bouimaiz and Kamal Agoujil. Paris attacks network. Arrested in Salzburg, Austria, December 18, 2015. Prosecuted. 19. Tarek Belgacem. Knife attack at police station, Paris, France, January 7, 2016. Killed. 20. Saleh A. Alleged ISIS member. Falsely claimed Düsseldorf attack plot. Arrested in Paris, France, February 1, 2016. Extradited to Germany. Prosecuted. 21. Farid A., Unnamed female and Fayssal M.B. ISIS supporters arrested in Attendorn and Berlin, Germany, February 4, 2016 Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis 161

and June 17, 2016. Farid A. and wife: Overseas legal allegations/ Administrative sanctions (deportation). Fayssal M.B.: Prosecuted. 22. Almohammad Abdulhamid, Al Abdallah Fadi and Al Fandi Yasim. Attempted ISIS foreign fghters. Arrested in Bulgaria, February 9, 2016. Prosecuted. 23. Abshir Abdullahi Mohamed. Jihadi preacher. Arrested in Campomarino, Italy, March 9, 2016. Prosecuted. 24. Moftah Al Sllake and Abdalrhman Ismail. Alleged ISIS opera- tives suspected of planning in attack in Genoa, Italy, March 2016. Legal allegations (in absentia). 25. Sofen Ayari, and Obeida Walid Dibo (aka Ahmed Alkhald). Paris/ attacks network. Ayari and Krayem arrested in Brussels and Anderlecht, , March 18 and April 8, 2016. Legal allegations. Dibo at large: Administrative sanctions (US). 26. and Mohamed Belkaid. Brussels attacks network. Killed in Brussels, Belgium, March 15 and March 22, 2016. 27. Shaas Al-Muhammad. ISIS member, arrested in Potsdam- Mittelmark, Germany, March 22, 2016. Prosecuted. 28. Bilal Chatra. Paris attacks network. Arrested in Aachen, Germany, April 16 and April 29, 2016. Legal allegations. 29. Kamel T. and Azad R. Ahrar al-Sham members, arrested in Bamberg, Germany, April 18 and April 20, 2016. Prosecuted. 30. Unnamed male. Alleged JN member. Arrested in South Rogaland, Norway, May 13, 2016. Public allegations. 31. Aras Mohammed Hamid and Shivan Hayder Azeez Zangana. Attempted to join ISIS faction in Iraq. Arrested in UK, May 17 and May 19, 2016. Prosecuted. 32. Abdul Jawad A.K., Abdoulfatah A., Abdulrahman A.A., Abdalfatah H.A. and Ahmet A.A. JN combat unit with links to Saleh A. Arrested in Germany between June 2, 2016 and May 31, 2017. Legal allegations. 33. Mukhamadsaid S. ISIS member, arrested in Warendorf, Germany, June 21, 2016. Prosecuted. 34. Abdesselam Tazi and Hicham El Hanaf. Alleged ISIS recruiters/facilitators/fnanciers based in Portugal. Arrested in Düsseldorf, Germany, July 1, 2016 and Marseilles, France, November 20, 2016. Legal allegations. 162 Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis

35. Unnamed male. Hamas member. Encouraged attacks in Israel. Arrested July 17, 2016, in Litschau, Austria. Prosecuted. 36. Riaz Khan Ahmadzai. Axe attack in Würzburg, Germany, July 18, 2016. Killed. 37. Mohammad Daleel. Bomb attack in Ansbach, Germany, July 24, 2016. Killed. 38. Khaled H. and Ali I. Suspected of planning attacks in Germany. Arrested in Mutterstadt, Germany, August 5, 2016 and August 10, 2016. Public allegations. 39. Mourad T. Paris attacks network. Arrested September 5, 2016, in Rybnik, Poland. Legal allegations. 40. Mahir Al-Hmidi, Ibrahim Mallaeh and Mohamed Anbarji. ISIS sleeper cell, arrested in Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony, Germany, September 13, 2016. Prosecuted. 41. Unnamed male. JN member, arrested in Rutesheim, Germany, September 19, 2016. Prosecuted. 42. Mohammed J. ISIS “remote-controlled” attack plot. Arrested in Cologne, Germany, September 20, 2016. Prosecuted. 43. Jaber al-Bakr. ISIS attack plot. Arrested in Leipzig, Germany, October 10, 2016. Committed suicide. 44. Wajid S. Self-confessed member of the Taliban, arrested in Köthen, Germany, October 27, 2016. Prosecuted. 45. Charfeddine T. ISIS attack plot. Arrested in Berlin, Germany, November 2, 2016. Administrative sanctions (deportation). 46. Suphi Alpfdan. ISIS operative, involved in October 10, 2015, bombing in Ankara, Turkey. Posed as refugee in Germany. (Re) arrested in Turkey, November 10, 2016. Overseas conviction. 47. Abdullah S.K. Alleged member of the Taliban. Arrested in Karlsruhe, Germany, November 17, 2016. Legal allegations. 48. Diaab K. and Unnamed male. Denmark attack plot. Arrested in Ulm, November 20, 2016 and Copenhagen, December 21, 2017. Prosecuted/Legal allegations. 49. Hekmat T. Member of the Taliban. Arrested in Rhineland- Palatinate, Germany, December 2, 2016. Prosecuted. 50. Munir Hassan Mohammed. UK attack plot. Arrested in Derby, UK, December 12, 2016. Prosecuted. 51. Anis Ben Othmane Amri. Truck attack in Berlin, Germany, December 19, 2016. Killed. Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis 163

52. Redouane Sebbar. Paris attacks network. Charged in France in relation to Thalys train attack. Arrested in Otter, Germany, December 20, 2016. Legal allegations. 53. Unnamed male. Unaccompanied minor suspected of planning an attack. Arrested in Bobbe, Germany, January 25, 2017. Legal allegations. 54. Haikel S. Alleged ISIS recruiter, arrested in Frankfurt, Germany, February 1, 2017. Overseas legal allegations/Administrative sanc- tions (extradition). 55. Abdol Moghadas S. Alleged Taliban member, arrested in Traunstein, Germany, February 8, 2017. Prosecuted. 56. Unnamed male. Alleged JN member, arrested February 6, 2017, in St. Pölten, Austria. Legal allegations. 57. Nasser A. JN member. Arrested in Chemnitz, Germany, February 15, 2017. Prosecuted. 58. Saer Hussein Shaker. Posted pro-ISIS content on Facebook; arrested in Stockport, UK, February 27, 2017. Prosecuted. 59. Tarik A. Alleged ISIS member, arrested in Rheinberg-Orsoy, Germany, March 1, 2017. Legal allegations. 60. Mohammed A. Algerian Gefährder, arrested in Bremen, Germany, March 2017. Administrative sanctions (deportation). 61. Kyuria A. Alleged ISIS member, arrested in Poland, March 27, 2017. Legal allegations. 62. Rakhmat Akilov. Truck attack in Stockholm, Sweden, April 7, 2017. Prosecuted. 63. Zoher J. Former JN member and alleged ISIS recruiter/facil- itator. Arrested in Adlkofen, Germany, April 12, 2017. Legal allegations. 64. Abdul Beset A. Alleged ISIS member, arrested in Wuppertal, Germany, April 12, 2017. Legal allegations. 65. Ahmad A.A. Saraya al-Furat member with alleged connections to JN and ISIS, arrested May 4, 2017, in Wachau, Germany. Prosecuted. 66. Abdulmalk A. and Anas Ibrahim A.S. Alleged former JN and ISIS members. Arrested May 9, 2017, in Magdeburg and Berlin, Germany. Legal allegations. 67. Omaid N. Alleged member of the Taliban. Arrested in Germany, May 19, 2017. Legal allegations. 164 Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis

68. Raad Riyadh A.A. and Abbas R. Alleged ISIS members/ drug-dealing Gefährder. Arrested in Berlin, Germany, May 24, 2017. Legal allegations. 69. Mohammed G. Allegedly worked for ISIS’ Amaq News Agency. Arrested June 7, 2017, in Rietberg, Germany. Public allegations. 70. Mustafa K. and Sultan K. JN supporters, arrested June 12, 2017, in Lübeck and Seevetal, Germany. Prosecuted. 71. Hussein Abss Hamyar. Alleged ISIS supporter arrested in Crotone, Italy, June 19, 2017. Legal allegations. 72. Mamdoh A. ISIS-inspired attack plot. Arrested June 22, 2017, in Pegnitz, Germany. Prosecuted. 73. Unnamed male #1 and Unnamed male #2. Expelled from Italy for reasons for national security; tried to re-enter posing as migrants, June 24, 2017. Administrative sanctions (deportation). 74. Eli Bombataliev. Chechen ISIS member, arrested in Bari, Italy, July 5, 2017. Prosecuted. 75. Ahmad A. Stabbing attack, Hamburg, Germany, July 28, 2017. Prosecuted. 76. Nabil Benamir. Moroccan ISIS operative. Arrested in Genoa, Italy, August 4, 2017. Prosecuted. 77. Fares A.B. Alleged former JN and ISIS member. Arrested August 8, 2017, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Legal allegations. 78. Zana Abbas Sulieman. Distributed ISIS materials online. Arrested in London, UK, August 8, 2017. Prosecuted. 79. Unnamed male. Syrian teen. Downloaded suicide bomb- ing instructions. Arrested in Dresden, Germany, August 2017. Prosecuted. 80. Abderrahman Bouanane. Stabbing attack in , Finland, August 18, 2017. Prosecuted. 81. Ahmed Hassan. Attempted bombing of London Underground train, September 15, 2017. Prosecuted. 82. Majed A. Ahrar al-Sham member with alleged connections to JN and ISIS. Arrested in Büchen, Germany, September 19, 2017. Prosecuted. 83. Unnamed male. Former member of the Caucasus Emirate. Fought in Syria. Arrested in Germany, September 2017. Overseas legal allegations/Administrative sanctions (extradition). Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis 165

84. Bachir Hadjadj. Suspected terrorist with ties in Belgium. Arrested in Rome, Italy, October 5, 2017. Administrative sanc- tions (deportation). 85. Anouar Hannachi and Unnamed female. Relatives of Ahmed Hannachi who conducted an attack in Marseilles, France, October 1, 2017. Arrested in Chiasso, Switzerland, October 8, 2017. Administrative sanctions (deportation). 86. Hussein Z. Gefährder. Fled Germany October 11, 2017, despite wearing an electronic ankle bracelet. Administrative sanctions. 87. Unnamed male. ISIS member, arrested in Greece, October 19, 2017. Prosecuted. 88. Unnamed male. ISIS-inspired hoax terror attack on a bar in Ängelholm, Sweden, October 22, 2017. Prosecuted. 89. Yamen A. ISIS-inspired bomb plot. Arrested in Schwerin, Germany, October 31, 2017. Prosecuted. 90. Unnamed male. ISIS propagandist. Arrested in Salzburg, Austria, December 6, 2017. Prosecuted. 91. Mahmoud Abu S. and Ahmad Abu S. Distributed ISIS prop- aganda online. Arrested in Salzgitter, Germany, December 12, 2017. Prosecuted. 92. Jabar N. Alleged Taliban member. Detained in France, summer 2017, extradited and arrested in Germany December 19, 2017. Administrative sanctions (deported). 93. Andy Sami Star and Farhad . Alleged ISIS-inspired driv- erless car bomb plot. Arrested in Derbyshire and Sheffeld, UK, December 19, 2017. Legal allegations. 94. Naufal Rashid Zahri. Alleged ISIS member, arrested cross- ing from Turkey into Bulgaria, January 13, 2018. Overseas legal allegations. 95. Deday A. Alleged ISIS member, suspected of planning attack in Germany/UK. Arrested in Eschwege, Germany, February 13, 2018. Legal allegations. 96. Abduqaadir A. Self-confessed Al-Shabaab member, arrested in Hesse, Germany, February 15, 2018. Legal allegations. 97. Waqas A. Alleged member of Lashkar e-Taiba. Indicted in Düsseldorf, Germany, March 1, 2018. Legal allegations. 98. Unnamed male and Unnamed female. Alleged members of Iraqi terrorist organization allied with ISIS. Arrested crossing from Serbia into Hungary, March 7, 2018. Legal allegations. 166 Appendix A: List of Cases Included in the Analysis

99. Abderrahmane Bazouz and Abdessamad Anbaoui. Allegedly recruited in Portugal by Abdesselam Tazi and Hicham El Hanaf and joined ISIS in 2015. First publicly named March 29, 2018. Public allegations. 100. Hussein A., Mamar A. and Moatasem A. Alleged members of Ahrar al-Sham and ISIS. Arrested in Saarbrücken and Saarlouis, Germany, April 12, 2018. Legal allegations. 101. Alagie Touray. Alleged car attack plan. Arrested in Licola, Italy, April 20, 2018. Legal allegations. Appendix B: List of Notable Cases Excluded from the Analysis

The following is a non-exhaustive list of some of the more signifcant/ relevant individuals excluded from the current analysis. Some are con- nected to included cases. Reasons for exclusion are briefy stated.

1. Mohanned Jasim. Tweeted support for ISIS. Arrested in Dover, UK, November 15, 2015. Refugee status acquired prior to sam- pling period. 2. Muhaydin Mire. Leytonstone Tube station stabbing attack, London, UK, December 5, 2015. Asylum-seeker/refugee status/ timing unconfrmed. 3. Abid T. Paris attacks networks. Arrested in Brussels, Belgium, July 2016. Acquitted. 4. Mohamed Khemiri. Illegal migrant convicted for and smuggling offences. Arrested in San Marcellino, Italy, August 5, 2016. Entered Europe prior to sampling period. 5. Majid Muhammad. Convicted terrorist involved in facilitating travel to and from Europe. Arrested in Bari, Italy, December 7, 2015. Entered Europe prior to sampling period.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), 167 under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 S. Mullins, Jihadist Infltration of Migrant Flows to Europe, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13338-2 168 Appendix B: List of Notable Cases Excluded from the Analysis

6. Unnamed male #1 and Unnamed male #2. Twin broth- ers, allegedly took part in the ISIS massacre at Camp Speicher. Arrested in Finland, December 8, 2015. Acquitted. 7. Suliman Al-S. Alleged JN member. Took part in kidnap of UN worker in 2013. Arrested near Stuttgart, Germany, January 21, 2016. Acquitted of membership in JN. 8. Hakim Nasiri, Qari Khesta Mir Ahmadzai and Surgul Ahmadzai. Alleged jihadist attack plotters. Nasiri arrested in Bari, Italy, May 10, 2016. Acquitted. 9. Hamza C. Arrested in Bliesdorf, Germany, June 2, 2016. Acquitted of falsely alleged plot to attack Düsseldorf. However, subsequently classed as a Gefährder and deported. Insuffcient information. 10. Unnamed male. Fought for rebels in Syria and executed 20 Syrian soldiers. Arrested in Tyrol, Austria, July 17, 2016. Not jihadist terrorism. 11. Unnamed male #1 and Unnamed male #2. Fought for Al-Hashd ash-Shab’bi in Iraq. Arrested in Tyrol, Austria, July 17, 2016. Shia. 12. Ali Awil Khadar. Smuggler connected to Ahmad Alali Alhussein and Hazem Alhamed (case #14). Arrested in Rome, Italy, June 23, 2016. Insuffcient information. 13. Unnamed male. Suspected ISIS member, arrested in Herbrechtingen, Germany, July 28, 2016. Released without charge. 14. Unnamed male. Allegedly took part in ISIS massacre at Camp Speicher. Arrested in Vaasa, Finland, August 24, 2016. Insuffcient information/not charged. 15. Unnamed male #1 and Unnamed male #2. Members of Asa’ib Ahl al-Haqq-Miliz. Arrested in Innsbruck, Austria, September 2016. Shia. 16. Abdulhadi B. Syrian ISIS supporter/recruiter. Allegedly planned bomb attack on Synagogue and trained son for attack. Arrested in Würzburg, Germany, September 2016. Visa holder/Not an asylum-seeker. 17. Imam Abdurrahman. Ethiopian hate-preacher at An-Nur mosque in Winterthur, Switzerland. Arrested November 2, 2016. Extremism/Not terrorism. Appendix B: List of Notable Cases Excluded from the Analysis 169

18. Hasan A. Attempted to defraud ISIS. Arrested in Saarland, Germany, December 31, 2016. Not terrorism. 19. Lutumba Nkanga. Part of Berlin-based terror cell planning attack in Turkey. Arrested December 4, 2016 in Ancona, Italy. Asylum-seeker status unconfrmed. 20. Bilel B.A. Gefährder and associate of Anis Amri. Suspected ter- rorist. Arrested in Berlin, Germany, January 3, 2017. Deported due to rejected asylum application. Insuffcient information. 21. Khan A. Alleged member of Taliban. Arrested in Prüm, Germany, January 27, 2017. Acquitted due to lack of evidence. 22. Akram A. Alleged ISIS fghter and rapist. Arrested in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, February 7, 2017. Released due to lack of evidence. 23. Malik F. Syrian. Allegedly posted ISIS video online and down- loaded bomb-making instructions. Arrested in Darmstadt, Germany, February 2017. Outside sampling frame/Not an asylum-seeker. 24. M. Alleged ISIS sympathizer and preacher/recruiter at the An-Nur mosque in Switzerland. Arrested sometime after March 2017. Entered Europe prior to sampling period. 25. Unnamed male #1 and Unnamed male #2. Tunisian Gefährder, suspected of planning attacks. Arrested in Germany, March 6 and 18, 2017. Insuffcient information (no evidence of terrorism). 26. Oussama B. Algerian terrorism convict and Gefährder. Arrested in Bremen, March 21, 2017. Entered Europe prior to sampling period. 27. Abdullah P. Alleged Taliban member, arrested in Ostallgäu, Germany, March 23, 2017. Charges dropped due to lack of evidence. 28. Mohamed B.H. Suspected of planning an attack in Berlin. Arrested in Borsdorf, Germany, April 8, 2017. Insuffcient information. 29. Unnamed male. Failed bomb attack in Oslo, Norway, April 8, 2017. Entered Europe prior to sampling period. 30. Unnamed male and Unnamed female. Syrian couple suspected of ISIS fnancing. Arrested in Vienna, Austria, April 24, 2017. Insuffcient information. 170 Appendix B: List of Notable Cases Excluded from the Analysis

31. Muhammad Aafq I. Alleged member of Lashkar e-Taiba. Charged in Munich, Germany, May 8, 2017. Insuffcient information. 32. Younis el-H. and Ahmad S. Drug-dealing Gefährder connected to Raad Riyadh A.A. and Abbas R (case #68). Arrested in Berlin, Germany, May 24, 2017. Not charged with terrorism. 33. Unnamed male. Suspected member of JN, arrested in Ulm, Germany, June 23, 2017. Not charged with terrorism. 34. Mohammed A.D., Najem S. and Omar A. Suspected ISIS fnanciers from Iraq/Syria. Arrested in Belgium, July 5, 2017. Insuffcient information. 35. Abdelbaki Es Satty. Leader of group responsible for attacks in Barcelona and Cambrils, , August 17–18, 2017. Entered Europe prior to sampling period. 36. Shaheen. Self-confessed former member of the Taliban resident in Sweden. Insuffcient information/not charged. 37. Amine S. Allegedly tried to recruit people to ISIS. Arrested near Salzburg, Austria, October 2, 2017. Acquitted of terrorism charges. 38. Anis Hannachi. Relative of Marseilles attacker Ahmed Hannachi. Arrested in Italy, October 7, 2017. Insuffcient information. 39. Six unnamed males. Syrian asylum-seekers. Suspected of plan- ning an attack for ISIS. Arrested in Germany, November 21, 2017. Released without charge. 40. Izimre A. Moroccan asylum-seeker. In possession of ISIS prop- aganda. Went on trial in Austria November 27, 2017. Entered Europe prior to sampling period. 41. Fathi Ben Mohamed. Alleged drug dealer and Gefährder. Arrested in Berlin, Germany, mid-December 2017. Released without charge. 42. Unnamed male. Syrian suspected of planning an attack. Arrested in Leipzig, January 16, 2018. Released without charge. 43. Amaechi Fred O. Self-confessed member of Boko Haram. Arrested in Upper Bavaria, Germany, January 24, 2018. Insuffcient information/released without charge. 44. Unnamed male. Afghan arrested in possession of 78 detonators in Athens, Greece, late January 2018. Not jihadist terrorism. 45. Ali H. Former member of Liwa al-Tawhid. Claimed asylum in Graz, Austria, in 2014. Not jihadist terrorism. Appendix B: List of Notable Cases Excluded from the Analysis 171

46. Ismail A.J. Provided support to JN in Syria while a member of the Free Syrian Army. Arrested in Duisburg, Germany, February 6, 2018. Not jihadist terrorism. 47. Abdul Sattar A.I. Provided support to JN in Syria while a mem- ber of the Free Syrian Army. Arrested near Karlsruhe, Germany, February 27, 2018. Not jihadist terrorism. Index

A B Abaaoud, Abdelhamid, 3, 4, 20, 33, Balkans/Balkan route, 21, 45–49, 51, 34, 50–52, 56, 57, 74, 76, 82, 55, 59, 77, 78, 82, 84, 101, 113, 86, 89, 90, 112 124, 132, 140 Abdeslam, Saleh, 49, 101 Belgacem, Tarek, 72, 73, 102 Abid T., 112 Border control, 25, 32, 46, 50, 58, Administrative sanctions, 22, 146, 147 104, 122, 132, 142 Agoujil, Kamal, 82, 89 Bouanane, Abderrahman, 72, 73, 102 Ahmadzai, Riaz Khan, 33, 69–71 Bouimaiz, Youcef, 82, 89, 90 Akilov, Rakhmat, 71, 86, 89 Brussels, attacks/network, 4, 24, 53, al-Bakr, Jaber, 58, 76, 77, 104 56, 66, 69, 74, 82, 85 Alkhald, Ahmad, 23, 35, 56, 72, 73, 102 al-Mohammad, Ahmad, 51, 52 C Alpfdan, Suphi, 59, 68 Chatra, Bilal, 50, 82, 90 Al Sllake, Moftah, 49, 54, 81, 88 Chios, 49, 51 Amri, Anis, 4, 5, 69–71, 88, 89, 102, Common Risk Indicators (CRIs), 123, 129, 147 140 Asylum, rejection of, 24, 73, 74, 149 Crime Ayari, Sofen, 74, 111 history of, 34 links to, 85, 90, 134, 150

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), 173 under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 S. Mullins, Jihadist Infltration of Migrant Flows to Europe, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13338-2 174 Index

D Foreign terrorist organizations Daadoue, Anwar, 83, 84, 88, 144 (FTOs), 5, 67 Daleel, Mohammad, 35, 69, 71 connections to, 66, 67, 101, 102, Databases, 13, 14, 24, 100, 104, 123, 108, 110, 113, 124 129, 133, 134, 141, 143, 144 Frontex, 14, 101, 122, 123, 139–141 Eurodac, 24, 123, 128, 134, 141, 145 Schengen Information System (SIS), 101, 109, 123, 129, 144, 145 G Deportation, 13, 23, 107, 129, 147 Gefährder, 20, 88, 106, 129 Deradicalization, 130, 148. See also Preventing/Countering violent extremism (P/CVE) H Diaab K., 102, 105 Haddadi, Adel, 52, 112 Dibo, Obeida Walid, 56. See also Hadjadj, Bachir, 25, 26, 146 Alkhald, Ahmad Hamam, Walid, 56, 74–76, 82 Harun, Ibrahim, 4, 67, 76, 100, 104, 111 E Hassan, Ahmed, 35, 72, 84, 102, 106, El Hanaf, Hicham, 53, 54, 57, 75, 111, 130, 136 79, 84, 109, 110 Hotspots, 2, 47, 122, 123, 145 el-Khazzani, Ayoub, 50, 51, 69, 90 , 14, 122, 123, 128, 132–134, 138, 139, 141, 150 I Evidence/Evidentiary challenges, 21, Information sharing/Interagency 50, 52, 59, 82, 100, 104, 107, cooperation, 103, 105, 126, 127, 108, 110, 112–114, 140, 146 132, 133, 136, 138–143, 150 Exfltration, 44, 56, 57, 60 International Organization for Migration (IOM), 21 Internet, terrorist use of, 34, 81, 83, F 84 Facebook, 80, 81, 86 , 2, 14, 20, 25, 133, 134, 139, Fake/False/Forged/Fraudulent docu- 142, 144 ments, 2, 14, 50–53, 57, 80, 82, 86, 105, 109, 122 Fayssal M.B., 83, 86 J Federal Offce for Migration and Jihadi fghters or FTO operatives, 66 Refugees (BAMF), 107, 125, 126, 131, 136, 149 Federal Offce for the Protection of K the Constitution (BfV), 126 Krayem, Osama, 74 Foreign fghters/Foreign terrorist fghters (FTFs), 5, 10, 29, 66, 79, 114, 139 Index 175

L S Lampedusa, 4, 34, 104 Sebbar, Redouane, 50, 82, 86 Leros, 3, 51, 59 Skype, 83 Lone actor terrorism, 74 Smuggler(s)/Smuggling, 49–53, 55, 58, 59, 74, 83–85, 87, 88, 142

M Mamdoh A., 49, 101 T Mediterranean (travel by way of), 2, 4, Tarif, Abo Robeih, 50, 100, 104 21, 22, 31, 45, 46, 48, 55, 58 Tazi, Abdesselam, 33, 53, 54, 75, 79, Mental health, 35, 36, 149 84, 109, 110 Mohammed G., 81 Tip-offs, 103, 134, 135, 142 Mohammed J., 36, 130, 137 Trojan horse strategy, 5 Mohammed, Mohammed Osamah Abed, 53, 88 Mourad T., 33, 50, 82, 104 U Moutchou, Ayoub, 45, 81 Usman, Mohamed, 52, 112

P W Paris, attacks/network, 3, 4, 50–54, WhatsApp, 32, 71, 72, 81 56, 66, 69, 74, 82, 85, 89, 112 Preventing/Countering violent extremism (P/CVE), 130, 131, Z 149 Zahri, Naufal Rashid, 25 Zangana, Shivan Azeez, 56, 57 Zoher J., 78, 81 R , 5, 8–10, 12–14, 29, 36, 56–58, 66, 76, 87, 106, 125, 126, 136, 148, 149