Mellifera 2020, 20(1):16-27 MELLIFERA REVIEW ARTICLE Flavones (Apigenin, Luteolin, Chrysin) and Their Importance for Health Fatma Özsel ÖZCAN1*, Ozan ALDEMİR2, Bülent KARABULUT3 1Beykoz Üniversity, Faculty of Art and Design, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, İstanbul, Turkey 2Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, İzmir, TURKEY 3Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, İzmir, TURKEY * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Received: 14th March, 2020; accepted: 4th May, 2020; published: 29th June, 2020 A B S T R A C T It has been shown in recent years that foods called functional foods may protect against certain types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and cognitive dysfunctions. In the studies performed, the flavonoids (apigenin, chrysin, luteolin) which are subclass of flavonoids have been shown to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects and it is presented as the current treatment method in the treatment of some diseases. The structure function, nutritional resources and potential therapeutic properties of the flavones, which are also used as supplement in the compost, have been studied. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of flavones in certain diseases. The positive effect of 16 flavones on health can be proven in many experimental studies and can be proven in the long run. Keywords: Functional nutrients, flavones, apigenin, luteolin, chrysin Introduction Polyphenolic flavonoids are among the affected by factors such as plant species, wide variety of phytochemicals found in the environment, genetics, light, maturity, human diet. Current studies reveal that harvest [3]. Flavones, a subset of dietary flavonoids are inversely related to flavonoids, form glycosylation and contain many cancers and age-related diseases [1]. a hydroxylated β-ring. In preclinical Average flavonoid intake in the diet of models, especially Apigenin, Luteolin and humans varies between 20 and 1,000 mg / Crisis have neuroprotective, anti- day [2]. Theories and randomized clinical inflammatory, antioxidant effects [4]. It is studies on the cancer prevention estimated that the majority of metabolic mechanisms of flavonoids are still ongoing. diseases are caused by oxidative stress, so it The levels of total flavonoids in foods are is important that studies have shown the Cite as: ÖZCAN, F Ö; ALDEMİR, O; KARADEMİR, B (2020), Flavones (Apigenin, Luteolin, Crhysin) and Their Importance for Health, Mellifera, 20(1):16-27. Mellifera 2020, 20(1):16-27 positive effect of flavones on oxidative antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, stress related diseases. It is necessary to neuroprotective, cardioprotective and examine the current approaches about antiallergic effects. Flavones reduce the flavones in order to create evidence for their reactive species (hydroxyl, superoxide and use in the treatment of flavones. nitric oxide) of intracellular free radicals, also the effect of preventing damage to Sources of Flavones, Bioavailability and biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and Functions DNA. Regular intake of flavones with nutrients is associated with a reduced risk of a number Flavones can also inhibit the activity of free of chronic diseases, including cancer radical producing enzymes such as xanthine formation, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and neurodegenerative disorders. phosphate oxidase, or inducible nitric oxide Extensively consumed fruits, vegetables synthase, and can modulate intracellular and beverages contain various amounts of levels of the pro-oxidant [8]. flavone. 17 Apigenin and Effects of Apigenin on Health Fruit peels, celery, parsley, paprika, Apigenin is a flavonoid found in some chamomile, mint, ginkgo biloba, red wine, plants, fruits, and vegetables (parsley, buckwheat, tomato peel, paprika are rich chamomile, celery, vine spinach, artichoke, sources of flavone. The accumulation of and thyme). The genus Apium (celery, flavonoids in plants is positively associated carrot or parsley family) is also known as with the amount of sunlight received. Umbelliferae [9]. Apigenin was first Flavones are synthesized from the described in 1900 and was synthesized in anthocyanidine / proanthocyanidin 1939. The naturally occurring glycoside pathway from flavanones as direct conjugates in Apigenin are more water- biosynthetic precursors [5,6]. Flavones are soluble. In in vivo conditions, glycoside present in their natural form, both as O and conjugates are digested and hydrolyzed by C-glycosides. Flavones cannot be absorbed bacteria in the gut to form molecules of free from the intestines at plasma concentrations apigenin [10]. There is only one review on of <1 μmol / L [7]. Flavones have the antimicrobial effect of apigenin in the Cite as: ÖZCAN, F Ö; ALDEMİR, O; KARADEMİR, B (2020), Flavones (Apigenin, Luteolin, Crhysin) and Their Importance for Health, Mellifera, 20(1):16-27. Mellifera 2020, 20(1):16-27 literature. Although there are insufficient fed a high-fat diet for three months. Then, studies, it has been shown that apigenin or in order to create a Type 2 Diabetes model its glycosides are divided into metabolites in these mice, 100 mg / kg STZ treatment by certain gut bacteria and affect the health was applied, and cardiac measurements of gut [11]. There are many studies in the were performed by administering 100 mg / literature investigating the cancer kg apigenin daily for 4 months in diabetic prevention mechanisms of apigenin. mice. In this study, apigenin, Kaspaz3 and Studies argue that apigenin can be used in NF-κB / P65 ', influenced the signal path, the cell to prevent cancer types such as regulated GSH-Px, MDA and SOD levels breast cancer, uterine cancer, colon cancer, and was determined to be effective in lung cancer, ovarian-prostate cancer, skin regulating oxidative stress [15]. Apigenin cancer, liver cancer and stomach cancer prevents dopamine-related oxidative stress [12]. Breast cancer can be prevented by in melanocytes. In the treatment of vitiligo, inhibition of telomerase activity. Cisplatin, an immune system disease, antioxidant a chemotherapeutic drug, causes DNA apigenin can be used with its effects on damage. In a study, it was observed that the Nrf2 expression and genes [16]. Another 18 use of apigenin and cisplatin together in the study investigating the roles of apigenin in treatment of breast cancer had a synergistic diabetic cardiomyopathy has been reported effect in reducing telomerase activity [13]. to decrease in diabetes and cardiomyopathy The mechanism underlying apoptosis- markers with apigenin treatment in mice inducing effect of apigen in colon cancer treated with streptozosine (50 mg / kg) for treatment is thought to inhibit the 5 days [17]. It has been suggested that transcription activator (STAT3) apigenin can provide a clinically beneficial phosphorylation of the apigen and anti- effect for these neurodegenerative disorders apoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1). by targeting neuroinflammatory processes, Apigenin stimulates the proliferation of such as cytokine suppressive anti- cancer cell lines, reproducing by division inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs). In a study and apoptosis formation in a dose- investigating the therapeutic effect of dependent manner [14]. Treatment of apigen on glial fibril acidic protein- apigenin significantly improves weakened interleukin 6 (GFAP-IL6), it was found that heart functions. In one study, male rats were the number of active microglia in the Cite as: ÖZCAN, F Ö; ALDEMİR, O; KARADEMİR, B (2020), Flavones (Apigenin, Luteolin, Crhysin) and Their Importance for Health, Mellifera, 20(1):16-27. Mellifera 2020, 20(1):16-27 cerebellum and hippocampus decreased by viability of HCT116 cells. Morphological 25-30% [18]. In a study investigating the and qualitative changes were also observed effect and possible mechanism of the in the cells given apigenin [22]. In a study combination of apigenin and ischemic examining the effect of apigen on muscle conditioning on renal ischemia-reperfusion atrophy due to sciatic nerve denervation, injury in rats, the combination has been mice with impaired sciatic nerves were fed shown to inhibit the TLR4 / NF-sinyalB a diet containing 0.1% apigenin for 2 signaling pathway in renal ischemia / weeks. Muscle atrophy resulting from reperfusion injury and provide great denervation was found less in apigenin protection against renal ischemia / given mice and it was observed that reperfusion injury in rats [19]. Apigenin apigenin inhibits muscle atrophy caused by shows a strong power in the treatment of denervation due to its inhibitory effect on paclitaxel resistant hypoxic tumors [20]. inflammatory processes in the muscles Another study investigating the potential [23]. anticancer properties of Apigenin on hu- Luteolin and Effects of Luteolin on Health man breast cancer; while apigene does not 19 act in normal cells, it has been found to be Luteolin (LUT) is a common flavonoid that genotoxic in selected cancer cells, cells that is abundant in many herbal products, have the potential to oxidize lipids. including broccoli, peppers, thyme, Combined with the low cytogenotoxic and peanuts, and celery. In vitro and in vivo pro-cell death activities of Apigenin and its studies have shown that LUT has low toxicity to normal cells, it is argued that neuroprotective effects [24]. LUT this natural flavone may be used as an sensitizes cancer cells to cytotoxicity by anticancer