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Anatomy and Biochemical Study of Collar Rot Resistance in Eggplant

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Anatomy and Biochemical Study of Collar Rot Resistance in Eggplant International Journal of Pathogen Research 2(2): 1-13, 2019; Article no.IJPR.47775 Anatomy and Biochemical Study of Collar Rot Resistance in Eggplant M. M. Hasan1* and M. B. Meah2 1Advanced Seed Research and Biotech Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2IPM Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author MMH designed and performed the study, managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author MBM managed the analysis and supervised the study. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJPR/2019/v2i230070 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Nagesh Peddada, Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA. Reviewers: (1) Eremwanarue, Aibuedefe Osagie, University of Benin, Nigeria. (2) Oluwafemi Michael Adedire, Federal College of Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State. Nigeria. (3) Clint Magill Plpa, Texas A&M University, USA. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/47775 Received 27 December 2018 Original Research Article Accepted 19 March 2019 Published 03 April 2019 ABSTRACT Disease reaction of three eggplant varieties (BAUBegun-1, BAUBegun-2 and Dohazari G) to collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) at early flowering stage, as well as the anatomy and biochemical effects of the infection on the collar region of the plant was studied. The plants were inoculated following soil inoculation technique, using barley culture of the pathogen. All the varieties were infected, with percentage infection ranging from 62.50 to 100%. Varieties varied in percent mortality (0.00 - 100). Plants of the eggplant variety BAUBegun-2, although infected, all regenerated and were graded resistant. The varieties Dohazari G and BAUBegun-1 were graded as susceptible. Anatomy and biochemical constituents, namely total phenols, ascorbic acid, total sugar, reducing sugar and Ca- oxalate contents of the collar region were investigated. BAUBegun-2 was characterized with thick cuticle, thick epidermal cells, many trichomes and smaller intercellular spaces in the cortex which could have restricted the entry of S. rolfsii into the cell. A higher level of biochemical activities was observed in eggplant var. BAUBegun-2. There was a clear correlation between anatomical _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Hasan and Meah; IJPR, 2(2): 1-13, 2019; Article no.IJPR.47775 features and biochemical constituents, and collar rot incidence. Anatomical features and biochemical constituents, as detected to be responsible for the resistance, could be used for the development of superior variety with resistance to collar rot. Keywords: Eggplant; collar rot; anatomy; biochemical constituents. 1. INTRODUCTION destructive disease leading to irreparable loss of the eggplant [5]. The eggplant or brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), a plant of the family Solanaceae and genus The loss caused by this deleterious fungus was Solanum is one of the most common, popular reported to be around 60 to 100% and has and principal vegetable crops grown in become a major threat to eggplant cultivation. At Bangladesh and other parts of the world. Due to present, eggplant cultivation is virtually its low calorific values (24 kcal 100 g-1) and high impossible without pesticide application. potassium content (200 mg 100 g-1), it is suitable Eggplant growers of Bangladesh mostly depend for diabetes, hypertensive and obese patients [1]. on fungicides to keep crop production steady. Farmers use a wide range of organocarbamate, Eggplant is a cheap source of carbohydrate and organophosphorus and synthetic compounds vitamins [2]. Except peak periods, the market with various spray formulation advocated from price of eggplant compared to other vegetables time to time against diseases of eggplant [6]. remains high which encourages farmers in eggplant cultivation, but there remains a need of To avoid dependence on chemical control, better cultivation and information on disease screening eggplant germplasms resistant to the resistant varieties. So there is a need to improve collar rot pathogen is essential. Information on its cultivation to meet the market demands. the genetic variation in respect to disease resistance is of great value in enabling the In Bangladesh, eggplant suffers from 12 breeder to use the best genetic stock for diseases of which collar rot caused by Sclerotium improvement in a breeding programme. rolfsii Sacc. is one of the most important and Continued screening of eggplant cultivars damaging. The sclerotial bodies of the fungus collected from different regions of Bangladesh remain in the dormant condition in the soil or revealed the existence of resistance against S. plant debris causing pre and post-emergence rolfsii in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) death of the plants [3]. Crop loss due to collar rot Laboratory with accession number IPM Lab-09 disease is quite evident. (later designated as BAUBegun 2). Here, the basis of resistance to S. rolfsii in BAUBegun 2 S. rolfsii is chiefly soil-borne and prefers wet was investigated. environment, especially water-logged conditions. As the seasons Kharif-l and Kharif-ll of Resistance is possible through anatomical Bangladesh are wet and eventually cause water structures like parenchyma cells, epidermic logging in low lying areas, the incidence of collar layers etc. that regulate the entry of fungi into rot has been found higher in Kharif-II season plant tissue and movement of the fungi inside the than in Rabi season [4]. The pathogen S. rolfsii host [7]. Anatomical features are built-in inflicts severe damage right from germination till structures either pre-existing or self-generated by harvest of the crop in all seasons. It colonizes plants in response to invading pathogens. soft tissues and causes rots of tissues adjacent Biochemical activities regulated by constituents to soil. The pathogen attacks the portion of plant like phenols, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar and adjacent to soil level termed `collar zone´ Ca-oxalate also may confer resistance to causing death by disrupting translocation of invading pathogens [5]. Identification of eggplant nutrients from the top to the root zone [5]. varieties with such characters will be of immense importance to the programme for developing Due to collar rot, the whole plant collapses either resistance in the host. Very little work has been at the seedling stage or at the mature stage. In done in this area in Banglaesh or abroad [5,8]. the seedling stage, the death of seedlings can be Therefore, the present research work was supplemented by gap filling but in the case of designed to investigate the anatomical features mature plants, this is not possible. As a and biochemical constituents conferring consequence, collar rot becomes a very resistance to collar rot pathogen S. rolfsii. 2 Hasan and Meah; IJPR, 2(2): 1-13, 2019; Article no.IJPR.47775 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS prepared in barley culture following the procedure of Babar [5]. The study was carried out at the Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic, Field Laboratory of the Six plants were individually inoculated in each Department of Plant Pathology and laboratory of plot in two replications by mixing 10 g of infested the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh barley grain with soil near the plant base and Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, covered with moist cotton [5]. Equal numbers of Bangladesh. plants were kept uninoculated control varieties. Inoculation was done in the afternoon to avoid The eggplant cultivars used in the experiment drying of the inoculum; cotton was kept moist by were BAUBegun-1 (IPMLab 31), BAUBegun-2 adding water as required. (IPMLab 09) and Dohazari G (IPMLab 12). Seeds of these cultivars were collected from the After inoculation, observations were made IPM and Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, regularly. Records were maintained on: the Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. I. Number of plants infected of each variety in each replication, Tray soil prepared by mixing soil, sand and well- II. Lesion size (in cm), decomposed cow dung (2:1:1) was sterilized with III. Variety-wise plant reactions as a part of formalin solution (4%) at 200 ml/cf soil following the response to infection e.g., reduction of the procedure of Dhasgupta [9]. One hundred base diameter, seeds were sown in each tray (37 cm X 29 cm). IV. Number of plants killed (Mortality). The experimental plot prepared properly was After inoculation, mortality was recorded up to 20 cleared of weeds and stubble. Well decomposed days and expressed in percentage and the data cow dung was applied and thoroughly mixed with were analyzed following the Completely soil. Before final land preparation, inorganic Randomized Design. fertilizers and manures were applied on the basis of fertilizer recommendation guide of Anonymous The tested varieties were placed in various [10]. Twenty four healthy 28 days old seedlings categories of resistance and susceptibility on the of each variety were planted in the field basis of mortality percentage using the standard maintaining plant to plant distance 75 cm and rating scale (Table 1) developed by ICRISAT [13]. line to line 100 cm. Irrigation and weeding were done as necessary. 2.1 Histopathology The pathogen was isolated from naturally infected
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