THE LEGACY OF Thai children’s books as well. Nevertheless, TRADITIONAL THAI there are a number of Thai writers who appreciate traditional Thai literary works LITERATURE AND ITS and who have made an effort to revive some IMPACT ON works of traditional Thai literature both in CONTEMPORARY terms of content and style. They narrate new CHILDREN’S versions of classical literature in modern 1 form and with more up-to-date content in a LITERATURE manner that appeals to young readers.
Ruenruthai Sujjapun2 Essentially, there are four basic methods which authors use to mine the rich heritage Abstract of the classical canon in Thai contemporary children’s literature: first, they create new
versions which are based on an old story but Literature is a significant part of any with some new imaginative touches added, as nation’s cultural heritage, its continuing for example in Mucchanu; secondly, they existence depending on the values which borrow certain characters or certain motifs are handed down from era to era, from from traditional literary masterpieces to generation to generation. Most create new stories, as for example in The traditional Thai literature follows the Little Garuda; thirdly, they satirize literary same conventions. The influence exerted convention or certain motifs from traditional by western literature helped to foster the literature, as for example in The Magicless development of contemporary Thai Prince; and fourthly, the writers transform literature, but at the same time relegated an old tale into picture books or comic books. traditional literature to the back burner, seemingly remote from contemporary The analytical study in this article is based Thai life. This can clearly be seen in on the theory of intertextuality, which contemporary children’s literature; for proposes that there are no original texts and example, it is obvious that at the present that every text is composed of literary time the books in The Adventures of elements that have been narrated or used Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling are before, at some point in the past. In fact, the bestsellers that have captured the hearts capacity to write literature is a result of of children all over the world. Witches reading many traditional literary works as and the magic of the western world are well as more contemporary ones. borrowed by authors of children’s literature and even play a role in some The aim of this study is to confirm the aesthetic values of classical Thai literature 1 Paper presented at the 9th International whose legacy can be mined to create new Conference on Thai Studies, Northern Illinois forms and new content in order to appeal to University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA, 3-6 April new generations of readers. Therefore, 2005 traditional Thai literature is still alive and well in contemporary Thai society. 2 Associate Professor, Department of Thai, Faculty of Humanities, Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand
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Introduction tales. The third involves a parody of certain literary conventions and motifs. The fourth Children’s literature exists on many levels. involves the transformation of traditional It can be categorized according to the age literature into picture-book form or comics. of the children in the target group, The details will be analyzed below. ranging from children that cannot read by themselves to adolescents. In this article, The Re-creation of the Story with the term ‘children’s literature’ applies to New Imaginative Touches every level. From time to time, many works of traditional In the old days, Thai children did not have literature are re-worked again and again. The particular tales to read or listen to original story may become exaggerated in the individually, but simply read or listened process or undergo a radical change; for to tales together with adults. This was example, the Ramakian has many parts that certainly true of most lullabies, the are different from the original Ramayana. content of which was not composed for Some writers have retold the Ramakian for children; the latter merely listened or children by exaggerating certain aspects of responded to the rhythm while the adults the old story in order to make it more listened to the story. The tales are the colourful and more exciting, The Adventure same. Although the main characters are of Macchanu by Kitakal being one example. children, the story may contain cruelty, such as in the story of The Pla Boo Thong Macchanu is the son of Hanuman and (The Golden Fish), in which the father Supanmaccha. During the construction of the kills the mother and the step-mother kills road to Longa, Hanuman takes up with a the step-daughter. With developments in mermaid who gives birth to Macchanu on the modern education, adults are becoming seashore after Hanuman has abandoned her. increasingly aware of the importance of The son, who is born as a monkey with the children’s literature in stimulating tail of a fish, is later taken in by Mayarab, the children’s mental and emotional growth; king of the sea, who adopts him as his step- moreover, it helps to cultivate the thought son. When Mayarab puts Rama to sleep with processes and imagination of young a magic spell and carries him off to the children. The popularity of the best- depths of the sea, Hanuman comes to the selling series The Adventures of Harry rescue. Hanuman meets Macchanu and after Potter all around the world, including fighting each other to a standstill, he realizes Thailand, has prompted Thai writers to that Macchanu is in fact his very own son. revive folktales and traditional literary After that, Hanuman is able to slay Mayarab works, to retell them and re-create them in and save Rama’s life. He allows Waiwik, the different literary forms and content in son of the former king, to assume the vacant order to attract the attention of the throne, with Macchanu as the Prince Regent. younger generation. There are four ways In the Ramakian, Supanmaccha is not to create contemporary children’s mentioned anymore after Macchanu is born. literature based on traditional sources. However, Kitakal expanded the story, The first method involves the re-creation relating how Supanmaccha is so hurt after of the story with new imaginative touches. Hanuman abandons her that she goes to live The second involves the creation of a new in the Himavant forest. Macchanu, an orphan, story line with certain characters from old grows up to be a bad boy, aggressive, lacking
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in courtesy, and unhelpful. Waiwik wants result that the jar is broken. He tries again, to improve his younger brother’s behavior, but he is unable to fill the jar. On the third and so sends him out alone to search for day, he uses a pipe to draw water from the his mother in Himavant, a very dangerous river into the jar. At first the pipe is too small forest. Before Macchanu’s departure, he for the task, while later it is too large. Either asks him to commit three words to way, Macchanu does not succeed at his given memory: patience, mercy and forgiveness. task. The next day, Macchanu goes to meet Waiwik disguises himself as a hermit to Kanti in a garden and the hermit teaches him give him lessons. to study patiently. He tells Macchanu that if he knows the proper methods, he will be able In the Ramakian, Macchanu is 16 years to use his magic properly. In the end, old when he was born. He has white skin Macchanu learns the lesson. like his father and a fishtail like his mother. He has no magic weapon but After passing the test, he thinks it might be possesses magic powers, so Hanuman is possible to finally meet his mother, but the unable to defeat him. In The Adventure of hermit tells him that he must first pass Macchanu, he is five years old, with another test. Macchanu becomes so angry pinkish white skin and a blue tail. His that he runs away into the forest. Along the magic weapon is a green lotus which can way, Tani, a female spirit, gets her revenge change into a razor that burnes everything by pointing him in the wrong direction. in its path. Besides, Macchanu is also able Suddenly, Macchanu is faced with 12 spirits, to release razor-sharp weapons from the whom he is unable to kill. However, Kanti palms of his hands, make enormous arrives in the nick of time to rescue him. waves and create a big balloon in which After he realizes that Kanti is in fact Waiwik, to imprison his enemies. In this version, his brother, he jumps into the pond, and is Macchanu makes a very appealing hero able at long last to meet his mother. She for young children. embraces him and showers him with love and care; however, she tells him that it grieves The writer uses a standard literary her to learn that her only beloved son is such convention in the form of a long journey a bad boy, so aggressive and merciless. or quest which the main character must Macchanu pleads guilty as charged and undertake to prove his ability. In this book, promises to change his ways. Macchanu travels alone along a very dangerous route to find his mother in the It can be seen that in The Adventure of Himavant forest. During his travels, he Macchanu, the latter represents a child from fights with wild monkeys, quarrels with a broken home, which explains his the Sun God, destroys a banana tree aggression, bad temper and lack of mercy. which is the house of the female spirit There are plenty of examples of children like Tani, beats the giant who is the him in real life. Adults should understand doorkeeper of Himavant and completely children like this, and must be patient and use uproots the trees. Naratha, the great all sorts of tricks to teach them how to hermit, has to subdue him and sends him behave properly since compulsion does not to Kanti, the hermit, in order to test his work. The children need to learn by cleverness. Kanti orders Macchanu to use themselves by putting their parents’ teaching a small bowl to fill a big jar with water. into practice. The colorful character of First, Macchanu uses his magic with the Macchanu in this version may inspire
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children to read this particular work, not red. Given these differences, the little which is based on a work of classical garuda is discriminated against and is often literature. bullied by the other little garudas. As a result, he plays alone in the forest behind the village. Borrowing Certain Characters to There he makes new friends, such as a hen Create a New Story who crows all the time, a white crow who sings sweetly like a kiriboon, and a duck who Some characters in famous literary works hates water. When the garudas are four years are borrowed, with the aim of creating old, all of them are taught to fly, but the little brand-new stories. One example of this garuda is not permitted to join in the lessons. approach to children’s literature is The Nevertheless, he tries to fly by himself but Little Garuda by Khoynuch. without success. Then three bad garudas try to deceive him by telling him to find an old The garuda is a famous character both in garuda who can teach him to fly, hoping that mythology and literature. He is the son of he will die along the way in the deep forest. a king named Kasayapa and his wife Winata. The king has another wife named Eventually, the little garuda does indeed find Bhatharu who is the mother of a naga. the old garuda. After following him The quarrel between these two queens everywhere for a long time, the little garuda results in the garuda and the naga falls ill, but the old garuda cures him. When becoming sworn enemies. he examines the little garuda more closely, he suddenly throws him into the water. At first, A garuda is also a main character in Kaki, the little garuda is frightened to death, but a story of the love between Kaki on the after a few minutes he discovers he is able to one hand and Phromthat, Garuda and breathe under water and dives. The little Khon Tanp on the other. The ‘Kaki’ story garuda is astonished at his special ability and is influenced by the kakati jataka. There he soon grows to enjoy it. He sets out on his are two literary works of this name: a travels, diving in every sea around the world, royal boatman’s song written by Prince eventually learning more and more until Thamathibet and a story in verse written finally he becomes an expert diver. by Chao Phaya Phra Klang (Hon). The little garuda goes to the Sithandon Sea to Tri Bhum Phra Ruang describes how the prove for himself that the legend of the garudas and nagas live in Himavant forest, garuda and the naga is true. At the same time, with the garudas living in the ngiew trees the three bad garudas go there to prove their near Simplee pond, and the nagas living fighting abilities. However, when the three in the deep water under Mount Sumeru. are pulled to the bottom of the sea, the little garuda dives in to save them. He does not The Little Garuda makes a garuda, a fight with the naga, however, but makes creature of Himavant, the main character. friends with him. When the three garudas A little garuda is raised in an orphanage in finally awake, they see the little garuda a garuda village. This little garuda, asleep by their side with the scale of a naga however, is different from his peers in in his hand. Stealing the scale, they return to that he has a pair of little wings, like fins, their village and claim that they were the on his back, and nostrils which can open ones that killed the naga, at the same time and close. Besides, his feathers are black, slandering the little garuda as an outcast who
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should be banished. The little garuda does girl, together with their sister and their not show up in the village anymore. teacher, are sucked into the tunnel, landing in Happy to have found himself, he no the Himavant forest where the four embark longer wants to be part of any group. upon a series of amazing adventures. Parody of Certain Literary The Little Garuda may remind readers of Conventions and Motifs other books, such as Jonathan Livingston Seagull. These two stories contain the Some children’s literature satirizes existing same theme, which involves searching for literary conventions and motifs. Such works and finding oneself, the courage to live are a clear indication that the writers possess differently from others and the discovery a thorough understanding of Thai literary of one’s own independence and freedom. conventions. One example of this type of The garuda in this example of children’s approach is The Magicless Prince written by literature is not only a creature of Preeda Akrachandrachot. Himavant as he appears in other books; rather, he challenges us as readers to think The plot is in the form of a fable in which a what kind of ‘garuda’ we are. Moreover, king rules over a large country. The king first the writer wants the reader to ponder the sends his son to study with a hermit in the question of peace and harmony, so he forest, but after finishing his education, the imagines that the garuda and the naga prince receives a magic weapon and sets out make friends. upon a quest to find himself a princess. He fights with some giants. Then he goes back Besides The Little Garuda, there are some home to become king. As a novel, The children’s stories, such as The Adventure Magicless Prince is a parody, satirizing the in Himavant and The Fantastical five parts of Thai fables which are as follows: Himavant, written by Sirikan, who weaves many kinds of creatures from A Magic Weapon Himavant into her novels, including kinaree, kinara, kilin, khochasi (a cross Every prince in Thai literature and chak chak between an elephant and a lion), wong wong fables receives a magic weapon kochapaksi (a cross between an elephant at birth or from a hermit who is his mentor. and a bird), durongpaksin (a cross between a horse and a bird), karinpaksa (a The Magicless Prince tells the story of a cross between an elephant and a bird), magic land, so-called because every prince, hemara-usdon (a cross between a horse every princess and all the people in this land and a swan), orhan (a bird with a female possess at least one magic weapon. The king face) and thakathor (a cross between a of this land has many sons and daughters, but tiger and an elephant). Both stories fall the main character is the 11th prince. His into the category of science fiction or brothers and sisters have one magic weapon science fantasy. The old world and the each, such as a magic bow, a magic sword, a modern world are linked by a tunnel pair of magic shoes, magic armor, magic created by a very clever scientist. A medicine, etc. The 11th prince, however, has kinara and a kilin cross into the world of no magic weapon which is very strange and humans to find the kinara’s mother who somewhat unusual. The king is very upset. has been kidnapped. They are helped by a He puts the queen to death because he sees boy and a girl. After that, the boy and the this as bad luck, like a motif in many tales. In
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most of the tales, the queen is saved from Killing a Giant persecution but in this novel, unluckily there is no one to come to her rescue. Fighting with one or two giants is a motif that occurs in every fable. It is an important As a result of the contempt in which he is part of many a prince’s quest and provides a held, the Prince loves to read books in the means by which he can prove his skill and library. Consequently, he is very clever his bravery. Again, the writer makes fun of and learns about the world at large from this motif. The magicless Prince must risk his books. He reads about the Himavant life to acquire a magic weapon because he forest, the giants, a wishing tree has no money. The hermit sends the Prince to (Kalapaphruk), the four great lions, etc. In collect some saphaya, which are magic this section, the writer satirizes best- leaves, but anyone who eats them will turn selling How to books with the into a bird. A giant named Indrakumara, who introduction, for example, Speaking the looks after the saphaya tree, happens to be a Kinaree language Without Tears, How to vegetarian and a peaceful kind of fellow, be a Good King, etc. whom the hermit turned into stone 20 years previously. The giant allows the Prince to The Hermit as Mentor pick some saphaya leaves, instructing him that a green leaf will turn him into a bird, One day the king banishes the magicless while a yellow one will turn him back into a Prince to Himavant for seven years in human. The Prince is very grateful, fully order to study with a hermit, to search intent to return later to help the hapless giant. for a magic weapon, to gain fame by committing some act of bravery and to The ‘saphaya’ tree in this novel is find himself a princess. Once he influenced by Singhakraiphop, a verse tale accomplishes these four tasks, he can written by Sunthon Phu. The story is about a return to the palace. The Prince chooses giant who brought up a boy as his very own a school from a book named How to son. One day when he goes to find some Choose a Hermit Institute. The Prince food, Singhakraiphop steals into a cave decides to study with the hermit with where he finds a saphaya tree whose leaves fiery eyes because the course syllabus come in four different colors: red, for states that the students will learn how to becoming a naga; white, for becoming a carry out the tasks of a prince, just as in a monkey; green, for becoming a bird; and fairy tale. The annual fee is really high, yellow, for turning the skin into gold. This but it is the oldest and the most modern work of children’s literature prestigious institute in the Himavant changes the saphaya leaf into two colors forest. In the fables, the hermits are very only. After the Prince gives the leaves to the intellectual, religious and have various hermit, he receives a magic blanket as a merits. They teach their students for free, reward. If the Prince covers himself with the in addition to which, they give them a golden side of the blanket, his skin will turn magic weapon upon graduation. By gold like that of a deva (god). If he covers contrast, in this children’s book, fees are himself with the grey side, he will turn into exorbitantly high. The students must an ordinary fellow. study for six years to graduate and anyone wanting a magic weapon must pay extra.
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Himavant Forest Marriage to a Princess
The Himavant forest is a setting that has Some of the princes and princesses in Thai been used in many fables and tales. In the folktales are born in unusual circumstances, Himavant forest, there are many for instance in a shell, in a tree, in a drum, etc. wonderful things designed to leave the In this novel, the princess is born in a audience with a sense of amazement. ‘The bamboo tree like Yorpraklin in a folk drama Magicless Prince’ uses the Himavant called Maneepichai. The princess is stolen by forest as a place of adventure. Himavant a withayathon because the Prince has no is home to many kinds of animals and magic weapon. He has to follow the fantastic creatures, such as a withayathon, kidnapper in order to rescue the princess and a female fruit (nareephol), a bird with the save her life, which is a standard task for a trunk of an elephant, a flying horse, a prince in folktales. tiger-fish, etc. The writer describes the Himavant forest as being very crowded During the long journey to find the princess, because there are many schools for the Prince comes to a village called ‘a simple princes. The four great mountains have land’. The people who live here consist of the been destroyed to build cities. The homeless and those who have been banished number of animals is dwindling because from the palace because they were the student princes hunt for pleasure. condemned as rebels, adulterers or just Even the four great lions are starving to unlucky because they gave birth or were born death, and are sometimes obliged to eat under an evil star, i.e. their births were birds, rats or ants’ eggs. In this children’s unusual and therefore inauspicious. From an novel, the Himavant forest is no longer ex-counsellor to the king, the Prince learns beautiful, nor is it very mysterious. the true nature of things, namely that all people are forced into holding wrong beliefs; In the Himavant forest, the Prince meets for example, giants must be bad and cruel, the four great lions who are very skinny, princes must possess a magic weapon, kill a dirty and graceless. Tinsi has red fur, giant and marry a princess. This ex- Kalsi has black fur, Bundusi has yellow counsellor teaches him that what people fur, while Kaison has white and red fur. really need is wisdom; that people should use These four lions are the representatives of their brains and make their own decisions; the Himavant forest because of their that they should not believe things without frightfulness. The Prince also meets three first questioning them or considering them humans. The first two are brothers; one is seriously. covered with a cow’s hide, while the other is covered with a tiger’s skin. This The Prince helps the citizens to fight against is a satire on the tales of Honvichai-Khavi. the princes who want to take away their land The third one is a beggar boy who asks to to build their cities. But, since he cannot use accompany the Prince. This reminds magic to fight them, he is eventually captured. readers of Chinese novels Then the Prince realizes that magic weapons (kamlungpainai novels). are dangerous and evil if they are used to harm others. The Prince does not want a magic weapon for himself anymore; he only wants to have one to help the weak. Later, the giant comes to help the Prince and the
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citizens by giving them saphaya leaves. magicless Prince goes back to his hometown Everybody turns into a bird and escapes to change the king’s attitude. Although he from the magic rope. Each of the princes fails, the Prince is glad that he has already uses his magic weapon together. done his duty to the best of his ability. Indrakumara, the giant, and the Prince are unable to fight. At last the four lions Picture Books and Comic Books Based on arrive, and the princes are finally defeated Thai Literature and disperse. The lions make a solemn vow to make it their responsibility to Picture books and comic books are another restore Himavant to its rightful kind of children’s literature. The extensive inhabitants, to turn it into a home for use of cartoon pictures with text kept to a every kind of creature in the forest, and to minimum is particularly suitable for kids who guard the Himavant against outsiders who can not read fluently. In fact, both children want to use it for their own benefit. and grown-ups love the picture books and comic books. Many works of Thai literature The Prince’s final task is to save the and folktales have been transformed into princess from the withayathon. But the picture books, for instance, the Ramakian, princess chooses to marry the Mahabharata, Kraithong, Phra Abhaimani withayathon because he has a magic and Sam Kok (the Romance of the Three weapon and he is planning to build a city. Kingdom), etc. Many of these comic books Subsequently, the Prince returns to the appear as series, while others are published in simple land to live out his life in peace. the form of monthly magazines. Later on, he discovers that the little beggar is a girl, not a boy. He marries The stories in the picture books do not follow her and lives happily ever after in his the original texts. Some parts may be adopted land. severely abridged, while others are enlarged. The writers may create more incidents or It can be concluded that this children’s characters than exist in the original for the novel, entitled A Magicless Prince pleasure of the readers. For instance, in the satirizes Thai literary conventions, in Ramavatala, after Ravana (Thosakan) addition to inserting several motifs found completes his education with Khobut, the in traditional Thai literature and folktales. hermit, he dons an academic gown in order to Readers of this kind of literature can receive his degree from the hermit. Also understand the content and find it Ravana asks the cartoonist to take his picture. entertaining at the same time. Besides, Moreover, when Ravana tests his power by the writer prompts the younger flying to heaven, he meets Superman and generation of readers to think about Ultraman (the famous Japanese character in personal values, and that it is wrong to the picture book and film) who happen to be take advantage of others. The important flying in the same direction. The appearance task of human beings is to help the weak of Superman and Ultraman is so funny and to make oneself useful for the sake because the children know these two of society at large and mankind in characters. The Ramavatala also extends the general. The most important thing is to story of making the ambrosia at Kasian destroy erroneous beliefs that have been Samut which causes the feud between the inherited over time and swallowed naga and the garuda. without thinking. Therefore, the
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The picture book version of Kraithong is confirms the theory of intertextuality which different from the dramatic version. The believes that every text absorbs elements original story relates how Chalawan steals from other works and transforms the content Tapaothong, the daughter of a wealthy of previous texts. They may refer directly to man. Kraithong volunteers to bring her the original works or interpret them in order back. He has many magic weapons at his to present new meanings or satirize certain disposal: a lance made from a very hard literary conventions and motifs, as can be metal, a candle which can open up a seen in The Little Garuda, The Magicless passage in water, a magic coat and a Prince, The Adventure of Macchanu, The string of magic beads. In the end, Adventure in Himavant Forest and The Kraithong is victorious and marries both Fantastical Himavant, for example. The Tapaokaew and Tapaothong. Later, he authors of these books may intend to dives back to get Wimala and conserve only some elements of the narration Luemlaiwan, Chalawan’s wives, to make from the old days and recreate them for new them his third and fourth wives. After a generations of readers. Therefore, reality, jealous quarrel, Wimala turns into a possibility and modernity are important female crocodile, runs amok and flees reasons for the adaptation. The into the water. The picture book version transformation of traditional literature into of Kraithong is published as an ongoing picture books is an interesting strategy to series, with no.9 being the most recent to introduce young readers to read folktales and appear. The picture book version tells traditional literary works. But some of them, how Chalawan abducts Tapaokaew and such as Kraithong and Aphai Mani Saga, how Kraithong helps her by using his keep only the names of the main characters magic kris (Malay dagger). He is able to and some incidents, then, new stories are hurt Chalawan but is unable to defeat him. created around them. In this way, it may be His teacher comes to save both him and said that contemporary children’s literature Tapaokaew. Badly injured, Chalawan may both conserve and destroy traditional dives back to his cave where he is literature. Moreover, some contemporary confronted by Princess Wimala, a children’s literary works which are written in daughter of the King of the Crocodiles, prose may not be able to conserve traditional who scolds him for causing so much literary aesthetics. The examples mentioned trouble. Chalawan becomes so angry that in this article have differing degrees of he rapes her, but gets more badly hurt quality and value. This cannot be denied and when Wimala calls out to Kraithong for should be the subject of further study. help. The next series promises to be more Therefore, the accumulated legacy from exciting, even though the original text has traditional literature reveals that literature and been somewhat distorted. literary conventions are always dynamic and subject to constant revival and renewal. Conclusion References It can be seen that many aspects of traditional Thai literature and folktales Bhuthayodphachulalok Prabatsomdejpra. have been passed down to the present day 1997. Bot Lakhon Ru’ang Ramakian. and included in contemporary children’s Bangkok: The Fine Arts literature: repetition, recreation, parody Department. [in Thai] and transformation. This analytical study
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