Internet of Things Data Foundations for First Responders Fire Service FY2020 May 6, 2020
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Internet of Things Data Foundations for First Responders Fire Service FY2020 May 6, 2020 1 Internet of Things Data Foundations for First Responders FY2020 September 30, 2020 Work performed in support of the: Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate Office for Interoperability and Compatibility U.S. Department of Commerce Public Safety Communications Research Program Contacts: Alison Kahn Personal Area Networks Project Lead [email protected] | 303-497-3523 Peter Hallenbeck Softwhere Syzygy, LLC Deputy Chief (Ret.) Efland Volunteer Fire Dept., Efland, NC [email protected] Sam L. Ray PSCR Portfolio Lead—DHS [email protected] | 303-497-3262 NIST-CTL PSCR Division 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80305 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 5 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Challenges in a First responder Environment ............................................................................... 7 2.2 Other Standards and Data Sets ..................................................................................................... 9 3 Process ................................................................................................................................................ 12 3.1 Interview Questions .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Interviews .................................................................................................................................... 13 4 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 14 4.1 Technology Use ........................................................................................................................... 14 4.2 Indications of Future Technology Implementation .................................................................... 15 4.3 Informational Requirements ....................................................................................................... 16 5 Software Data Objects for First responder IoT Technology ................................................................ 16 5.1 The Brave New World of Software Objects ................................................................................ 17 5.2 Data Object Development for IoT Systems ................................................................................. 18 5.3 Data Object Encoding for Communications ................................................................................ 19 5.4 Connectivity and Mapping .......................................................................................................... 21 6 Representative Software Objects ....................................................................................................... 22 6.1 Common Objects ......................................................................................................................... 25 6.1.1 GPS Location Schema (object name: gps) ........................................................................... 25 6.1.2 Map Annotation Schema (object name: map) .................................................................... 27 6.1.3 Responder Health Schema (object name: pHealth)............................................................ 30 6.1.4 Environmental Schema (object name: env) ........................................................................ 32 6.1.5 Vehicle Information Schema (object name: veh) ................................................................ 34 6.2 Fire Service Objects ..................................................................................................................... 36 6.2.1 Hydrant / Water Source Schema (object name: h2o) ......................................................... 36 6.2.2 SCBA Schema (object name: scba) ...................................................................................... 40 6.2.3 Fire Service Vehicle Schema (object name: fVeh) .............................................................. 42 3 6.3 Law Enforcement Objects ........................................................................................................... 43 6.3.1 Weapon Discharge (object name: wDis) ............................................................................. 43 6.3.2 Law Enforcement Vehicle (object name: lVeh) ................................................................... 44 6.4 EMS Objects ................................................................................................................................ 45 6.4.1 Patient Health (object name: ptHealth) .............................................................................. 45 6.4.3 EMS Vehicle (object name: eVeh) ...................................................................................... 46 6.5 System Level Objects .................................................................................................................. 47 6.5.1 Power System Schema (object name: pwrStatus) .............................................................. 47 6.5.2 Map Overlay Schema (object name: mapOverlay) ............................................................ 49 6.5.3 Map Polygon Schema (object name: mapPolygon) ........................................................... 51 6.6 Server Level Objects .................................................................................................................... 53 6.6.1 Server Status Schema (object name: serverStatus) ............................................................ 54 7 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 56 8 Appendix A: Interview Questions used During Phase 1 ..................................................................... 57 9 Appendix B: Further Thoughts on Timestamps ................................................................................. 58 10 References ...................................................................................................................................... 59 TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. 1: IoT data flow in a proprietary system ................................................................................................ 6 Fig. 2: Sample CoAP header ....................................................................................................................... 17 Fig. 3: Software object representation ...................................................................................................... 18 Fig. 4: JSON versus XML encoding ............................................................................................................. 20 4 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The term Internet of Things (IoT) has reached widespread use in the last several years. IoT systems consisting of small hardware devices capable of transmitting data wirelessly for informative or actionable purposes are present in many homes, appliances, cars and accessories. Additionally, the widespread usage of IoT devices and their data is promoting their increasing use in commercial buildings, parking lots, and city infrastructure. For the past three years, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Public Safety Communication Research division (PSCR), in research sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, studied IoT devices for first responders to determine how these devices can be employed to meet the needs of the first responder in the field. In April of 2019, PSCR held a Public Safety Internet of Things Roundtable at the NIST Laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. During this roundtable, several issues regarding the lack of IoT utilization in public safety came to light. Foundationally, there was a concern that the information required by public safety, as well as the information provided by these devices, was not well documented or consistent and, therefore, could not be reliably utilized between systems. These foundational concerns implied that there could be no expectation of reliable information provided by a system and consequently no widespread usage of IoT devices throughout public safety jurisdictions. This document reports on interviews conducted with first responder professionals across all fields, in which their current informational and technological requirements were discussed. It will also present a potential model of the informational requirements as independent software objects to demonstrate how a baseline consistency in IoT product development could hypothetically be achieved. 2 INTRODUCTION Currently, many companies have a presence in the increasingly lucrative IoT industry. Since the hardware in an IoT product is intended to be small and unobtrusive and to last for long periods of time with minimal configuration or maintenance,