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Indigenous Knowledge of Rajbanshi Agriculturists of Northern West Bengal, India

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Indigenous Knowledge of Rajbanshi Agriculturists of Northern West Bengal, India Indigenous Knowledge of Rajbanshi agriculturists of northern West Bengal, India Ashok Das Gupta, Dept. of Anthropology, University of North Bengal, India 734004 This paper is a small ethnographic documentation of Indigenous Knowledge of Rajbanshi agriculturists of northern West Bengal, India. This paper is a small ethnographic documentation of Indigenous Knowledge of Rajbanshi agriculturists of northern West Bengal, India. Rajbanshi is a caste-community overlap and as a huge social fold intake various heterogeneous groups in plains and uplands of sub-Himalayan northern west Bengal state of India. Their informal experimentation, trial and error, folk life, tradition, cultural symbols, generation-wise intellectual reasoning are equally important to gather scattered indigenous knowledge traits and their cognate Indigenous Knowledge System extending from mode of production and division of labour to their structure and super structure. This is basically a qualitative study and will highlight various services by both Rajbanshi males and females to attain organic cultivation and management of biodiversity. North Bengal jungles, mountains and agrarian lands are biodiversity hotpots and like various other indigenous communities Rajbanshis show their contribution in production and food preservation. They have developed a lifestyle that may look poor but actually fitting into local environments. Their kitchen garden, highland and lowland cultivations and use of forest and water resources and cattle hordes cum poultry develop together a complex system that can serve a wider public. Full Text Natural Resource Management of Dhangdhinguri This village in Pundibari village panchâyat in Cooch Behar I block in Cooch Behar district is the Study area here. This village is completely situated in a rural area. This is a Hindu village and most of the people are belonging to Vaishnava sect; however also fertility cults and mother Goddesses and demigods are worshipped here. It is situated by the Harobhanga water way which has become a simple canal. This village is upland with neighbouring lower regions where as usual jute and paddy are cultivated. People in this village belong to different caste groups talking in Rangpuria dialect. This is a form of Rajbanshi local language but of the immigrated people from Rangpur. At a time, Koch Bihar dynasty ruled this Cooch Behar district along with Rangpur Division of Bangladesh independent country. Still Kurigram, Lalmonirhat and Nilphamari districts of Rangpur Division are bordered with this Cooch Behar district of North Bengal (northern West Bengal state of India). Many enclaves are shared by both these countries along this international border. In Dhangdhinguri, there are living both Rangpuria caste groups and Kshatriyas as well. The later are indigenous to this region and in census they are treated as Rajbanshi or Koch Rajbanshi, whereas the other caste groups as various Bengali castes. Actually, many of these caste groups could hold dual identity. Traditional Rajbanshis are settled agriculturists as against so many shifting cultivators and different tribal groups living in forest areas underCooch Behar forest division. And the other caste groups have enriched this agricultural diversity. This system over all does a lot in favour of natural resource management. This Dhangdhinguri was at a time forest area and even leopards and tigers lived inside this place. The lower region by Harodanga River with sandy soil was grassland; kesia grass used to grow there with two peoples’ height and the soil was with poor water holding capacity. However, the upland area has loamy soil. This Pundibari area is just between Torsa River system and Ghorghoria tributary towards Raidak-Kaljani river system. It lies on the way to Alipurduar town of Alipurduar sub- division of Jalpaiguri district and nearby Torsa River is from Madarihat-Falakata route of this subdivision through Jaldapara National Park. Tribals like both forest Rabhas and jungle Rabhas are staying in this place. Further north there is the Duars tea belt at Bhutan sub-Himalayas and Hasimara-Phuntsholing gate way of Bhutan through Kalchini block. A mixed composition of Adivasi peoples and Nepali ethnic groups along with some caste people of Bengali and other origin could be found in this Duards tea garden and adjoining cultivable patches and town areas. Some ethnic minorities like Meches of Chhakamari and Toto Primitive Tribal Group of Totopara-Ballalguri are also staying within Madarihat block. Totopara is just at the foothill area and used to be famous for its orange orchard that has now been replaced by step cultivation land with bench terraces, banana and some other fruit plants; garden of areca nut plants and at the jungle side plants like teak, silk cotton and catechu. Totos also know about the use of Tobacco that yields in Torsa river basin but at Cooch Behar. They also told me about mulberry plant that is used for silk worm propagation. Lowlands at distance were used for cane and sugar cane likewise bamboo bushes in uplands. In steps generally millets like marua and kaon are grown along with monsoon rice, winter maize, wheat, barley, potato, elephant gourd, tomato, arum, cabbage, cauliflower, ginger, turmeric, bay leaf, green chillies, cardamom, clove, curry leaves, coriander, mint of hill variety, peppercorn, and even garlic. Potations are are again of jungle varieties, red potatoes, brown potatoes and small sized. Yam and taro are found in the jungles. Rapeseeds like mustard and some other nuts, local tisi and til are being yield also. Hen, duck, goat, pig and mithun orp’ka are commonlivestock. Forest department again plans to yield rubber. Orange is generally a product of winter, but plant and its future yield generally depend on amount of raining in monsoon. Water tanks have also been built up in Totopara and Telapia fish is cultivated there. Local rivers in rainy season are considered for collection of local small and medium fish varieties. In traditional marriage ceremony, they generally slaughter two pairs of mithun (one from each side) and boar along with indigenous alcoholic beverage Eu (fermented marua millet dust with occasional addition of dust of rice and maize grains) for 1 to 3 days and then sieved it to drink the alcoholic substance). In every step of rites-de-passage, they need boar and mithun. The latter is the source of milk that a few also sold to outside market, whereas pigs are fed up with residues after Eu and boiled ling (or jungle potato in plant with spine and air potatoes also) and laka (or jungle gourd collected from forest). They are fond of plum that they call buguri or gorse, jackfruit ordanse, betel leaf or parai, sugar cane or mencha. Other vegetables and different types of gourds are also propagated in the region. Settled cultivation the Totos have learnt from Nepali groups, where that for the Mech people after coming in contact with either of Rajbanshis and Nepalis. When the Totos invite outer people in their ceremonies, they offer the guests with red meat of goat, chicken, orange juice, red tea, salt tea, butter salt tea, areca nut (also known as guai) and even tura purai guai (betel leaf with areca nut or its supplement in the form of spines of young stem of silk cotton plant ). Maize grains are also used as important feed for livestock if cultivated with surplus. Some irrigation might be needed in maize cultivation depending upon the weather. An average of three month is needed between seed sowing and harvesting of maize. Harvesting depends on colour of the spike and the spike leaf that whether they are green or yellow (or white). Often maize corns are tested by pressing them by nails. By rubbing two maize spikes, corn grains are collected and dried under the sun and kept in safe within a jute bag in dark. Time to time, corn grains are brought in the sunlight as the same process done in case of other cereals. These information traits I have collected from Surja Toto, Dhaniram Toto and Satyen Toto. So, ethnic composition and mode of production suddenly change as Torsa and Raidak- Kaljani suddenly enter intoCooch Behar. At a time, not only Kesia but also Thadda, Chopsi and Malisa grasses were growing on these river beds as favourite foods for elephants and rhinos. Rabbit, fox, wolf, wild dog, monkey, so many butterflies, deer, boar, buffalo and wild bison were found at these places. Still now, many birds both local and migratory like storks are coming to Harodanga. Pundibari once was a big weekly market and North Bengal Agricultural University is also situated in this region. This Dhangdhinguri is surrounded by villages like Nageshwar Kuthi to east, Basantapur West to west, Gopalpur to north and Konamali to south and other side of the Harodanga. Villagers at Dhangdhinguri have not completely destroyed the original biodiversity like so many useful plants and bamboo bushes, but added new domesticated species of vegetable use and others. The issue is that how these villagers maintain this enriched biodiversity by using their Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Knowledge System (IK[1] and IKS[2]). Local inhabitants of this Dhangdhinguri always do not follow the advice of agricultural university and do experiments informally on their own to improve their crop biodiversity not totally replacing the previous natural resources. Common fruit plants are here date palm (taal), areca (supari), coconut (narikel), orange (kamala), litchi (lichu), mango (aam), jackfruit (kathal), aonla (amlaki), guava (peyara), black peach (jamun), olive (jalpai), fig (dumur), chalta (chalta), ata, nona, dalim, golapjam, and citrus plants like lebu and mosambi. This provides a sense of orchard and a sacred grove. Many of these plants have been in existence from before alongside the bamboo now reduced to a considerable amount. Bijalghanta tree is also important whose barks are sold to traditional medicine men; it is believed that the water emulsion of this bark could control high blood pressure and lowers down diabetes and chances of heart attacks.
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