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LA INFLUENCIA De FRANCISCO HERNÁNDEZ En La CONSTITUCIÓN De La BOTÁNICA MATERIA MÉDICA MODERNAS

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LA INFLUENCIA De FRANCISCO HERNÁNDEZ En La CONSTITUCIÓN De La BOTÁNICA MATERIA MÉDICA MODERNAS JOSÉ MARíA LÓPEZ PIÑERO JOSÉ PARDO TOMÁS LA INFLUENCIA de FRANCISCO HERNÁNDEZ (1515-1587) en la CONSTITUCIÓN de la BOTÁNICA y la MATERIA MÉDICA MODERNAS INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS DOCUMENTALES E HISTÓRICOS SOBRE LA CIENCIA UNIVERSITAT DE VALENCIA - C. S. 1. C. VALENCIA, 1996 La influencia de Francisco Hernández (1515·1587) en la constitución de la botánica y la materia médica modernas CUADERNOS VALENCIANOS DE HISTORIA DE LA MEDICINA y DE LA CIENCIA LI SERIE A (MONOGRAFÍAS) JOSÉ MARÍA LÓPEZ PIÑERO JOSÉ PARDO TOMÁS La influencia de Francisco Hernández (1515-1587) en la constitución de la botánica y la materia médica modernas INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS DOCUMENTALES E HISTÓRICOS SOBRE LA CIENCIA UNIVERSITAT DE VALENCIA - C.S.I.C. VALENCIA, 1996 IMPRESO EN ESPA~A PRINTED IN SPAIN I.S.B.N. 84-370-2690-3 DEPÓSITO LEGAL: v. 3.795 - 1996 ARTES GRÁFICAS SOLER, S. A. - LA OLlVERETA, 28 - 46018 VALENCIA Sumario Los estudios sobre Francisco Hernández y su obra ...................................... 9 El marco histórico de la influencia de Hernández: la constitución de la botánica y de la materia médica modernas ........................................ 21 Francisco Hernández y su Historia de las plantas de Nueva España .......................................................................................... 35 El conocimiento de las plantas americanas en la Europa de la transición de los siglos XVI al XVII ........................................................... 113 La edición de materiales de la Historia de las plantas de Nueva España durante la primera mitad del siglo XVII .......................... 139 La influencia de Hernández en la botánica y la materia médica prelinneanas ................................................................................................ 189 La tradición hernandina a partir de Linneo .............................................. 213 Referencias bibliográficas ........................................................................... 235 7 Los estudios sobre Francisco Hemández y su obra Hernández y su obra se han dedicado durante más de tres siglos numerosos estudios, buena parte de los cuales no figura en los reper­ Atorios y bases de datos de bibliograffa histórico-médica e histórico• científica, ausencia que ha contribuído notablemente a los frecuentes errores que circulan sobre su trayectoria biográfica, sus aportaciones y la difusión e influencia de éstas. Por ello parece conveniente ofrecer una breve revisión historiográfica, exponiendo las etapas de los principales acercamientos al tema. El punto de partida del acercamiento biobibliográfico puede situarse en el Epitome de la Bibliotheca Oriental y Occidental Nautica y Geografica (1629), de Antonio de León Pinelo. En ocho epígrafes de este repertorio se anotan los originales hernandinos que se guardaban en la biblioteca de El Escorial, "los borradores que se hallan en el Colegio de la Compañía de Jesús, de esta Cor­ te", la selección de Recchi y su edición en castellano por Ximénez en 1615, así como la publicada por la Accademia dei Lincei, a la que se atribuye la fecha de 1628, con noticias confusas acerca de supuestas reimpresiones en Alemania, pero indicando las anotaciones de Faber, Terrentius y Colonna l. La segunda referencia en orden cronológico fue la que dedicó Hermann Con­ ring en su Introductio in universam artem medica m (1651), importante hito en el desarrollo de la historiograffa y la bibliograffa médicas2, referencia que, como veremos más tarde, fue utilizada y citada por el botánico Tournefort, especialmente en relación con los más de tres millares de plantas descritas en la Historia natural de Nueva España. En su fundamental libro sobre Her­ nández, Somolinos afirma que "no hemos conseguido encontrar ningún dato sobre este Conringio" y también desconoce la primera edición de la Biblio- 1 LEON PINELO (1629), p.127-128; (1737-1738), cols. 86S-869. 2 C{. HEISCHKEL (1949), p. 209-210. 9 theca Hispana Nova (1672), de Nicolás Antonio, creyendo que no fue impresa hasta 17833, Nicolás Antonio comienza anotando la amistad de Hernández con Ambrosio de Morales, a través de una cita de Las antigüedades de las ciudades de España (1575) de este autor, resume las indicaciones de León Pinelo, sitúa la edición romana en los años 1648 y 1651 y la traducción de Ximénez en 1615 y termina diciendo que "tradujo con notas la Historia natu­ ral de Plinio .. , en cuya obra, dedicada al rey Felipe II, se llama toledano"4, Conring y Nicolás Antonio fueron fuentes directas o indirectas de la infor­ mación relativa a Hernández que incluyeron después diversos repertorios biobibliográficos internacionales, entre los que figuran los médicos de Man­ get, Eloy y Dezeimeris y el botánico de Hallet, José Quer se ocupó de Hernández en el "Catálogo de los autores españoles que han escrito de Historia Natural" y en otras partes del volumen primero de su Flora Española (1762)6, Reprodujo los datos biográficos y la descrip­ ción de los volúmenes originales hernandinos depositados en la biblioteca de 7 El Escorial que había ofrecido en 1605 José de Sigüenza , anotó con preci­ sión la edición romana de la selección de Recchi y fue el primero en referirse a los materiales hernandinos incluídos en la Historia plantarum (1686- 1704), de John RayS, Francisco de los Santos, en las ediciones de su Descrip­ cion breve del Monasterio de S, Lorenzo el Real de El Escorial posteriores al incendio de 1671 en el que se destruyeron dichos volúmenes, había afirmado taxativamente que "todos perecieron en la fatalidad del incendio, aunque se procuraron rescatar''!}, Sin embargo, Quer planteó la posibilidad de que algu­ nos materiales se hubieran conservado, refiriéndose sobre todo a "algunos volúmenes del herbario de plantas secas americanas, y de algunas del paíS"lO, Esta duda fue mantenida a lo largo de los dos siglos siguientes por varios autores que, como hemos podido demostrar en otro lugar, se confun- 3 SOMOLINOS (1960), p. 320, nota 10; p. 98, nota 5. 4 ANToNIO (1672), vol. J, p. 372. 5 MANCET (1740), vol. 11, p. 679; ELOY (1778), vol. 11, p. 708; DEZEIMERlS (1828-1839), vol. m, p. 117; lIALLER (1771-1772), vol. I, p. 419. 6 QUER (1762), vol. I, p. 37-38, 115, 365. 7 SIGÜENZA (1605), p. 310-311. Cf. LoPEZ PIÑERO y PARDO TOMAS (1994), p. 18-19. 8 "Rayo sacó a luz in Historia Plantarum el Catalogo de estas plantas, tomo 11, p. 1219": QUER (1762), vol. I, p. 115. 9 SANTOS (1698), f. 92 r. 10 QUER (1762), vol. I, p.38. 10 dieron principalmente con unos herbarios del siglo XVI, de gran importan­ l1 cia, pero que no tienen ninguna relación con Hernández • En 1790, Casimiro Gómez Ortega publicó, como es sabido, una edición de los "borradores" hernandinos a los que se había referido León Pinelo y que había localizado el cronista de Indias Juan Bautista Muñoz. En el primer volumen de dicha edición, que quedó limitada al texto de la Historia de las plantas de Nueva España, incluyó un extenso "Ad lectorem praefatio" cuya importancia e influencia en los estudios hernandinos no ha sido debidamen­ te valorada. Aparte de resumir los datos relativos a los volúmenes deposita­ dos en El Escorial hasta su destrucción en el incendio de 1671, el "compen­ dium seu potius compilatio" de Recchi, su publicación por los Lincei y la traducción de Ximénez, expuso detalladamente los diferentes textos conteni­ dos en dichos borradores, así como la versión comentada por Hernández de la Historia natural de Plinio, cuyos volúmenes manuscritos, "in Regia Matri­ tensi Bibliotheca asservata ... a Franciscus Cerdano et Rico ... paucos ante annos detecta sunt". En su conjunto, esta información no fue superada hasta las reunidas por Miguel Colmeiro (1858) y José T. Medina (1900), a las que después nos referiremos. A continuación de su "praefatio", Gómez Ortega publicó, además, el célebre poema que Hernández dirigió a Benito Arias Montano12• La información de Quer, el "praefatio" de Gómez Ortega y el poema a Arias Montano fueron íntegramente reproducidos por Hernández Morejón y Chinchilla en sus historias de la medicina española 13. Por otra parte, Chin­ chilla describió con gran minuciosidad, citando párrafos y transcribiendo textos completos, el manuscrito hernandino Materia medicinal de la Nueva l4 España, actualmente extraviado • Con algunas variantes, el contenido de las primeras setecientas páginas de este manuscrito coincide con la tradu­ ción castellana por Ximénez de la selección de Recchi, pero a continuación incluye tres tablas: Primera tabla de la aplicación de las medicinas ... a toda 11 Cf. LoPEZ PIÑERO y PARDO TOMAS (1994), p. 17-32. 12 HERNANDEZ (1790), vol. J, p. I-XVITI. El poema, en las siguientes tres hojas s. n. En la mis­ ma fecha, se publicó por la Imprenta Real, de Madrid, una NOTICIA (1790) del hallazgo de los borradores hernandinos y los planes para su edición, seguramente redactada por el propio Gómez Ortega. 13 HERNANDEZ MOR&JON (1842-1852), vol. m, 398-408; CHINCHILLA (1841-1846), vol. 11, p.165- 175. 14 CHINCHILLA (1841-1846), vol. 11, p. 175-182. 11 diversidad de enfermedades, Tabla segunda de las virtudes y facultades de los medicamentos ... segun las diversas partes del cuerpo y Tabla tercera de los nombres de las medicinas en la lengua mexicana. La segunda, cuyos casi trescientos epígrafes transcribe Chinchilla, es la misma que edit6 Juan de Barrios en su Verdadera medicina (1607) y que Francesco Stelluti se atribu­ l5 y6 indebidamente en la edici6n romana, como hemos podido comprobar • En la misma década en la que aparecieron las obras de Hernández More­ j6n y Chinchilla, Martín Fernández de Navarrete, Pedro F. de Baranda y Miguel Salvá publicaron ocho cartas de Francisco Hernández dirigidas a Felipe II o a Juan de Ovando, presidente del Consejo de Indias, en el primer volumen de la Colección de Documentos inéditos para la Historia de España (1842)16. Estas cartas fueron reproducidas por Nicolás Le6n en su edici6n del texto castellano de Ximénez (1888), que citaremos más adelante, así como traducidas al alemán por Fritz Lejeune (1924), autor cuyos trabajos sobre la medicina española del Renacimiento han sido injustamente olvida­ dos.
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