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Note: Fiorello La Guardia is referred to as FLG in subentries. Page numbers in bold type indicate Figures.
Abruzzo, Matthew 100 anti-Semitism 97, 127, 145, Agricultural Adjustment Act 156 (1933) 76 charges of 96 Alabama Coughlin-inspired 163 Mobile 11 FLG and: accused of 52 Muscle Shoals 11, 70, 71 FLG and: response to 190 Albany 65 lambasted 146 Allies 32, 147 mayor not doing enough to Almerigotti, Thea see La fight 134 Guardia (Thea) no evidence of 95 ALP (American Labor Party) official stand against 41 130–1, 133, 137, 139, promoted 65 141–3, 165–6, 168 significant increase in 144 Amalgamated Clothing threats and acts 145 Workers Union of wave of terror led by America 18 Christian Front 144 Amateur Athletic Union 134 Antonini, Luigi 127 American Jewish Congress 91 Arizona 4, 34, 97, 180 Women’sCOPYRIGHTED Division 134 Fort MATERIAL Huachuca 5 American Railway Union 8 Prescott 5, 6, 7–8, 9, 18, 39 Amlie, Tom 8 Army Signal Corps 34 Andrews, Harry G. 23 Associated Dress Industries of anti-Black vandalism 162 America 123
Fiorello La Guardia: Ethnicity, Reform, and Urban Development, Second Edition. Ronald H. Bayor. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Auleta, Vincent 62 number chosen for city office Aurelio, Thomas 171 99 Austria-Hungary 4, 9, 14, 30, police brutality against 158 36 problems faced by 126, 191 Southern, migration of 1, Bayor, Ronald H. 190 123 Bellanca, August 18, 23, 34 underrepresented on work Bellanca, Giuseppe 34 relief projects 124–5 Berle, Adolf A. 75, 76, 88–9, see also Bruce; Morton; 94, 104, 115, 139, 141–2, Randolph; White; 143, 178, 185 Williams (W.) Berlin 15, 126 Block, Alan A. 189–90 Olympics (1936) 134 Blumberg, Barbara 190 Bill of Rights (1791) 32 Board of Aldermen 42, 44, 47, Blacks 2, 3, 52, 136, 150, 52, 86, 91, 93, 103, 110, 151 137 better jobs for 99–100 Board of Education 167 child allegedly beaten and Board of Estimate 44, 98, 110, killed by police 124 137 difficulty securing service Bolin, Jane M. 99 jobs 99 Borah, William 3, 40, 53, 69 discrimination against 125, Brancato, Peter 100 126, 131, 158, 159 British 30, 34, 60 efforts to support aspirations Bronx 1, 45, 67, 82, 98, 103, of 136 118, 161 equality and economic FLG’s house robbed 46 opportunities for 181 new housing in Black first judges in NY and US neighborhoods 161 99 Roosevelt’s connections to FLG’s defense of 66 Democratic party improving lives and achieving machine 116 acceptance 182 Triborough Bridge 115 legal means to open up see also Flynn (E. J.) Stuyvesant Town to Bronx County Bar Association 160 91 major leaders 157 Brooklyn 14, 67, 172 need to have powerful voices annexation of 1 speaking for 97 Canarsie two-family homes new housing and schools for 98 157, 161, 162 Flatbush 144 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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new housing in Black tribal loyalties in 181 neighborhoods 161 vigorous and creditable 25 public housing projects 119 well-used tactic 151 Red Hook 120 see also congressional Roosevelt’s connections to campaigns; Democratic party gubernatorial machine 116 campaigns; mayoral Sunset Park 118 campaigns; presidential see also Kelly; O’Dwyer campaigns Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Cannistraro, Philip V. 190–1 Porters 157 Cannon, Joe 29 Brown, William P. 189 Canton 15 Bruce, Herbert L. 172 Canudo, Raimondo 17 Bryan, William Jennings 56, Capeci, Dominic 191 57, 83 Caro, Robert 192 Bucharest 15 Carter, Robert F. 192 Budapest 12, 14, 173 Caruso, Enrico 46 Buenker, John D. 187 Castiglia, Francesco see Bull Moose Progressives 89 Costello Burlingham, Charles C. 89, centralization 121 90, 141, 185 Chalmers, Leonard 189 Burner, David 16, 188, 193 child labor 2, 58 Burns, James MacGregor 192 abolition of 50, 55 workers’ lives blighted by 7 California 52 Chinatown 14 Calitri, Antonio 23 Christian Front 144–5, 146 campaigns 90–7, 133–6 Christian Mobilizers 144 aggressive tactics 38 City Fusion party 88, 89, 90, district and 24–5 102, 133, 137, 143, 168 effective organization 74 political insignificance 142 ethnically based 2, 126, 134, City Planning Commission 144, 146, 152, 164, 181 109, 137, 177 fusion 132 Civil Service Commission hard-hitting 25, 49–53, 73 125, 149, 154, 166–7, managing 73 188 money taken from city’s relief civilian defense 141, 148, fund for 84 152–3, 175, 192 multilingual 73 Cleveland 6, 58, 109, 177 smart 27 Coen, Irene see La Guardia tireless 25, 80 (Irene) JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Columbian Republican League Coughlin, Fr Charles 144, 163 of the State of New York Coxey, Jacob 58 23 Crain, Thomas C. T. 83 Committee on Alcoholic Cuba 11 Liquor Traffic 63 Cuneo, Ernest 72, 95–6, 105, Committee to Defend America 186 by Aiding the Allies Cunningham, W. Arthur 91 147 Curran, Henry H. 44–5, 137, Communism 56, 73, 135, 136, 186 142, 143, 149 CWA (Civil Works Russian 2 Administration) 116 congressional campaigns 50, 129 Davies, John R. 143 ethnic appeal used in 151 Davis, Gerard 189 Congressional Districts 24, Davis, John 59 28, 37, 38, 50, 60 Davis, Kenneth S. 192 Connable, Alfred 189, 193 Day (Jewish newspaper) 135 Coolidge, Calvin 53, 56, 57, De Valera, Eamon 60 59, 60, 68, 70 Dearborn Independent 65 Copeland, Royal S. 133, 134 Debs, Eugene 8 corruption 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 16, Department of Corrections 109, 138 100, 104 disgust at 19, 82 Depression (1890s) 4, 7 elimination of 104 see also Great Depression extensive 83 (1930s) ferreted out of departments DeSapio, Carmine 172 105 Detroit 161 moral 96 Deutsch, Bernard 91 rampant 17 Dewey, Thomas 170, 171 rooting out 110 Dickheiser, Samuel J. 62 scandals involving 169 District Council 1 (Italian victims of 46 section) 18 war against 107 Dubinsky, David 166 widespread 85 Dublin 15 worst 84 see also Tammany corruption East Bronx 98 Corsi, Edward 22–3 East Harlem 55, 58, 59, 63, 64, Costello, Frank 170–2 67, 83, 88 Cotillo, Salvatore 3, 16, 22, congressional election won 179, 180 by FLG 77 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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densely packed slums 98 Farley, Thomas M. 83–4, 85 FLG attacked for not doing Farm and Home Credit Bank enough for 75 76 Little Italy 16 Fascism 2, 127 Twentieth Congressional Federal Bankruptcy Act (1898) District 38, 50 76 East River 24, 50 Federal Emergency Relief Act Eldot, Paula 188 (1933) 113, 116, 132 Elliott, Lawrence 188 Federal Emergency Relief Ellis Island (Upper NY Bay) 1, Administration 116 13, 17, 19, 97 Federal Home Loan Bank Act FLG as interpreter at 14, (1932) 71, 72 20, 34 FEPC (Fair Employment Emergency Economy Bill Practices Committee) (1933/1934) 110–12, 157 189 Finan, Christopher M. 188 Emergency Relief Bureau 125 Fischer, Marie 18, 62 Employee Retirement System see also La Guardia (Marie) 101 Florida 11 Enright, Robert E. 81 Flynn, Edward J. 86, 92, 93, Entente 30 95, 134, 136, 154, 172, Epstein, Rebecca 56 186 Equitable Coach Company 84 Flynn, Maggie 56–7 Erie, Steven P. 188 Foggia 35 Espionage Act (1917) 31, 32, Eighth Aviation Instruction 41 Center 34 Esposito, David M. & Jackie R. Foley, Tom 22 190, 193 Ford, Henry 60, 65, 70 Esposito, Maria 56 Fowler, Gene 192 Espresso, Louis 23 Frank, Henry 52, 60, 95 ethnicity see Blacks; British; Franklin, Jay 188 French; Germans; Irish; French background 30 Italians; Japanese; Jewish Fusion 15, 38, 40, 44, 80, 81, Evening Post Journal 49 91–5, 100, 106, 110, 112, Ewald, George F. 82 131, 136, 141, 149, 152 see also City Fusion party; Fabrizio, Giovanni 23 reform-fusion Fama, Charles 101, 128, 145 candidates Farley, James 92, 94, 186 Fusion Conference Committee Farley, Michael 24, 27, 28 88, 89, 90 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Gabaccia, Donna 190 Goldstein, Jonah J. 168 Gaelic American (newspaper) Goldstein, Michael L. 191 98, 101 Golway, Terry 188 Garment Workers’ Strike Goodwin, Doris Kearns 192 (1912) 18–19, 20 Great Depression (1930s) 56, see also ILGWU 67–9, 80–2, 84, 103, 130, Garrett, Charles 189, 193 131, 163, 178, 179 General Managers’ Association causes of 77 8 deepening of 86 George, Henry 51 FLG’s belief that the rich German-American Bund 127, should pay for the 134–5, 144 mistakes that led to 71 Germans 2, 22, 42, 97, 136, plight of New York’s Black 150, 163 citizens 125 aldermanic nominees 93 responding to 110 antagonized by FLG 164 Roosevelt’s efforts as New Board of Estimate members York governor to 98 counteract 76 concern about repeat of Tammany’s administration of anti-German hysteria relief situation during 128 the depths of 113 FLG’s appeal to 28 tensions and frustrations in hostility faced by 30 community devastated political power declines by 124 sharply 128 Great War see World War I some antagonized by FLG Greenbackers 58 164 Greenberg, Cheryl 191 split support of newspapers Greene, Larry A. 191 and clubs 95 Greenwich Village 4, 45, 98 support for Triple Alliance Washington Square Park 24 30 Grimm, Peter 88 see also Kress; Nazi gubernatorial campaigns 79 Germany; Wagner ethnic appeal used in 151 Gerson, Simon 149 ghettoes 2, 14 Harding, Warren G. 44, 53, 57 Ghibboni 73, 74, 75 Harlem 14, 118, 191 Gilded Age 2, 37 burgeoning Black population Gluck, Gemma La Guardia 67 173–4, 186 housing projects 119, 120, Gluck, Herman 173 124, 160 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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riots 123–6, 131, 132, 157, Il Progresso Italo-Americano 160–3, 175, 176 81, 98, 101 Harlem Savoy ballroom 158 ILGWU (International Ladies’ see also East Harlem; Mayor’s Garment Workers’ Commission Union) 127, 166 Harlem Hospital 124, 125 Indian Wars 5 Harvard Law School 153 Industrial Relations Board Hatters, Cap, and Millinery 123 Workers Union 166 Ingalls, Robert P. 192 health insurance 55 Ingersoll, Raymond V. 88 early progressive calls for Inter-Allied Purchasing 165 Commission 35 plans to institute city-wide Interstate Commerce program 164 Commission 76 Hearst, William Randolph 49 Irish 2, 24, 42, 135, 150, 163, Heckscher, August 188, 193 169 Henderson, Thomas 188, 190, aldermanic nominees 93 191 antagonized by FLG 164 Hillquit, Morris 39, 86 Board of Estimate members Hines, James J. 171 98 HIP (Health Insurance Plan of decline of appointees under Greater New York) 165 FLG 101 Hitler, Adolf 96, 128, 146, 147 FLG’s appeal/attitude to 28, Hofstadter, Richard 178, 187 101 Holocaust 126, 173 improving lives and Home Relief Bureau 113 achieving acceptance Hoover, Herbert 53, 62, 67, 182 69, 70, 74 overcoming discrimination Hoovervilles 67 and problems 126 Hopkins, Harry 116 political control 4, 21, 22, Howe, Irving 190 97, 98, 100–2, 128, 164, Hubbard, H. Warren 61 171, 172 Hudson, William R. 104 product of the slums 16 Hudson River 24 section of lower Manhattan Hull, Cordell 129, 139 populated by 23 Huthmacher, J. Joseph 187 service jobs mainly to 99 Hylan, John F. 45, 52, 81 some antagonized by FLG 164 Ickes, Harold 116, 117, 139, Staten Island dominated by 192 22 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Irish (Continued) high-level appointments support for Triple Alliance 100–1 30 improving lives and achieving Tammany district leaders acceptance 182 amassed sums that far Irish seen as having too much exceeded salaries 170 control by 102 ties to the Democrats 136 isolationist tendency 151 voters wooed by FLG earlier overcoming discrimination in his career 101 and problems 126 see also Christian Front; political aspirations 164, Coughlin; Cunningham; 169 De Valera; Flynn; Gaelic political organization of 21, American; McKee; 190 O’Brien; O’Dwyer popular individual with good Irish-American League for ties to 42 Fusion 95 second-generation 63, 73 Irish-Catholics 144 section of lower Manhattan criticism of political power populated by 23 101 settling in Lower East Side of Isaacs, Stanley 149, 186 Manhattan 14 Italian Republican League 23, stepping stone for 22–4 97 supporters of fascism 127 Italians 2, 18, 25, 30, 44, 45, Tammany positions for 22 65, 163, 171–2, 180, 182 third to be elected to aldermanic nominees 93 Congress 29 Board of Estimate members vicious, cruel discrimination 98 against 66 desire for political young(er) 73–4, 75, 90 recognition 150, 151 see also Abruzzo; Auleta; difficulty securing service Aurelio; Bellanca; jobs 99 Brancato; Calitri; East Harlem filled with 50 Caruso; Corsi; Cotillo; few political positions to 4 DeSapio; Espresso; first federal judge 100 Fabrizio; Fama; Il first to win a city-wide post Progresso;LaGuardia; 43 Lanzetta; League of FLG’s appeal/sympathy to Italian-American 28, 136 Republican Clubs; gangsters’ wealth and power Luciano; Marcantonio; 170 Marinelli; Mussolini; JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Palma; Patti; Pecora; fight against Hitler 128 Sacco; Vanzetti involvement in issues of Italy 34–8, 41, 128, 141, 151 interest to 95 anti-Semitic decrees 127 gangsters 170 FLG practically ambassador growing political strength to 36 21 see also Fiume; Foggia; Sons horrendous abuse of 127 of Italy; Trieste improving lives and achieving acceptance 182 Japanese Americans 163, 182 Irishseenashavingtoomuch Jeffersonian views 178 control by 102 Jews 2, 9, 18, 39, 102, 168 political aspirations 164 abandoning the moral tenets popular individual with good of Judaism 96 ties to 42 aldermanic nominees 93 recognition and acceptance attacks on 144, 146 21, 97 Board of Estimate members striving for material 98 advancement 96 boycotts of businesses 144 upper- and middle-class businesses boycotted in 97 Germany 128 younger 90 conditions in Germany for see also American Jewish 129 Congress; anti- contrasting Catholics with Semitism; Gluck; 96 Holocaust; Lehman; department commissioners Rogers; Rothstein; 99 Straus; Yiddish desire for end of Czar’s rule Jim Crow actions 66 in Russia 30 Johnson, Hiram 52 difficulty securing service Johnson, Lyndon B. 178 jobs 99 Johnson, Tom 6, 109, 177 discrimination against 66, Johnson-Reed Immigration Act 126, 129 (1924) 66, 77 Eastern European 4, 14, Joint Army and Navy Aircraft 50 Committee 35 first Tammany leader 172 Joint Legislative Committee FLG and 128, 146, 150, 151, 83 164, 179 Jones, Samuel (“Golden Rule”) appeal/sympathy to 28, 6, 109, 177 96, 97, 135, 136 Joselit, Jenna Weissman 190 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Kaplan, George 190 won 47, 77 Karlin, William 52, 53 see also reelections below Kaufman, Herbert 189 family background 4 Kehoe, Mike 23 first term as mayor 79–132 Kelly, Frank 86, 100, 134, 172 impact of war 11–12 Kennedy, John F. 178 interpreter at Ellis Island Kennedy, Michael J. 171 14, 20, 34 Kern, Paul 149, 154, 188 languages spoken by 3–4, Kessner, Thomas 81, 182, 186, 12, 17, 24, 52, 95 193 last years 173–5 Kiev 15 law career begins 20 King’s County 104 marries Thea Almerigotti Kleindeutschland 14 20 Knox, John C. 88 outsider status 9–10 Koenig, Sam 38, 45, 59, 79 people’s attorney 17–19 Kracke, Frederick J. 104 place in history 177–83 Kresel, Isadore J. 82 rage and resentment 10–11 Kress, Paul 129, 164 reelections 77, 78, 133–76 Ku Klux Klan 65 reform beginnings 6–9 Kvale, William 53 rejoins Republicans 77 remarries 78 La Follette, Philip 8, 130, 147 Republican party (joins/ La Follette, Robert 3, 8, 29, breaks with) 47, 77 39, 45, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60, tacitly supported by 61, 63, 65, 77, 178, 180 Roosevelt 135–6 La Follette, Robert Jr 8, 130 UNRRA work 173–4, 176, La Guardia, Achille Luigi 4, 5, 185 9–11 volunteers to serve in Army’s death of 12, 20, 46 Aviation Section 47 La Guardia, Eric 62 wife and daughter die 46, La Guardia, Fiorello Enrico 47 (Henry) 31, 64, 108, see also Norris–La Guardia 111, 117, 120, 140, 149 Act born (NYC 1882) 4, 20 La Guardia, Fioretta Thea character of 10 45–6 consular years 12–14 La Guardia, Gemma 4, 173 death (NYC 1947) 176 see also Gluck elections La Guardia, Irene (nee´ Coen) lost 47, 78 4, 20 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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La Guardia, Jean 62 Loughlin, Edward 171 La Guardia, Marie (nee´ Fischer) Low, Seth 15, 83 185 Lowi, Theodore 189 La Guardia, Richard 4 Lowitt, Richard 187 La Guardia, Thean ( ee´ Lucania, Salvatore see Luciano Almerigotti) 18, 20, 40, Luciano, Charles “Lucky” 170, 46 171 La Guardia Field (airport) 138 La Guardia Political Club (FH) Macy, W. Kingsland 90 73–4, 136, 180 Mahoney, Jeremiah T. 134–6, seealsoGhibboni 186 Labor Party see ALP Manhattan 1, 25, 44, 82, 92, labor unions 51, 76, 85 93, 103, 149 collective bargaining 68, 69, ALP Communists 142 125, 181 Central Park 67 socialist-oriented 3 Columbus Circle 149 violent activity 1 Fifth Avenue 50 Landis, James M. 153 First Houses 119 Lanzetta, James 74–5 German-American Bund Lash, Joseph 192 parade 134 League of Italian-American Lower East Side 14 Republican Clubs 49 Stuyvesant Town 118, League of Nations 41 158–63, 176 Lehman, Herbert 87, 92, 95, Triborough Bridge 115 100, 130, 139, 140, 147, Vladeck Houses 119 169, 185 Washington Heights 144 Lenroot, Irvine 53 see also Greenwich Village; Leuchtenburg, William E. 192 Harlem Lexow Committee (1890s) 15 Manhattan Assembly Districts Leyson, Burr W. 188, 193 2nd (West) 170 Liberal party 74, 166, 168 14th 83 Limpus, Lowell M. 188, 193 21st 97, 136, 172 Lincoln, Abraham 45, 51, 58 25th (Republican Club) 23 Literacy Test Act (1917) 31 Mann, Arthur 3, 179, 182, Little Italy 14, 16 186, 187, 193 Liverpool 34 Manners, William 188 London, Meyer 18, 39 Marcantonio, Vito 73, 75, 89, Long Island 26, 45 130, 158, 166, 180, 185, see also Brooklyn; Queens 191 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Maria Josefa, archduchess of Moscow, Warren 189, 193 Austria 13 Moses, Robert 28, 89, 103, Marinelli, Albert 170–1 107, 116, 118, 121, 159, Marxism 56, 149 160, 185, 186 Maurer, Maurer 188 Municipal Assistance Mayflower stock 83 Corporation 179 Mayor’s Committee on Unity Murphy, Charles F. 15–17, 38 162 Mussolini, Benito 127–8, 131, Mayor’s Italian Re-election 151, 155 Committee 100 mayoral campaigns 148–50 NAACP (National Association ethnic appeal used in 151 for the Advancement of interventionist-isolationist Colored People) 157, arguments 147 160, 185 major issues 145 Naison, Mark 191 McCormick, Austin 104, 105 National Fisheries Association McDill, Maj. Leslie 34 104 McElligott, John J. 104 National Industrial Recovery Mckee, Joseph V. 86, 88, Act (1933) 69 92–7 National Labor Relations Act McLaughlin, George V. 88 (1935) 69 Meagher, Timothy J. 190 National Union for Social Mellon, Andrew 56, 57, 58, Justice 144 59, 68 nativism 3, 29 Metropolitan Life Insurance encouragement of 30 Company 158–9, 160 old-stock 65 Meyer, Gerald J. 191–2 persistent 97 Miller, Nathan L. 43, 44, rejecting 186 49–50 smug 42 Minnesota 8, 53, 54 Nazi Germany 28, 145, 148, Mitchel, John Purroy 15, 23, 151, 163, 173–4 83 America’s reaction to policies Moley, Raymond 94 of 147 Montana 8, 53 attacks by FLG on 126, 128, Morgan, J. P. 2 134, 181 Morgan, William Fellowes conditions for Jews in 129 104, 154 FLG urges Italy’s citizens to Morris, Newbold 128, 152, reject 155 167, 168, 186 Jewish community and 95, Morton, Ferdinand Q. 125 127, 146, 150 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Russia attacked by (1941) New York World 6 143 New York World’s Fair (1937) strong implications for New 134 York’s immigrant New Yorker Staats-Zeitung populations 2 28, 129 see also anti-Semitism; Nicaraguan revolution (1927) German-American 62 Bund; Hitler; Holocaust; No Deal party 168 Non-Sectarian Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi Anti-Nazi League League to Champion Nearing, Scott 37, 38–9, 40 Human Rights 128 Nebraska 8 Norris, George W. 3, 8, 65, 69, Nelson, John 53 70, 187 New Deal 3, 66, 69, 88–90, 93, Norris–La Guardia Act (1932) 94, 104, 109, 133, 149, 68, 78, 122, 181, 182 177, 178, 192 North African territories 141 FLG’s support for 51–2, North Dakota (Fort Sully) 5 75–8, 103, 116, 119, 131, 157, 165, 179, 180, 182, O’Brien, John P. 86, 87, 91, 186–7 93–8, 112 Tennessee Valley Authority O’Dwyer, William 144–7, 71, 121 149, 166–9, 172 WPA 114–15, 116, 117, Ohio 6 129 O’Keefe, Dominic F. 190 New Freedom Democrats 89 Olson, Floyd 8 New Jersey 25 O’Ryan, John P. 89 New York see Albany; Bronx; Olvany, George 21 Ellis Island; Long Island; OPA (Office of Price Manhattan; Sackets Administration) 161–2 Harbor;StatenIsland New York Public Library 185 Paige, Myles A. 99 New York State Factory Palermo 15 Investigating Palma, Joseph A. 91 Commission 16 Paris 35, 36 New York State Supreme Court Peace Conference (1919) 82, 83, 88, 134, 171 41, 42 New York Times 153 Patterson, Richard C. 88 New York University 17, 189, Patti, Adelina 4 190 Pecora, Ferdinand 93 New York Urban League 123 Perry, Harry 170 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Poland anti-Semitic incidents earlier 51, 70, 107, 121, 122, 41 127, 165, 178 attacked by Germany (1939) FLG’s first official tie to 27 148 hope for emergence of politics 8, 15–17, 19, 28, 40, effective national party 94, 104, 180, 185, 188–92 164 FLG and muckraking 158 entry into 150 municipal ideals 109 name limited his chances notable 56 to move up in 9 party nominates La Follette unusual figure in 179 for president 77 influences in politics 129–31 corporate 1, 82 resurgence of 58–61 gangster 170, 175 social welfare aspects of 34 Tammany 172 Prohibition (1920–1933) 40, practical 23 43, 50, 51, 54, 63–5, 77 progressive 129–31 rejected 41 recognition in 21 repealed 76 seen as ladder to success 74 proportional representation tiebetweencrimeand 170 137, 177 see also campaigns public welfare 104 Populists 6, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59 concerns for 123 Pounds, Lewis H. 86 threatened 122 Powell, Adam Clayton 191 public works 58, 103, 106, Pozzeta, George E. 190 121 presidential campaigns 65, 85 expanded programs 69 ethnic appeal used in 151 funds for 85 Progressive National loans for 112 Committee Supporting successful projects 159 Roosevelt for President see also PWA 134 Puerto Ricans 74 Progressives 7–9, 19, 23, 29, Pulitzer, Joseph 6 41, 44, 45, 50–4, 62, 63, Pullman strike (1894) 8, 18, 65, 69, 74, 76, 79, 81, 83, 20 89, 90, 97, 123, 133, PWA (Public Works 136–40, 142, 147, 177–8, Administration) 87, 182, 186–7 110, 115, 117 calls for health insurance Housing Authority 119 165 speeded-up effort to secure committed 127 funding 125 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Queens 1, 105, 161 relief 74, 84, 85, 119, 190 Corona 98 Blacks underrepresented on Queensbridge 119, 120 work projects 124–5 South Jamaica 119 bonds to generate income for Triborough Bridge 115 87 discrimination in the racial issues 91, 118, 124, 181, structure 124 182 entitlement to 112–15 abuse 145 farm 76 broadcasts urging harmony federal aid 69, 94 161 interviewing of applicants discrimination 125, 158, 107 159, 160 private charities and local prejudices 28, 162 government efforts 67 riots 2, 160–1 see also Emergency Relief spurious 95–6 Bureau; Federal tensions 156–60, 161, 163 Emergency Relief Act; racism 110 Home Relief Bureau; deep-rootedness of 182 unemployment relief; encouragement of 30 UNRRA persistent 97–8, 125 Ridder, Victor 114, 129 prevalent 162 rights 13, 44, 155 rationales for 159 constitutional 32, 135, 145 radicalism curtailed during wartime concern over 40 47 fear of 30, 32 defended 32, 163 radio 155–6, 173 equal 50 demagogue who made guaranteed and reaffirmed skillful use of 144 126 Randolph, A. Philip 157 political 50 Reconstruction Finance protecting 28–33, 126 Corporation 71 tenants’ 73 Recovery party 92, 93 women’s 50 Red Cross 32 workers’ 8, 51, 69 Red Scare (1919–1920) 38, 41 see also Non-Sectarian reform-fusion candidates 17, Anti-Nazi League 23, 189 Riis, Jacob 3, 7, 24 unprecedented three-term Rischin, Moses 190 administration 180 Robinson, Phyllis 188 see also Low Rofrano, Michael 22 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Rogers, Hugo 172 Shearn, Clarence J. 88 Roosevelt, Eleanor 152, 153, Sicilians 17 192 Siegel, Isaac 38, 60 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Silberfarb, Edward 189, 193 51, 66, 68, 75, 76, 78, 82, Sinclair, Upton 12 83, 85, 86, 92, 94, 97, 103, single-taxers 58 113, 115, 116, 120, 125, Sisto, J. A. 84 130–1, 135–6, 139, 140, Smith, Alfred E. 3, 4, 7, 16, 39, 141–2, 147, 149–50, 151, 42, 43, 51, 61, 63, 65, 88, 153, 157, 166, 169, 172, 89, 133, 167, 179, 180, 173, 177, 178, 180, 181, 181 182, 185, 192 Social Darwinism 2, 57 Roosevelt, Theodore 3, 11, 23, social welfare 15, 16, 34, 40, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 43, 51, 109 55, 58, 61, 82, 178, 187 FLG’s advocacy of 44 Rose, Alex 166 Socialists 3, 18, 24, 37–40, 43, Rothstein, Arnold 80 50–2, 58–60, 70, 73, 81, Russia 30, 39, 143 86 see also Soviet Union Sons of Italy 127 Ryan, Maj. William Ord 34 Sons of Italy Magazine 91 South Bronx 118 Sacco, Nicola 65 Soviet Union 143, 174 Sackets Harbor (Madison Spanish-American War (1898) Barracks) 5 11, 20, 36 Salter, J. T. 188 Square Deal ticket 81 Santangelo, Alfred 22 St Louis (Jefferson Barracks) Sayre, Wallace 189 11, 12 Schaffer, Alan 192 St Louis Post-Dispatch 11 Schlesinger, Arthur M. 192 State Parks Commission 118 Schwarz, Jordan A. 88–9, 109, Staten Island 1, 22, 91 192, 193 Stimson, Henry L. 141 Seabury, Samuel 82–4, 86, stock market crash (1929) 66, 88–90, 93, 95, 102, 121, 68, 78, 80, 81 131, 141, 142, 167, 168, Straus, Nathan 88, 93 178, 180, 182, 191 Stuyvesant Town see under Securities and Exchange Manhattan Commission 71 Sullivan, Christopher 171 Sedition Act (1918) 32, 37, 47 Sumner, William Graham 2 shantytowns 67 Switzerland 36 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Tammany 3, 7, 44, 53, 63, Hubbard; Kennedy; 72–5, 88, 121, 125, Lanzetta; Loughlin; 129–30, 169–72, 180, Mahoney; Marinelli; 186, 189 McKee; Murphy; abuses 15, 96 O’Brien; O’Dwyer; accused of ties to New York Olvany; Perry; Rogers; gangsters 80 Smith; Sullivan; Vitale; complete destruction of Wagner; Walker 173 Tammany corruption 95, 106, corruption see Tammany 118, 131, 169 corruption below attacked 80 cost-cutting practice 112 awakening to 81 endorsement of FLG 38 bossism and 91 ethnicity as vote-getting hopeless 40 tactic 27–8, 143 mismanagement and 87, FDR angry at 86, 92 90, 103 FLG attacks on 24–5, 42, revealed 15 143 Tampa 11 hated 26 Tanner, Fred 27 investigations of judges Teapot Dome scandal appointed by 82 (1921–1922) 57 Italians and 21–2, 62, 74, Tennessee Valley 70, 71, 121 81, 91, 99 terrorism 95, 127, 144 long-term expertise at fixing fear of 30, 32 elections 27 Thelan, David 187 opportunity for voters to Thomas, Dana Lee 186 express indignation and Thomas. Norman 81 disgust with 90 Tin Box Parade 84 power of 15–17 Toledo 6, 109 predominantly Irish Tomasi, Lydio 191 candidates 91 Treaty of Commerce and relief used for political gain Friendship (US– 113 Germany 1925) 129 resentment against 6 Triangle Shirtwaist Company scandals 81–5 fire (1911) 16, 20 vicious 11 Triborough Bridge Authority see also Auleta; Bruce; 118 Costello; Flynn; Foley; Trieste 4, 9, 12, 13, 30 Goldstein (J. J.); Hines; Triple Alliance 30 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Truman, Harry S 173 Wagner,RobertF. 3,4,7,16, tuberculosis 45, 46 21, 51, 52, 61, 63, 69, 74, Tugwell, Rexford 8, 109, 130, 76, 130, 179–80, 181, 188 188 Walker, James J. (Jimmy) 3, 4, Turner, Frederick Jackson 5 26, 80, 81, 84–8, 98, 125, 142, 172 underworld 170, 171 Wall Street 39, 59, 82, 97 unemployment insurance 2, Walsh, George 192 55, 69 Walsh, Thomas 53 unemployment relief 90, 94, Walter, John C. 191 113 Warsaw 15 insufficient funds for 110 Washington DC 53, 86, 116, unions see labor unions 135–6, 142, 152, 177 United City party 143 congressional library 96 United States Housing cooperation between New Authority 119 York and 87 UNRRA (UN Relief and marches on 58, 157 Rehabilitation Weil,LaGuardia,andEspen Administration) (law practice) 17 173–4, 176, 185 Weiss, Charles 193 US–Canadian Joint Permanent Weiss, Nancy Joan 188 Defense Board 141 Welfare Council of NYC 104 American section 152 see also public welfare; social US Conference of Mayors welfare 120, 152 Wenger, Beth 190 US Constitution (amendments) Werner, M. R. 188 55, 72, 111 Wheeler, Burton K. 8, 59, 65, 18th 41, 63, 76 147 21st 76 White, Walter 157, 159 US State Department 14, 36, White ethnics 97, 126 129 see also British; French; Germans; Irish; Italians; Valentine, Lewis J. 186 Jews Vanzetti, Bartolomeo 65 Williams, Mason B. 187, 193 Verdicchio, Joseph 190, 193 Williams, Wesley (Capt.) 99 Vitale, Albert H. 80, 82 Willkie, Wendell 139, 143 Volstead Act see US Wilson, Woodrow 28, 30, 32, Constitution 36, 40, 42, 43, 58, 83, 187 amendments (18th) Wisconsin 8, 53, 54, 60, 130 JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm
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Women’s House of Detention anti-Semitic activity 144 112 Italy enters 127 World War I (1914–1918) 21, US enters 142, 176 33–7, 61, 70, 138, 185 WPA (Works Progress anti-German hysteria 128 Administration) see Black population increase under New Deal 123 fears about dual loyalty 181 yellow-dog contracts 68–9 FLG’s experience as pilot Yiddish 4, 12, 17, 24, 52, 95 188 World War II (1939–1945) 3, Zinn, Howard 53, 186, 187, 147, 162 193
IndexcompiledbyFrankPert JWST837-bind JWST837-Bayor June 15, 2017 12:53 Printer Name: Trim: 216mm × 140mm