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Diseases of Marigold (Tagetes Erecta) and Their Management: a Review

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Diseases of Marigold (Tagetes Erecta) and Their Management: a Review International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 Diseases of Marigold (Tagetes erecta) and their management: A Review Pinky Gurjar1, Laxmi Meena2 and Ashwani Kumar Verma3 1,2,3 Department of Botany R. R. Govt. (Autonomous) P. G. College, Alwar, Rajasthan, India Abstract are used for medicinal purposes (Tripathy and Gupta, Marigold belongs to family Asteraceae and is extensively 1991, Khalil et al., 2007). Leaves paste is used used for making garlands, beautification and other purposes externally to treat boils and carbuncles and leaf i.e. pigment extraction, oil extraction and therapeutic use. extract of the plant is good for ear ache. Extract of its Both leaves and flowers of marigold plant are important as flower is used as blood purifier, as a cure for bleeding medicine due to phenolic and antioxidant activities. Inspite piles and for treatment of eye diseases and ulcers of insecticidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, larvicidal properties (Bos and Yadav, 1998). Marigold plants have anti- of marigold, it is affected by various pathogenic microoganisms such as fungi, virus and bacteria thyat cause nematicidal activity (Olabiyi and Oyedunmade, 2007) diseases and damage to the plant which resulted yield loss. and found most effective against the nematode In the present review, a brief introduction to various species Pratylenchus penetrans. The flowers are used diseases of marigold, their symptoms and management to make food pigments as they are rich in carotenoid strategies are discussed. pigment. The powder of flower petals are used in Keywords: Tagetes erecta, eco-friendly management, poultry feed which ensure a good colouration of egg diseases, Marigold yolks and broiler skin (Shukla and Thakur 2018). Inspite of insecticidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, 1. Introduction larvicidal properties of marigold it is affected by Marigold is one of the commercially exploited various pathogenic microoganisms such as fungi, ornamental flower crops which belong to genus virus and bacteria that causes diseases and damage to Tagetes and family Asteraceae. It has wide spectrum the plant which resulted yield loss. Marigold suffers flowers with attractive colour, shape, size which grab from various fungal, bacterial, viral and nematodal the attention of various flower growers. Flowers of diseases and a brief introduction to these diseases and marigold are extensively used for religious and social their management strategies are being discussed in purposes (Bos and Yadav 1998). They are a group of the present review. perennial herbs of varying habit and exhibit both type of pollination, self and cross pollination. Out of the 2. Major Diseases of Marigold and Their 33 species of marigold, Two popularly grown species Management of marigold are African or Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and French marigold (Tagetes 2.1 Fungal diseases patula L.), which originated in Mexico and South Marigold is one of the most important Africa, respectively. Although the origin of T. erecta commercial flower crops of India in terms of (African marigold) is Mexico, but due to its cultivation and utilization. Though having repellent adaptability, popularity and wide cultivation in India, property, marigold is also affected by number it is presumed to be of Indian origin (Desai, 1967, of fungal diseases. Some of the important fungal Asif, 2008). It is majorly grown in Madhya Pradesh diseases of marigold are flower blight (Alternaria while Himachal is at ninth rank in area and zinniae), wilt and stem rot (Phytophthora cryptogea), production of marigold (Shukla and Thakur, 2018). Collar Rot (Phytophthora sp.; Pythium sp.), damping The plant has economical importance due to its Off (Pythium sp.), Alternaria leaf spot, Fusarium wilt showy flowers, tagetes oil and anti-nematicidal (Fusarium oxysporium) and Cercospora leaf spot properties (Usman et al., 1972). Flowers of marigold (Cercospora megalopotamica) (Sohi, 1983; Pawar, are sold as loose flowers in the market, highly 1971). Out of these leaf spot and flower blight incited suitable as a bedding plant and it is also used for by Alternaria tagetica is the most serious, prevalent beautification. all over the country. Shamsi and Aktar (2017), Both leaves and flowers of marigold plant have isolated a total of 20 species of fungi from Tagetes phenolic and antioxidant activities due to which they erecta and T. patula, out of which Aspergillus fumigates, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia 137 International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 lunata were found to be pathogenic to Tagetes erecta this disease in marigold was reported from Florida and T. patula. (Changsri, 1958). However, Shukla and Thakur (2018) firstly reported the septoria leaf spot of 2.1.1 Alternaria Leaf Spot marigold from Himachal Pradesh, India. Symptoms The disease is incited by Alternaria spp. The of the disease mainly appear on leaves but these can favourable temperature for germination of conidia of also develop on petioles, stem and calyx. Small, Alternaria helianthi is 25°C to 28°C and the presence water-soaked circular spots appear on older leaves of of free water on leaf surface (Allen et al. 1982) and the infected plants. The centre of these spots turns exposure to high moisture conditions for long time into gray colour and margins into dark brown colour increased the severity of Alternaria tagetica as the disease progress. In the tan centres of spots, (Hotchkiss and Baxter, 1983). According to Cotty there is some readily visible dark brown, tiny dot like and Misaghi (1985) growth, sporulation, zinniol structures appear which are known as Pycinidia. After production and number of lesions formed by appearance of many spots, the affected leaves turns Alternaria tagetica infection was found to be affected yellow in colour and then turn brown, become by light. shrivelled and ultimately drop off (Shukla and The fungus growth is also affected by both Thakur, 2018). continuous and alternating light. The fungus grows The disease have a severity of about 30-70% in optimally at 25°C and the growth was almost Marigold growing area of Himachal Pradesh, India inhibited at a temperature of 35°C (Yu and Lee, and under favourable conditions it may reach upto 1989). Mazumdar (2000) studied the effect of various 100 percent (Shukla and Thakur, 2018). For control meteorological factors on the development of leaf of the disease the crop should be sprayed by 0.2% blight of African and French marigold caused by Dithane M-45 fungicide at regular intervals after Alternaria dianthi and found a significant correlation appearance of first disease symptoms (Aktar and between rain fall, temperature and humidity which Shamsi, 2015, Bharnwal et al., 2002). Hussain et al. were suitable for the development of leaf blight in (2013) used 33 plant extracts against leaf spot of marigold. In alternaria leaf spot, brown necrotic spots ground nut and all extracts found effective against the formed on leaves, which increases in size during later pathogen but leaf extract of A. indica found more stage of infection and the entire foliage gets damaged effective in comparison to others. Foliar spray of by the infection and results in poor vegetative growth. aerated compost tea reduced septorial leaf disease of According to an estimate the disease resulted in a loss tomato by 26.3% (Gangaiah et al., 2004). of flower yield upto 55-60% (Cotty and mishaghi, 1985) in northern Madhya Pradesh. The leaf spot and 2.1.3 Cercospora Leaf Spot flower blight disease (Alternaria tagetica) has Cercospora leaf spot is caused by fungus Cercospora become a major biotic constraint in the full megalopotamica which causes the economic losses in exploitation of high yielding scented marigold term of yield and quality parameters of marigold varieties. The infection can lead to premature crop. In Cercospora leaf spot, circular spots defoliation and finally death of the plant. Alternaria (Diameter of about 1/8 inch) with ash gray centres zinnae cause inflorescence blight of marigold in and dark brown or reddish-purple borders appear on which elongated lesions are formed on inflorescence. leaves. To reduce the effect of fungus and to get high Light tan to dark brown, large irregular blotches flower production, usage of fungicides in excess lead appears on the leaves with zonation. Dithane M-45 to resistance in the pathogens against fungicide (0.2%) and Carbendazim (0.05%) spray can be used (Gangavane, 1981, Arora et al., 1992, Waghmare et to control the disease at regular intervals (Aktar and al., 2011). Bavistin and captan gave the best control Shamsi, 2015, Singh et al., 2012, Bharnwal et al. against the Cercospora leaf spot of the marigold 2002). Some plants and plant products are also found (Barbetti, 1987, Veena et al., 2013; Chandel and to be useful in controlling Alternaria infection Kumar, 2017). A combination of the bio-formulation (Mamgain et al., 2013). Dubey (2001) also reported (garlic extract, cow urine, soap nut) was found that Azadirachta indica in different forms is effective effective in controlling the disease (Venkataramana et against Alternaria spp. while according to Gupta al., 2009, Chandel and Kumar, 2017). Uddin et al. (2005) volatile oils from A. indica and Eucalyptus sp. (2013) used six plant extracts (Neem leaves extract, were found effective against Alternaria tagetica Garlic cloves extract, Biskatali leaves extract, (Chandel et al., 2010). Alamanda leaves extract, Arjun leaves extract and Debdaru leaves extract) against Cercospora leaf spot 2.1.2 Septoria leaf spot of mungbean and suggested the use of neem leaves The disease is caused by fungal pathogen of Septoria extract for controlling the pathogen as it minimize the sp. Septoria leaf spot is commonly occurred on incidence and increased the yield of mungbean. chrysanthemum (Waddell, 1959, Magie and Farrag (2011) firstly observed Cercospora leaf spot Overman, 1960, Chandel and Chandel, 2010).
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