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The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Oil & Gas Regulation 2013 8th Edition A practical cross-border insight into oil and gas regulation work Published by Global Legal Group, in association with Ashurst LLP, with contributions from: Agmon & Co., Rosenberg, Hacohen & Co. Law Group “Argument” Anastasios Antoniou LLC Loyens & Loeff N.V. Bell Gully Mohamed Ridza & Co. Bloomfield-Advocates & Solicitors Pachiu & Associates CMS Cameron McKenna Project Lawyers Cogan & Partners LLP Schjødt Criales, Urcullo & Antezana Abogados Schoenherr DLA InterJuris Abogados S.C. SNR Denton Estudio Beccar Varela Soewito Suhardiman Eddymurthy Kardono González Calvillo, S.C. TGC Corporate Lawyers Gorrissen Federspiel Uría Menéndez JeantetAssociés AARPI Zaka & Kosta Attorneys at Law Koep & Partners The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Oil & Gas Regulation 2013 General Chapters: 1 The Legacy of Deepwater Horizon: the UK Experience - Peter Roberts & Renad Younes, Ashurst LLP 1 2 Moving Towards an African Lex Petrolea - Nicolas Bonnefoy, Ashurst LLP 5 Contributing Editor Geoffrey Picton-Turbervill, Country Question and Answer Chapters: Ashurst LLP 3 Albania Zaka & Kosta Attorneys at Law: Dr. Av. Tefta Zaka & Av. Holta Ymeri 8 Account Managers 4 Argentina Estudio Beccar Varela: Roberto A. Fortunati & Isabel Amadeo 20 Brigitte Descacq, Dror Levy, Maria Lopez, Florjan 5 Australia Ashurst Australia: Peter Vaughan & Graeme Gamble 30 Osmani, Samuel Romp, 6 Austria Schoenherr: Christian Schmelz & Bernd Rajal 47 Oliver Smith, Rory Smith, Toni Wyatt 7 Belarus Law Group “Argument”: Maryna Dymovich 57 Sub Editors 8 Bolivia Criales, Urcullo & Antezana Abogados: Adrián Barrenechea B. 66 Beatriz Arroyo 9 Bulgaria CMS Cameron McKenna: Kostadin Sirleshtov & Pavlin Stoyanoff 76 Fiona Canning 10 Croatia Schoenherr: Bernd Rajal & Matthias Wahl 86 Editor Suzie Kidd 11 Cyprus Anastasios Antoniou LLC: Anastasios A. Antoniou & Niki Trapezari 99 Senior Editor 12 Czech Republic TGC Corporate Lawyers: Jana Jesenská & Andrea Majerčíková 107 Penny Smale 13 Denmark Gorrissen Federspiel: Michael Meyer & Anne Kirkegaard 117 Group Consulting Editor 14 France JeantetAssociés AARPI: Thierry Lauriol & Valeria Vidoni 127 Alan Falach 15 Gabon Project Lawyers: Jean-Pierre Bozec 146 Group Publisher Richard Firth 16 Indonesia Soewito Suhardiman Eddymurthy Kardono: Fitriana Mahiddin & Published by Syahdan Zainoel Aziz 154 Global Legal Group Ltd. 17 Israel Agmon & Co., Rosenberg, Hacohen & Co.: Dan Hacohen & 59 Tanner Street Eddie Ashkenazi 163 London SE1 3PL, UK Tel: +44 20 7367 0720 18 Kazakhstan SNR Denton: Marla Valdez 172 Fax: +44 20 7407 5255 19 Kuwait SNR Denton: Stuart Cavet & Nora Al Haroun 182 Email: [email protected] URL: www.glgroup.co.uk 20 Malaysia Mohamed Ridza & Co.: Mohamed Ridza Abdullah & GLG Cover Design Mohamad Nazran Basirun 191 F&F Studio Design 21 Mexico González Calvillo, S.C.: Jorge Cervantes Trejo 201 GLG Cover Image Source 22 Namibia Koep & Partners: Irvin David Titus & Hugo Meyer van den Berg 210 iStockphoto 23 Netherlands Loyens & Loeff N.V.: Roland W. de Vlam & Max W.F. Oosterhuis 220 Printed by Information Press Ltd 24 New Zealand Bell Gully: David Coull & Angela Bamford 230 December 2012 25 Nigeria Bloomfield-Advocates & Solicitors: Bimbo Agboade 241 Copyright © 2012 26 Norway Schjødt: Olav Kolstad & Amund Bjøranger Tørum 250 Global Legal Group Ltd. All rights reserved 27 Poland TGC Corporate Lawyers: Artur Rogozik & Patrycja Osińska-Schroeijers 258 No photocopying 28 Qatar SNR Denton: Stuart Cavet & Martin Goggins Campos 268 ISBN 978-1-908070-46-3 29 Romania Pachiu & Associates: Delia Vasiliu & Florin Dobre 277 ISSN 2051-3348 30 Slovakia TGC Corporate Lawyers: Kristína Drábiková & Soňa Pindešová 287 Stategic Partners 31 Spain Uría Menéndez: Juan Ignacio González Ruiz & María José Descalzo 295 32 Turkmenistan SNR Denton: Marla Valdez & Kenyon Weaver 307 33 Ukraine CMS Cameron McKenna: Olexander Martinenko & Vitaliy Radchenko 316 34 UAE Ashurst LLP: Mhairi Main Garcia & Kylie Boston 326 35 United Kingdom Ashurst LLP: Geoffrey Picton-Turbervill & Julia Derrick 337 36 USA Cogan & Partners LLP: John P. Cogan, Jr. & Elizabeth Molino 355 37 Uzbekistan SNR Denton: Marla Valdez & Mouborak Kambarova 367 38 Venezuela DLA InterJuris Abogados S.C.: Juan Jose Delgado & Gabriela Maldonado 376 Further copies of this book and others in the series can be ordered from the publisher. Please call +44 20 7367 0720 Disclaimer This publication is for general information purposes only. It does not purport to provide comprehensive full legal or other advice. Global Legal Group Ltd. and the contributors accept no responsibility for losses that may arise from reliance upon information contained in this publication. This publication is intended to give an indication of legal issues upon which you may need advice. Full legal advice should be taken from a qualified professional when dealing with specific situations. www.ICLG.co.uk Chapter 34 United Arab Mhairi Main Garcia Emirates Ashurst LLP Kylie Boston 1 Overview of Natural Gas Sector production is associated gas or sour gas in non-associated fields. Production in the associated fields is limited by the UAE’s OPEC quotas, since the associated gas production is determined by oil 1.1 A brief outline of the UAE’s natural gas sector, including a output. general description of: natural gas reserves; natural gas production including the extent to which production is Natural gas is an increasingly important energy source and accounts associated or non-associated natural gas; import and for the majority of the UAE's total energy consumption, with crude export of natural gas, including liquefied natural gas oil accounting for the remainder. In 2011, the UAE consumed 62.9 (LNG) liquefaction and export facilities, and/or receiving billion cubic metres of natural gas, amounting to 1.9 per cent of and re-gasification facilities (“LNG facilities”); natural gas total world consumption. This represents an increase in pipeline transportation and distribution/transmission consumption (an increase of 3.5 per cent as compared with 2010, network; natural gas storage; and commodity sales and with an increase of approximately 73 per cent over the last ten trading. years). Increased electricity consumption (accompanied by a preference for natural gas as the feedstock for power generation and The United Arab Emirates (the “UAE”) was established in 1971 as water desalination projects) and a growing petrochemicals industry a federation of emirates. There are seven emirates, each with its have contributed to the increase in demand; it is estimated that own Ruler: Abu Dhabi; Ajman; Dubai; Fujairah; Ras Al Khaimah approximately half of the UAE’s natural gas production is used for (which joined the federation in 1972); Sharjah; and Umm Al domestic power generation during the peak summer months. Quwain. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi, which holds the majority of Significant quantities of natural gas are also used in re-injection the UAE's natural gas reserves, is the capital of the UAE. operations for oil reservoir pressure maintenance. The oil and gas sector accounts for more than one-third of the UAE's The UAE has embarked on a substantial investment programme to gross domestic product. The UAE has the seventh largest proven boost domestic gas production, most notably the sour gas natural gas reserves in the world (after Russia, Iran, Qatar, development projects in Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi Gas Development Turkmenistan, the United States and Saudi Arabia). The UAE's Company Limited was established to manage, operate and develop proven natural gas reserves at the end of 2011 stood at 6.09 trillion the Shah Gas Field Project. The company is owned by Abu Dhabi cubic metres, representing approximately 3.1 per cent of the world's National Oil Company (“ADNOC”) and Occidental Petroleum total proven reserves. (Sources of statistical data and information: (with ADNOC holding a 60 per cent majority share). ADNOC had BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012; OPEC Annual originally partnered with ConocoPhillips to develop the Shah Gas Statistical Bulletin 2012.) The Emirate of Abu Dhabi holds more Field. than 94 per cent of these reserves, where the non-associated Khuff natural gas reservoirs beneath the Umm Shaif and Abu Al Bukhoosh The Shah Gas Field Project involves the development of high oil fields are amongst the largest in the world. The Emirates of sulphur content reservoirs within the Shah Gas Field, located Sharjah and Dubai hold 4 per cent and 1.5 per cent of the UAE's onshore, south-west of the city of Abu Dhabi. It will involve the reserves respectively, however the gas fields in these emirates have development of several gas gathering systems and the construction matured and their production rates have fallen in recent years. of new gas and liquid pipelines and processing trains to process approximately 28 million cubic metres of high sulphur content gas. Natural gas plays a key role in the UAE’s energy mix. Production This is anticipated to produce approximately 14 million cubic increased during 2011, notwithstanding the global economic crisis. metres per day of network gas and a significant amount of The UAE produced 52.3 billion cubic metres of marketed natural gas condensate and natural gas liquids. Gas, condensate and natural gas in 2011, representing 1.6 per cent of global marketed natural gas liquids will then be transported to other processing and distribution production for that year (a 2 per cent increase in volume as compared facilities