t ---1\ ) (FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY)
R\ ~Z.-3
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Pre Investment Survey of Forest Resources 25, Subhash Road DEHRA DUN
Report on Plywood Resources of Singalila And Tonglu Ranges of Darjeeling Division, West Bengal
1975
.. _REPORT ON PLYHo('lD RES"URCES OF STNGA.LTLA AHD_j1)..NGUI JlAtIGE:S._0F
DARJEELING DIVISlnN~EST BENGAL. C Q N.J._l/_ N T ,§_ ,
PREFACE
CbaP:t!e~J.- 1 Intrnc1uctitjrl •• 1.2 Objectives •• 1 5 1.3 kre:1. Stat en ent •• 4 1.4 Locnl fe~tures •• CI1.qpter IL..
Design •• ~
gVl])j;~ IlL.. 10 Invent0ry •• 3.1 BIoclMise dis tr Ibut. ion o.f stcnl'l by dirmeter I1nd 10 utility clnsses. 5.2 Conput'1.tion of volune .. 13 5.5 Gross volune .. 18 '23 5.4 Cull study •• 3.5 Net vQlune .. 25
Ch3"uter-:Ql.
Logging and trnnsp0rt studies •• 26 QJnntet"- L
Utilisatiori of raw rl.3.terials. .~. 31. 1.IST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. - Prr)ject arell in Ibrjeel:ing Forest Division (vlest Benglll) Singalila & Tonglu R:Ulges ,(Scale 1" = 1 mile)
Figure .2. Project o.rcci. shqwing grid points.
Figure 5. Orientntion ('If the plots in the grid centre.
Figure 4. - Bnrdiagrrons showing di. illT' OF TABLES TobIe 1. - Area statement Table 2. - Percent8ge distribution (If slopes. Tqble o. _ Percentl1ge distribution .of d,ifforent categories cf stoniness' :in soil{3. Tnbls 4. - Table ShO\Oling the dj_strib\~tion of depth "f ihe profllos e~«'U'1ined. Table 5. - Roads. Table 6. - Allocntinn of pll)ts to different blociks. Table 7. Blockwise distribution of ster:1S by dinnetcr nnd utili~J' clos~]es - (Est:iJl1ates) • T/3.ble 8. GeR~ral Volume equl1tions for plywood. - . Table 9. - General Volmo equnti"'ns for total t:ir.lber. Table 10. - Loq.ql Volume equrttions for. plywood. Table U. - Local. Volul'1o equ'1tions for. total t:imber. Table 12. - Gross tott.l volume' :in Dqrjeeling Project !lrea 1974 Table 13. Gross plywood volUme in D0rjeelfng Project area 1971 / - T'1ble i4. - Totnl t:iJ;l.D'.r volume :In Darjeelfng Project area 1974 Tnble 15. - $!,nllwood volume in Inrje.el:l.ng Project area 1974 Table 16. - Gross volume for v~rinus categories of wood. j_'able 17. - St3nding culls in the forests •. Table 18. - Net volume of different categories in Project area. 'rable 19. - Logging costs. Table m. Table showing transporting cost of t:iJaber from varirlUs loading depots .to proposed :industria:" sites. fREFACE The \ole st Benga:L Forest Direc tora te carried 0 ut the re sources s1L.~vey of t.he forest a,raas of S:ingal:il.a and Tong]. u Ranges of Darj eeli1'lg Division of Hest Bengal during j270-71. The repol~t has since been publis.~ed in the BUlletin No.47 pt. I & II of tbe 'Vlest Bengal FoJ:'est Directat-ate. Since tile design for the survey was adopted on an a.~hoc basis, the ~1est Bengal .Threst Directorate requested the Preinves"t:uent survey of Fbrest Resources organization to underte.lce a survey on proper design. The main function of the survey was to determme the availab:iJ.ity of U1Y'JDOd raw material at a precision· of.:!' lO% at ~5% probatrlJ.ity ..level. - \ As a result of this survey it has now b~en said that a ·~t:lli1ercial plY'\TOod factory requiring more than 16,000 m p.er year of ply logs can be sustained easily. This quantity of pl~od raw materi8l is available ann Ual.ly after meet:ing the existing CX)IlILliilnen ts. As a ·resul t of the logging studies, it has beel1 found ttlat Ra!nam \dll be a better 5ite far the factory_ It is, however, suggested that for siting the mlll etc. a detailed feasi bility study may be carried out before gomg in for financing such a pro gralarle. This is almost the first report prepared by the new Eastern Zone of the preinvestmen t survey of Forest Rss8urccs organization under the CJ.'1a,rgo of Dr. A.IC. Banerjee. Th.~ work of Dr. Banerjee and his staff deserves apprecia tion partLcuJ.al·lY ,ben it had to be done v,d.-t;hout the availability of aerial pho tographs. liad the photog::"aphs been avalla1:il..e the lP~k \olOuld have been a little quicker and probably the area figures1l1ould have been i1l)re accurate. But mspite of everything it can safelY be assull.ed that the errors, if any, are :in aigni fic an t. (Ra1ESi CHANDRA) CHIEF COORDJlilATOR. _C HAP T E R - 1-..... IN '£ RO DU GTlON 'rne forest areas of Singalila and Ta..~glu ranges in Darj ealing Division of West Bengal are 6i tuated :in t.l13 nortl1 western oorner of the state, tordering Nc-pal and Sikld.m. Even though some plantations were raised as early as in 1.920 and c1earfelling fellowed by pla.nting is being continued, .:.he operation is on a very limitadw.tl,o because of the difficulties of accessibility and e~loitatismo . In the lastdacndD a number of roads ha.ve "'been bull t and °the Hoot Bengal. FbroRt Gor.l;'"loro.tiqn which has taken over these areas recei.1.tJoY have pla):ls to widen the existing road and to laYout new ones. Ass ~ resul t of this dave1.oo ent, the locked-up forest resources fo these rang: m tion wi.11 De soon availabl"E:j far exploitation and therAf.'ora in:f.r.:r'Jilll on rel~able _).'e~otl:rc~B_ in~t-..()l'Y hR.s assUlliod impOl."t~ce. The ~Jer:;t J3enga.1 -Forss:C -Dll~ec-~ora is oomp)etecf the re rource s survey of these regions in the Y3a;r 1.970-71 and cOIl\iilad a l"'eport ..rhich 'VIas published by tha H.B. Forest Diroc°to:..~ate as M..letin No. 47 pt. I & II (1). '.['he desien for tilis surwy was adopkd on a):l ad-hoc basis and ti1e publis..1.ed report dOGS not. clam aJJ.Y q)<;,cific accu.. ~aCY. \:Jest Bengal Forest Dil"ecto:..~atet t.1.e:"~8fore, requosted the Preinv0stment 6urvoy of Forest R8sources OrgaJlisa tion °to undertake this job and indicated preference for get..,ing certain q:>ccific in fonna.tion , on the reso'l.U'C s of t ..'1.e area, -which has been indi~ted later inthe report. 'Ihe present work 'Wlas taken ~) in t.he field and camplotcd ootween November 1.974 to D::;,cenber 1974~ '!he !orests of the al"'oa generally belong to Ihe middle hUl t forests corrofPonding to Cl1ai.'!l!)ion and Seth IS (-2) ,8 B/Gl (Ea.s HimalaYan subt.r()1')ical wet hill forz,sts), U!)~)ei' hill for~sts cor:..~eSJond:ing -co 'I\1per hill ior3sts II B/ 01 (East H:i.mal~Yan wet t.conpel.·ate Fore;ts)" They are oo!llposcd of' a large number of broadleavad s,?8cies and fu.. ·ee fPscies name1;y T~~ baccata, Tsugfl. a::E!lq~..§. and ~b~e~ dens~of the coniferous gro~. 1 .. 2 '!he 0 bj actives of t;.19 survey are enumerated below:- Datel'Dlination of sta-nding plywood volUOle at Ii precision of 1) + 10% a.t 95~ pro bability level. TIle ~ecies considered suitable fOl~ plYvJQod (local names in bracket) are :- 1. Acer e ~ bellii (Kapaai) 2. ,Alnus onapaulansis (Utis) 5. Beilscluaiedia ~. (1arsing) 4~ symingtonia l)opulnea (Pi~)li) 5.. Castanop sis tribuloides. & C. hystrix (Katus) •••••••••• 2. 6. Cinnamomum ::p. (5i8Si) 7 ~ Elaeocai:l)us.lancea~folius (Bhadrase) 8. ~rachilufj edulis (Lap cheka1o/la) 9.. MaCl1.ilus ga):nmiena (auplo katiLa) In. Hachiius ()dol~atiss:i..ma (Lalikaula) 11. Al c:U:u8,.L"1dra Ca thcart,5i (Tite cham.:;» , 12.. Nichelia excelsa (Mi the champ) 13. Nyssa ~ensiliUora. (Lekh chilauni) 14~ PrtJpus nepauJ..ensis (Arupa·te) 15. Quercus lunellosa (Buk) 16. Quercus linaat.a (Phalant) 17. phoebe ~)ecies (Angare) 18. CGdrela species ('roon) 19. Betula ~Jecies (Bhujpat ) 2). Hicllclia lanuginosa (Phausre champ) 21. .Eugelhardtia ~ica ta (Nauwa) 22. Echino Carpus dasYCaliJus (Go bre) 2'1. Ta...... us baccata. 25. l'langnolia Caiap bellil (Ghcge champ) 26. Tsuga dUl110sa (Te.."lgresal1a) Zl • Abie s den sa (Go bra salla) 28. ·;lhododcnd:t-ons (GuraSt chitlvl et<;.). others : Non1;>lywood. 'lhe study of °Gha economics of loggmg and tj,~aJHport of plyw,od raw matel~ia1s from tha for~sts -to tw al tSJ.:'llati va sites naJ11ely Sllliguri and ilalna;rn (See Fig.1) ..••••• ••• 5. -5- 3) prS'J..,::>a11ation of diamo'Ger distribution c.11 :r~s: of plywood and r0 t ..1. 8r I f'!' e cia s.. 4) CUll study The range~ :in the r'1"'Oj €let al'ea are divided in-l:.o a number of forest hlo cks. The net areas fO:"1 enCl1. block have been calcu.1ated from tho de. til. ...available In Tat"l tl1 \T01'k:Ulg P Ian for the Darj eeling forest di vision( 5) reduced by the areas vllic:.l hav.3 gone out of na"Cm'aJ_ forost stocking because of road buildinS, l)lan. til. tion s 3ta~~ net a11ca, 'tllel'e fore , excludes the planted ~) area, roadf, rest; houses, forest Villages, rivsrs, _very ste,s!p rocky areas and land slide areas. It maY, however, be mantioned that net a_j.1 ca statanent cannot be tr.:::atod Eis abool;utely corl'oct vhicl1 cciil1 h;wa b90n the Case had the aerial photographs been available. But the e::-:ror .I if r:x.ny,,-._ will be snall and is not lilt-ely to effect the data to any significant extent.. Division Range mock To tal area (ha.) Net area(ha.) ------Darj ealmg Singalila phalut 1475.94 1591.89 Singalila Sabark'lnll 2151. 79 2044.72 Singal ila ReJnam 1572.26 1236.41 S:in gal lla Siri 1154.74 1118.54 Singallla Sandakphu 2111.35 1995.25 Sfu gal ila a,uth Rimbick 1651.19 1529.72 S:ingalila NOi." th R:im bick. 10850 82 1065.57 Darj eeling Tonglu TonglJl ~4.74 246.77 Tonglu l1illing 565.54 fOO .. 6Q 'lbnglu Salimb:l ng 772. 58 717.10 Tonglu Sal:irn1;ong Exin. Not considared Tonglu KaPkih:.mg 1692.86 1580.70 'l'onglu Little Ra;lgit 787.55 478.54' 'lbnglu Batasi 500.15 liB. 51 Tonglu Rithu ~4-1l.,dg_ ~,.. ~2ee5 111',-(b· ~~ •••••••••••• 4. -4- 1.4. LOCAL FEATl}lilliL. . The arec. is situ!1ted betvleen htitudes 27°-30 '-7 11 ClnO: 11 26°_59(-4 North ,"llld longttudes 88° - 11 r_ 5211 to 80°_ 110 - 0" E'1st. H::t.l1obhmj1J.ng a small villago on the sl'"Iuth-e!lst corner of the aren can be rellc.~ed by an all we3tl1er road fr()f.1 Ihrjeeling ( Figure- 1 ) QJ..i.mpte:- The climate. is st1~trn.picll to tenpernte. The mean l"1nx:iDum and nean min:iJrrum ter'1percitures of D~rjeeling which is a little east of the area under consideration, are 47°F and 25°F :in Janu~ry, and the noah max:inun nnd DeEUl m:inimUt'?l tompe~ tures dur:ing tho hqttest period are 6SoF and' S80F respectively. In the area under study the tEll"lperature is generE.lly Iovrer thnn that of furjceling. F01'O.st is very eomon c;lurjng DecQf.1ber, Januqry tLnd Febfu,qry. It snOvlS alnost eve,ry year but is not of cqnseqUonce as the total fall is sP'lll :md it does not st~y fr,r l.Qng. R-':lini'nll is very henvy in the P1onsoon months n~l!ely Ju..l1e -to October. The rainfall ~.t Salir.1bong Tea Ests.te vt1.ried bett.J'cen ZJ7· to 228 elil. betvTcen 1951 to 1965 with nn average of 254. Ct1s. At Sl1ndl'1kphu ·the average between 1960 to 1965 h~ s been c::tleu13. ted -to bE? 339 ~s. 'r.npQe;r:apb.Y... .D.lliL . .Qr.nii'1D.i?G !- The terr[\in is mountainous w;ith elevation r~rig:ing frcn 1525 n. to 5655 no!. The tlaxirrun elevation is in the north-east corner. The northern slopes of the survey area t:).re dr.'l:Ined by .fl'1l'l9.m river, Great Rangit river and LiUle Rang-it river. Part of the Southern slopes are the catchments .of Hahnnld9. "md the Balasan river. The slopes of. the Project aren are· generally steep to very steep_ Out of 130 plots chosen at randon as per design described I~ter, the distribution ,.,as found to be as follows:- Tab~_ 2:- PQ.r..c..entrge disturw.i;i.np of slopes... :: ::. :: ::: ~l~; ~ :: :: ::: : := :: ::: :: : :::.: .: :: :§~e~cinb~ge=dIstrIb~tion nr:Pi.~ts: Less than 2 0.00 'it- ~ :?""9 0.80 ...,_.. _._ 10-19 18.12 iI--tt 20.... 29· 38.90 oft- It will be seen thn.t the Inrgest c(lncentration is within 20-:-.59% slope • • ~ck..:L!..-': . The rocks belong to the. Archean age. They Are cC'lFlprised nf 'ctlO Archean gra.'lite-eneiss and highly metn.I?100rplli'1sed schists. In addition there were sone Amphiboli'G8s and ultra baSics. Il'l. 2q.-g% of the plots, r(lcks were found on top surfRCa whi;Le in 56.9% theY were found at depth of 0-1.m., ...... 5 -5- 7.7% at depth more than 1 m. a)ld in 8.4% of the plo'GS the~~ -were not met Witb even at the depth ..of 5-5 meJLiers. . lP 118 : - The soll s are gene::al1y yellow and grey brom Podzolics. '1'he soil s are generally mi::pd u';1 v.d. th ce:i.~·cain amo1.U'lt of stone s de:dv3d in 8itu or tz-atlsported. Table NO.3 shows the percentage of soil profiles (121 exa}llinsd) of ~ious stoniness in the top surface. TABL~ -5. Percentag3 Distril:ution o¢ifferent categories of stoniness in lis. P e;e~tage-by Vt,lume-of stOn~s- iil1h~ - -P ercent-;ga 0[-S'Olls-exa;fued - -. ~1~______• ______•. ~. ______~ __ Less than 1" 40.5, 1-5 56. 4.,~ 5-25 18.2, 25-5() .-.. 4.1.' 50-75:~ ; 0.8. ------The depth of soil is variab..le and out of iZO randcm plots chosen tJ.:le depth of soil was .fOund to be distributed as indicated in 1"lQla-4. TAl3LE ·... 4 Table sholling the dis-Gri b.ltion of depth of' the profiles examined. Less then 15 .• 9.2 15-~ 26.1 31-90 53.8 90-180 9.2 1€t> + ., 1.5 A look at -en.; table lr.Ul indicate that the ma.ximum nunber of profiles have soil depth, varying between 31 au. - 90 an. • The hydrogenion concentration of 121 solls 6XaJjlined \ri.th the help of field ph. mete:..~s indicated that the Ph. vaj,~ies betwean 4.0 to 7.0. The maximum number of them had ph. of 6.5. • •.•..•..•..• .•6. llruL~ :- (Fig.l) As mentioned earlier HaPel:hanjane ,Jlich is in the south east corner cf -the proj ect area is well connected wi th Darj eeling .and ala:> with Siliguri. A number oi road::; have been constructed wi thin the proj ect area and a few mo~"e are 0 i:t116];' under cons·~ruc·~ion or will b3 tal~en t;_') scon. \. 1. VJeZlobhaPj £J.o.'1g - phalut Roe.d 43 (via Ne@"rt11a, Tongl~, Gair:Lbas, Kal:ipokri & 38ndakphu) 2. Mane lila..'1j a,.'1g - ram. b.ick road 40 (via ll10 treJ?hatalc, Dilp a, Gairibas) 5. Ihatrephata,k to ~il1lbong 5 ( Fore 5t road) 4. Iha~hata:k - Lodha)Ilakhola 55 (S.E.B. Boad) near Barahatta Village (~,~. p aJ.mj ua) Besides, another road from Gairibas to Rimbick is proposed for con s tru ctioo by Fe re s t DETJ? al~Une."l t.. out of the above roads Haneb.~allj ang - phalut road and Manelilanjang - Rimbick bE:Z:ar via Palmaj ',T !:2uer :_ Hydel pOvler station at Bijanbari and SU}")1Jly from Jaldhaka proj ect are the l)r~sent SOUl"ces of I,ower in the areas. 'lhe propos::ld hydel pOlrer station at Ra'!lam. is located close to the proj ect area and is expected to be ready in a reasonably s..'1all period of time. Haps :_ The following sU:'vey sheet.s (411 = 1 Hilelwere used for the p ra sent work. , 1) part of 51eet. No. 269 sr.l T 2) P art of sheet No. 269 SltoT P 3) p.,.,rt of sheet No. 269 4) t:'1eet Ho. 269 C HAP T E R - II. -7- DESIGN No p~ot Slll~vny ,{as considered necessary as the dat a c· colle'cted by the Silvicu.1.-tural division of ;/Jest Bangal fottlled the basis of our sattlpling design. Consido:dng lnfjni te population andbloc1{ as stratUJll, the variations in the basal area per pl ot in each block \,rere calculated. 'Ihe size of the sarirple \4 th.lJO)% precision is obtained according to the formula.. (l) 2 n = t (fyj Sj ) 2 ._••••••••••••••• ...... ( 1) E2 \,lhere n Size of the sample i.e. the total number of pojnts to be surveyed. J th P j = The area proportion of tl1e / blo cit Sj = 1'he Standard doi:iation of t."io j th block E = Precision fixad at 10% t = 2 to be fn' \-lorked out / lZO . '1hoy were allo cat, ":d to dif.foren t blo ok. s by the metllOd of Op"G.1mUDl allocation. Fonnula adopted \.as as 1'o11ows i'- nj = eL..~ X n. • • • •• • •• '.' •••••• ( 2) z_Pj ~ \tJhere t.1.8 variables have Sal11:3 meaning as for formUla (1) The following table sh01rIS th'::l number of points obtained by the aforesaid method, -which need to be surveyed in each hl.ock for the required precision. • ••• ~ ••• ... 8. Tame :- 6 A1loc~tion of plots to d!,fferent blocks. SI.No: -- -Bloclc.------No.-ofplo·cs "to-be -uo;-o£ cl.ustoo...a -- ______"'!" •• __ .§u!:~£.d.L ___ "!'" _ .Qf_ploJsa. __ 1. Kankil:ong 12 6 2- Ton~~u 4 2 5. Batasi 4 2 ~. Rithu 12 6 5. Salimbong 6 5 6. Relling 4 2 . 7. Littla Ra,ngit 6 5 8. Sandakphu 14 7 9. phalut 12 6 10. Sh'i 8 4 11. North Rimbick 8 4 12. $.)uth Rimbick 12 6 13. Saber ¢lI'l 16 8 14. Ralnam 12 . 6 !~al 1ZQ 65 As the tzrrain was ,very hiJ.!.y continuous com.p shi.fting 1:0 visit l~ge n'¥'lber of points 'V.ou1.d ha~ba€~l Prohibitively expensi~ ~t 'Was ·t.herefore, decided thatc1luster swnpling will be ad~ted, \-lhere each cluster .. ., ::Ju.':;:''':' ' ~ :•. , will have 2 plots at a distance of 100 meters.~ In ol-'ci.ar to decide on the eXact points to be visited, 4" :: 1 mlle base map was subrdividad by longitudinal a,.id horizontal '-g:rids at thirty second inte:..~vals. This &rid pattern. ];"asul ted in 256 nUll.ber of grid. squares. Each·.of these squa.l~es l.fere numbered and with the rando:m number table of Fisher, and Yates (4 ~, squares were selected separatel.yfbr eam block (Fig.2) as per allocation Sl'10l-Zl earlier and the plot centr-os were marked on the grid centre. • •••.•.••.•• .•• 9. t t _4 + :. ... ,. ~ 1 I t 1 o I~ .. .l I ~ of t -+ +- - ... ,. - ... .... \ ; J r'rJ,wlI~·. .... ~ ,.. ----- CIIEt TAllcv Of TilE IL(}TS lA' Ttlf ellf (fJTRf(A =-~ - ~ . Ncr TO SCALE \ s I ~ ~,--__-:-,-,:-A! (, 4 \1- 1.,1.1 n -9- 'ilie plot area. was 0.1 hectare of a rectangular shape fQ m (1) x m m. (b) taldng into account t.he fertility gradient uhich is generally from north to south. Tho orientation and dimensions of the cluster of tID is indi ~ ted ixl. figure 5. L..?...Y.inr, ou-'G of the ;glo ts jl]ld \20116c tion of inforrnation uns 'l'he fiold partic3 job !:~; to reach the grid centres with the help of the available map aPd local features like cOLlpartment boundary lines, roads, foot paths and sm"vcy of India benchmark pillars, villages etc. After laYing out l.he cluster of plots as per design, the p arty collected the informations as per Fonn 1 to Form IV. A manual appearing as Appendix - 1 e~lajns the specific meaning of each of the colUllll'ls for different fOrIils. C HAP T E i1. - III -10- JNVJ!.NTORY 5.1. Blockwise distriblltion of stem.§ ~ldi<@et~l' an_g. ut:il.~t r clg,sse,lL 'I"ne enumeration fonll (Fonn II) ~ob~k.~. the diameters of the trees having cliamete:r aoo'le 10 an. overbark f;eparat.elY fOl~ each plot. This information was then tabulated separatelY for plywood and specie s other than plywood for four dialncter classes nwnely 10-59 ems., 40-69 ans., 70-99 ans and 100 ans a,..l1d above. The total ntmlber of trees for the utllity classes in sach diameter r..lass for all the -nlots falline; in a block. were ~en ..added up aJld mu.l tiplied by net a1'6a divided by area saJllplod. 'Iabla-7 gi ves the estimates of all stiEmS (jncluding standing culls) separately for each bloCk,diameter Classwisc fer the utility classese Table -7 ~ mock-wise distribution of stems by diameter and utility classes ( Est:imates) Dia11leter Glasses (OIls.) : -:.:: : : : =: =: 1o;~ ==:: io;6~ :: =- =._7o.:fJ_9_-:--_mo_t_-...-_- To~al =- I. s:>uth Rimbick (1329.72/12) 126323 plymod 43756 ~919 5102'7 16G21 109702 Others 87540 177?O 4432 16621 236()25 Total ~36296 47649 35459 II. N01~th nirllbiCk ( 1065. '37/8) S995 178448 PlY'-ood 110532 58619 25a:J2 1532 67917 Others 492'73 10654 6658 5327 246565 Total 159805 <192'75 III. Sallda,k.phu ( :1.993.. 25/14) 5695 341688 PlY'NOOd 269079 58372 8542 45558 011101'6 00863 5695 387246 Total mS942 64067 8542 5695 IV. siri ( 1118. 34/8) 11185 145581 Plyv,uod 61to8 to 324 22$6 55550 Others 2)969 11185 1398 - 178351 Tot.al 82477 615()7 25764 U183 ...... •. 11. -11- ------______1O=~.... - .. -~_. __------~-40.-&9. ___ 10=9~ __ _ lOoi ~ __T~~t.?l_ -- V. Saborcun (2:)44.72/16) 4.24263 Plyv.ood 287528 102252 17891 16612 Others 35781 7667 5834 1278 485€O Total 323U)9 lD9899 21725 17.e90 472823 VI. Ralll8Ul ( 1256 .. 41/ 12) PlY1M)od 211212 51515 10::{) 5 5151 278181 Others 78m3 15455 105:> 94788 Total 289515 66970 11355 5151 372969 VII. phalut ( 1591.89/10) Ply-.·nod m5217 45149 8552 15511 270029 Others 59852 4176 64028 334057 Total 26~69 47~25 8552 15511 VIII. Little RaPgit( 478. 34/8) ply\ood m927 115£0· 7175 3587 45J49 OU16l"S 24514 ;)587 28101 Total 454-11 14947 7175 5587 71150 IX. Tonglu (245.66/4) ply\x>od 598ID 2467 ... 62277 Others 27747 Z7747 Total 87557 2467 90024 X.. Batasi (115.31/2) Plywood 5664 1700 1700 9064 Others 5099 556 566 6251 '1'0 tal 10763 2266 1700 556 15295 ••••••••• 12. -12- : : : : : : : : : : =:LQ-~9:. =:: =4Q-~9: =~: .~0;9~ :. : :J;;io± : : lo}~ :: n. Rilling ( EoO.60/4) PlyWood 7 !:()90 5006 2503 82599 Others 72587 1252 738m - Total 147G77 6258 - 25Q3 156458 k1b6ng XII. Ka~ ....: (1580.s 70/14) PIY'/ood q46634 75650 25969 19195 467448 Othars 189689 21453 5387 2258 216767 Total 556525 97105 295,56 21453 684235 nIl. Sal:Un bo..'1g (717.10/6) PlyWood 37051 00442 14342 2390 95225 Others 22'708 3586 3586 1195 5:1075 Total 59759 4?O28 17928 3585 124?()0 nv. l:1.ithu· ( 1418 • f12/ 12) plywood 178482 41570 59.1D 225762 Ot..lJ.ers 174936 10638 5910 191484 '1'0 tel ~53418 5:2Q()8 1182:) 411336 . . -----~-.. -._.-...-,-. proJect Area ( 15252.83/1m) Plyuood 1915490 551125 178879 102243 2747737 Ui11ers 888861. 115642 a:') 235 6629 1000367 Total 2804551 664767 209114 108872 37ffl :104 Nota :- (1) Figures agains'c t.he blocks arema net a;rea in hectare/ Salnple Flo te. • - " to be ( 2) Standard e~~'j,;or of the stem estimaee wo:t:1:s out / 5.57% (for e11 tire p:coj ect area). • ...., ••••• '•• 15. -13- ThO ri"ltn. presented in table -7 h::tvo been pictorially representee. in hn.:r.- dte.grrm figure- 4. The features of the sten distribution thnt need pointed. nention are:- 1) Approxint1tely 75% of the tot'1} nur.1ber of trees belone; to plywnod utUity class. 2) In the plywood class, the nunber of trees ~re lil."lxioum in 10 Cl";1.- oqcm. dinneter clqss, progrossively reduc:ing with the increase of cl~ss size. 5) The large number of plywood trees in the INler dit:tmeter class is indic~tive of tho foct tTh"lt in tho not- too- distant past, the rcgenoT'ltion rmd est~b1is.hment of regeneration were ample. 4) Approxir.lntely 25% of the trees "lre in 1 others' c'l.tegr,ry. 5) .A."!long 1 others' cntagn.ry trees in 70 Ctl. - 9q ern. ~1Pd 100 + em •. 'ire few in number. 6) The stnndn.rd error nf the stem cstim'1te in total project aroo. i~ 5.57%. This is, however, not valid for the figures in each block. Iii IT1..<'lY be spechlly pointed ouii here th~t Form -2 of Appendix -1 bosed on which the babIes of distribution h'1ve been compiled, does not hove any colunns tn include rem'lrks abf)ut the health or C'lnrlition of tho enume~tod trees. Tho ostimqtes nbnvo, therefrre, Gre gross ond includo standing hollow nnd rotten trees but exclude the dead ones. In the chapter dealing with cull studies ( Chapter IV), those h<:lve been worked <:Jut sepflrately qnd used for computation of not volume of different cntegnries of wood. 5.2. COMPUTA1.ION OF _V()LUM:E •• s,.,ma,_ge!:;1nitticDs :- Qr-oss volume f0r the follOWing categories of wood h~ve boen c31culntod. Different c~tegories of w0f)d hnve boen definod as bol~:- a) Plywood:- 'VIood h'lVing 1.1 mi.'"l:inum length of 2.5 meters !.1nd having dimensions unto 50 en. d.o. b. at the thin end of species considered as ' plyt.Tood. I b) TQto.1 Timbe;r;:._ \lood having d:ixlcnsions upiio ro em. d.o.b. for 'l11 categories of species with a Minimum of 2.5 m. c) Resicb.?tll 1;}11..Q~ Total timber excluding pl;yiofQod. This should h~ve 0. r.linirn:uI:l length of 2.5 metors. d) §.Ji'I;'111 wn (,)c1 :- Hood hewing dimensions of 20 en. d.o .b. at the thick al1d to 5 em. d.o. b. at thin and of nIl categories of species. Total ~D -:: \uta.,\ J.(,~~ + Sn--rz Q..U wq 9~•••••••• 14. u ...... $ ...... , (-'(">".. '$1" "!. "2+ ,. i .. _," ~ ~ ... ~ , ) .. ~ -::::, mr.... " Q ..~ .n (,E 0, ~ ii;S%iS ',,- zz1 V) ~ ~ -- 00 .,.. l-'C ~(. ... , ...... ~ 660L "_" U. , 9; " <:r) ,_..,...,- ... , ~ ...-----~ ~ i 69 (.b .--- . 6E 01 ~ ii1 """T' .....06 v .... '-'_ •l<.i)l 0", ') ,>. J ..; ~ "'.:!" "h.~ W; .t .....> a' :t -") ., ..,"' . " ,? L.. -, ~ 16~'m ~ ~ d ••( ~ ....,. "'TI G +- O£, ~, t----1--c- ! • 1 :'J~ .::.L "'-J ~ 1 at lis (;i' .... r t" ' , MeQlQ_dology of oomoutatioh. In order to compute the gross volume, the net area, numb3r of trees and volume of iridividual. trees a:..~e required. Tne firs'~ 'tl;,() informa. tion have been already presented in Table-1 and 'l'able - 7, The individUal "'\Olumes are, therefore, necessary now to be -worked out by consi:.l.·uotJl';g 10 cal vt>lume tables. As the number 01.' specie s in the p raj ect area rtm 1:0 a fzw dozens, it \-Tas di.:!cided t.hat individual il.oc~u voluma equations for plywood, total timbsl' and smallwood tOl' more important a.nd r:lO:..~e ni.m1erous ply~od ~ecies will be made out from genera..l volume equation- based on da.ta obuaincd by f'el"l:ing of at least 25-m trees of each spacies, distributed in va..,-ious diaJ'J.ster cl.a.;;scs over the enti:c-e area.. For volume equations other than those more lL1portant onss, an Olnnibus eqUations will hQ,ye to 1::e slr.lllarly const~d from data obtained by felling a large number 6f different categories of trees. ' Vt:lume eguation_~ F~r gener¥ VQl....up18 egua,tiol1..,21tio follOiMg 'Were tried a.nd, the one best fH,ting, :che collccfted':fIata was chosen. 1) V = a+bD~I 2) V = a+bn2H + c(D%) Z 3) V = a+bD2H + CD2 -I- dH 4) V = a+bD2rr + cD Hhcre v= volUlile(li13}, D = D.B.H.(an'.) II = height (tl.:;tcrs) ,.,;t and a,b,c,d ar3 constants. Tables 8 and 9 inoo!"pOj_~C'"t~ til", gen,3ral volUlile equa tions select ed-." • , for plY\o/Ood and to'~il timber. . ••• •••••••.•.• 15. \ -15- ______-, .. >1------ Species Equa'l:,ions v ;:.: - 0.2855 + .0000260 D% sr.-1 (A(~'.:n-ca.mb(311i) v ;:.: _ 0.1554 + .0000292 D9t Sp-2 (Alnus nepa~ensis) Sp-6 (C:i.r>.na.m:>mum species) V = _ 01'>1554 +. .0000559 D~ 0.0762 .0000272 Sp-9 (HaC'.h:ll.us gar.e1ana) v= _ + D9I V = _ 0 .. 28S-6 +. 0000.5:) 5 D%I ~_lO(lle.tJh2.t'.:i ()(~a tissiI:la. v ;:.: _ 0.1458 + .0000248 D2H ~_12(}1ic.~ia Cat11 ~'tii) S.. :I-15 (Quor.cus le.mello·sa) V ;:.: - 0.36Go + .0000359 D9I Sp_16 (Quercus lineata) V = - 0.ll)02 + .0000227 n2r-I v = _ 0.5540 + .0000524 D~ ~-17 (phoebe S1:iucies) V = t 0.6354 +0 ;,00004 D9-I - 0.0325 D Roet 0 f species ------ •••••••••••• e 16 .. -10... ------_._------\ ~-1 (AceI' ca.mbclli) v= 0.0094 + .0000265 D2a ~-2 (Alnus nepaulensis) V :: 0.2021 + 80000281 D~ ap-6 (Cinar,10mun. s)ccics) V :: -() • ito 5 + .;0000552 D2u V ::;;; iO.0659 + .0000275 n2-d Sp-1O (Machilus Odoratissima) V = -I{).cros + .OOOO?Q8 D~ Sp-12 .(Michelia cati1'"~a.rtli) V = -0.0205 + .0000263 D~ .5!'-15 (::Juorcus laJllello sa) V = -0.1.922 + .0000575 D~ ~-16 (QUerc'J.s lincata) V = -to.0270 + .0000225 D11 ~-17 (phoebe 3.)0cios) V ::= -0.2765 + .0000555 D:?tI nast of Bp0cies V:.: -0.1748 + .0.00005 n2H -- - __ ,.------_ ...... - - --- _. - - __ ---- ._ - 1<-" ... _ - - - - - From the, general volume oquations, the local volumo oquatiOIl,s \vero con~t:-ucted by using tho diaiilOtOl' and hoight data in the saJIlP1e tree fOnllS (l'bnn No.4). For local velme equations, the follovling equations were tried and the ones be st f1 tt.i.r:u \Tere aCcep ted. 1) V = a+bD 2) V :: a+bD+cD2 5) V = u+bD2 4) V = D.+bD+cjD~£ 2 D 5) V ::; a+bD + c In 'I 6) V = a+bD + .Q ./ D . llhere V::; voluil6 (~13), D = Diallloter (an.) In Case of fiGlallwood a+b...{D was tried. Local volume equations selected for plywood and total timbor are given in Tables .10 • ••• ,; •••••••••• ••• 17. -17- 5i)6cies Equations ~-1 (Acer ca.mbelli) V ::: - .0962 - .. 0 145 D + .0008 n2 ~-2 (Alnus nopau.lcnsis) V =+ .2248 - .. 0353 D + .0015 rJZ ~6 (C:inn~mun. species) v ::: .3555 -.0457 D + .0012 D2 " 6p-S (Machilus galDcicn:l.l.) V = - .5417 +.. 0055 D + .0006 D2 I ~-lO(Mach;Uus odoratissima) V = -1. 5559 +.0565 D Si>-12(Hichelia excelsc.) V ::: -2.1557 +.. 0745 D ~-15 (Quercus lamello sa) V ::: -5.72137 +.1431 D - .0005 n2 ::p-16 (quercus linoata) V = .5129 -.056 D + .0009 D2 V =-.5195 + e0252 D 2 V ::: .;;.5.157:3 + .0926 D + ~0008 n ------ •• •••••••••••18. ~ecies ---- ~ - - _. ------'Ec{uatiOns ------ ---~~------sp'-l (Acer C8l1lbolli) v = -. ?fJ77 + .ooom D2 3..J-2 (A.].ri'us ,nepaulensis) V = ,72B7 - .042628 D + .0013'7 D2 ~-6 (ClnnaplOLlUln sp sicos) V =-0 5219 + .0007:3 D2 sp-e (Machilus gane:Lr::...""la l V = -.0672 + .0006:5 D2 ~~1O (Hachllus oduratissima) v = - 5.511 + .0915 D + 35.411 J. . 'D V = -a~4152 +$0902 D + 02.479- l D ~-15 (QuerCUS ·J.aJilcllo sa) V ;:; -9.246 + .165Q D + 154.00 .1- . . 2 Q__ ~...;16(Quercus linoo.ta) V =1.4402 +.00082 D - .3431J D ~-17(phoebc species) V = -0.7931 + 0.0562 D Rest of spomo.s V = -4.0496 +-.1005 D + '!£J.7'Z? .! D .------. . ------...;--...;------c '1'11"" foJ_10i~ volur:1iJ equation was ~tbd for saallwood. Local volume Olif\lution for snallHood~ci;;., ,_ .-I~' ------~--- H aJ,ilQ of species Volume oqUat io1 ~------.------...;------ ------~------ ~. ' A suitable coniputel~ prograillLlo involVing the 6numer-at od data. as ba.sic input 8)1d -the volume equations as tho operating olancnt w""s ffi8,de out and til., gross volUIilQS Hero computed. r •• ••••••••••••:t9. -19- !:~BLE ;- 12 GROSS VOLm;lE( TOTAL ) - DAPJ Ell., IN G P tOJ .:JiC'!' AlmA 1974 ( Vot. in CU.ro.) ------S.No. Block. lO::JU in Avorage Volume per EstirJ.ated Vol. hocta.ro Plot hectaro ------_ ------.... ------, ------. -- _.- 1. a;,uth R1ubick 390915.10 2. North ?.im bick 1065.:37 28.809 288.09 ru6921.45 3. SW1dakphu 1995. 25 13.875 158.75 276567 •.42 4. Sir:l. U18.54 m. 881 #:98.81 334174.49 m44.72 24.865 248.65 S08·U5.53 1256.41 22.870 228.70 28Z775.14 7. phalut 1591.89 21.80 5 218.05 5::>3475.75 8. Litt.lo Rangit 478.54 25.455 234.55 1121.95.16 '., 9. 'Tonglu .. , . ... ~ 246.66 6.095 60.95 If()27 .96 10. Butasi us. 3~ 21.185 211.85 24005.10 11• .L1clling Eo 0 •.60 15.814 138.14 69150.89 12. KOOlkibong 1560 .. 70 38 .. 128 381.28 .60 2684.t2 15. *"l:iml:ong 717.10 #:9.422 #:94.22 210988.06 14. RitllU 1~1.8.42 11..821 116.21 164837.40 ------ •••••••••• 2). -20- ~ :-15 (.Q...1PSS) p~~Y\JJOOD VOJ]JYJ.E DJ DA.l~];hING P.ilQJ JOT AREA 1974 ( VOL. LlIi cu... m.. ) ------~------_--tod Block .Area :in AY;:;rqgc_191umo T.) 0 :t: l);stima Vol. ------___ ,ho_gt.gr2. __ J1Ai1 _____ B,c,£t"1F..Q ------225.179 2994250 0 1. South Rimbick 22.5179 m9.717 225126.2 2~ North 3jmbicl<: :20.9717 105.481 210 25J.O 3. S.,1de)(.phu 10.54.-81 263.478 294658~O 3iri m7.240 425747.8 .5. $abcrcum 195228.6 1236.41 1.56 Q 282 185.262 257854. :3 7. phalut • :~ 1a31.89 18.5262 18.7281 187.281 89584.0 12.. 054 2975.2 9. Tonglu 240.66 137.466 15576.3 w. Ba tasi 115 .. 51 15.74..66 6.0155 60.153 Z0113.6 11. ~~clling fOO.GO 266.496 421250.2 12. KankihJng 1580.70 221. 536 15872:).0 1.3. saliml:ong 717.10 22.1335 7 59S6 75.966 107751.7 14. HitilU 1418.42 0 178.889 2728568.9 Total Note :- Individu['J- blnd.,- ostin1at0s aJ:'0 ,"'l~rivtd a·t on thG b[tsl.s of the 1. o b s~rVa tion s "Wi t.hin th;;, blo ek. Di;.roront. r.3grossion c ::,uations WG::"'O ostiraat0d ?or diffc:i.'ant 2. main plywood ~)OCi0 s and one mo:.:.~~ •••••••• 21. -21- VOLUME TAELE'- 14 _ TOTAL 'l1lll2i1)'JiL:Q:.. :1J,!;J.J.,INC. PRDJ.~ Cl' A~BA - 197'~. (Vol., in eu. m. ) ------S,.No. Blod;;, ..1.ro8, in AVGrr:1,gc yo,11.uile.J2e.L Estimatad Volmo ______~h_~c.:t?ar(;.:. __ _PJ.o.~ ______H..!?e~~q_ ------ 284. -t)7 578181.7 1. \ ,9:)uth rtimbick 1:329.72 28.41l{)7 '04.125 Z3m44.6 2. Uorth R:im bick 1065. 'Sl Zl.4125 2"5l388.1 3. sandalq:>hu 1993.25 11.9096 119.096 296.420 531498.5 4. Siri ,i. 1116.54 29 .64::0 200.515 489741.1 5. Sabcrcun 2)4,1.72 25.9515 214.444 265140.7 6, Rame!:1 1236.41 21.4444 199.813 'Zl8117.7 7. phalut 1591.89 19a 9813 22G.G69 10842~.8 0. Littl a Rl'ltlgi t 478.34 22.6669 . 2.6752 26.7,52 6598.6 9. Tonglu :,/...... J. J'''' 24.6.66 21:{)S7.6 10. Battl.si 115.51 20.5844 m3.841 , 12.0313 Im.313 €{)228.7 U • .1elling -. . . " ~0.60 345.216 545682,9 12. K(?Jlkioong 1580.70 34.5216 290.016 2)7970.5 13. ~n. '.im1:ong 717.10 23$.0016 159310.1 14. Rithu 1418.42 9.8El.S 98.215 ------..... ------~-.• ------I~'_ 5"" 'in, 5365425.4 Total ~5252,..62 22e0075 22).075 ------.... -- ..... _- - - ...... - - ..... _.... ------~ .. - ..... Note :- EstdmatJs al'u b;:>.scd on sCJ?uJ.~atu 0qUa"(;~on s for major plywood S!?~ci-s lnd anot';'101~ equ.."1.t.ion fo:.... all the ottl-Jr spocies• • •. . • • . . •. •• • • 22. -22- (Volwn.o in ell. :m .. ) ------.... - -. .. - - -- ... - - - -. ------S:>NO. Btocit Area in ~ragc vol~~~p~ EstiLlatcd ------.;.. .- _ hO.9t.,;~.x..9. ___ ?.1,gt_____ !!e_gt.i;lL-_g __ 'yolumo.. ____ 1. Soutil Rimbick 1523.72 .9576 9.576 lZ7 53.40 2. Uorth Rna bick 1065. :s? 1~3964 13.964 14878.85 3. &1.-i do.1cphu 1993.25 1.9656 19,,656 53179.32 4. Sir! 1118.34 .2595 2.393 2676.19 5. Sa.boi"cum aJ44.72 .9135 9.135 18674.45 6. Ramam 1256e 41 1.~~1 1·1:. :?J31 17652.44 phalu'~ 7. 1591.89 1.8217 :18.217 25356~06 8 0 Little B,angit ·178.54 .7878 7.878 376B.36 9. Tonglu 246.66 3.4174 54.174 84Z:)~ ~.s Batasi lD. 1150 51 .8000 8.009 907. SO +1. Relling SOO.60 1. 7825 17.825 8922.19 12. Ka]lkib:mg 1580~ 70 3 .. 6061 _ 56.061 57001.62 15. ..a::.:iJnbong 717.10 CI 4:208 4. 2.18 3~17 .56 _14,.. _Rt,tlul ______..l4:l.& .. 42 ___ 1_,?j)91 ___ .17_ ~a'Z ___ 25527.. 30 _ 1btal ....' lS252,,8g 1.5646 15.646 258702.56 ------.~ ------25... Tho groSG volume of difZi'lX'ont. catogorizs of ',:ood in tho ?roj8Ct. aroa as a v.h61e arc r.:rpcated. 1'1;3 figur3s of rl.esidua.l til-libel' and total mod have heon calculated by tho follo\odng formula. Rosidual t:irlibur volUIile = Total tililber voltllilc - l)J.yWood Voluae 'l'otal ,«>od = Total timbor volume + smalhlOOd TABLE: 16 ... Gross VOlW,10 for various categories of }.ood 'EL :-NO. - utility ~la.s~ - w·Gro -;s- V~l:/h;: -stnnd;rd - G:.-o";s- tot;l~ vOl: In- - (cu.m. rounded) 0:i.";:'Qr % rl.1f01'Ol1Co proj Get arOa _ - - ______.. ______... ____ !.~OQ ~m.L l"O}!llgQ_Q.)._ 1. Total timb~r 22:).0 5363 2. Plywood 178.9 7.57 2728 L~8sidUal timber 41.1 6:35 sa.u:_ W:)O d 15.7 10.00 239 'l'otcl Hood 255.7 TI10 oor.1puted gross volume :includes culls which- neod to be substrn.ctod to f'.rl~ivu e.t tJu net V01UiilGS. The culls in ·the i'or<3sts hnVG b-Jcn SW:'lpled by tm separ Firstly, in ec.ch plot, 25% of ·lile area wero furthOl.' obsorv~d and Fonn - 5 (.Ap~endix - 1) was filled up. Those obso,:,vations ,allowed computation of p03rcen·Ge..gc of trcea which "'era obviously hollow c..nd :rotten and cannot ba used for utilisation ;J.S plYl.JOod or t:lldoor. Th~so \dll be reforred to as 'st['Jlding CUlls'. Secondly, apparently heal thy' trc3S, l;hen fellod 8.l"1d ssctioned showed dif~9rcnt tYl)GS of defects making parts of tree , logs unutilisablo, toO bo r3fer:':'cd to a.s thidden cull'. Fom - 4 (Appendix) was used for tho pu:cposc. Tho st<~l1dil1g cull ~1 t~1e arGe, aro as follows :- ••••••.•••••••• • 24. , mock No o I'fote]. No. I 110. of INo. of h')-~No .. off;:'\\o. of ITotal Ho. loi' trea~o i sound traesjllow t .....easJrottenlhollow &Jof un------_1 ___ .J ______L_____ lt~a~s_I;~!:_l~~:~.t-_ ( 11) ,:nu th Rimbick o 5 (12)North ,l\.im.bicl< 5 1 2 8 (16)~ 42 o o 5 (21)Little &angit 22 1.1 o 1 11 ( 22) 1'on151u o o o .0 ( 25) Ba. tasi 7 1 2 1 4 ( 24)RPll~g 44 5 o i 4 n . (25) K$il:x:>ng 71 55 6 2 10 1.8 (25) Sa1:in~ng 53 1 o 4 5 ( 28)Rithu ...... 51 1 5 o 4 - - ~ - - - ~------.------Tot.al. 357 292 8 6.5 P Green t,::,go ? 81.79 7.55 18.21 ------... - - - - .... - - -. - .... - - - - _.. -~ -- - - -_ ------_ - - --- It "will be s ell from this tabla that 8.41 + 2.24 + 7.56 =18.21 are the standing culls. Tho VOlUIJ.O of SUc:.l trees ore included in the gross volumes and need to be d;)Q.uotod., be l'hc fhidden cullsf which 'Worl{..:')d out to/2.?e% have been already t.?.ken Cal"i3 of in th<:l volulilfJ equations and tllereforo are not nacessdry to be daductcd d8am from til;:.) gro ss volume. • ••••••••••••• 25. -25- -.__---~--,------.--.. J u ';;'Uity class------' CU. m( ,roullde.9} ___ :!DOO Ctv.... _..... m. (roundodL --- Grosg Gull Ho·t Vol. Gross C:-~He'~ Val.ID Yol/ % /J:.-a Vol. l..."'l % pro j e c t area. ~. n~joot araa.· 'fetal. "Co:L')lb~~ 22.'::'.0 1J.21 179.9 3$3 18.21 2751 p;.l.:,r""Wod 1'/8 .. 0 18.21 1(~.5 2728 1.8.21 2231 H.esidual 41.1 1(3. ~~1 :-53.6 18.21 51.') t:i.ri".ber S::alJ. \~'Oo d 15.7 j 239 S'::.a.'1dil1e ct'l11 40.0 ••••••••••••••.• 26. C HAP T E It - II{ ~. -26- M/GGING AND TRANSPORT STUDIES: Object of this c~~t study in the project urea of Ihrjeoling Divisin.n is to detemine the log~ing and transport costs of the standing wClod at two alternative nill sites at Siliguri :'Ind R'lJilJ'tm. \ In this connection it is 'Worthwhile to highlight certain fncts about the present infrastructure nnd industri'll co~lex situ~ted in these t'W0 places. Siliguri is situ,'lted by the side of river Hnh'IDnnd.q nnd it is !)ne of the busiest industrial centres of North Bengr:tl. Existing facilities re8'1r dinG power, comnunication and other economic ndvangages, render this area . as one of the most potential :industrial sites in the Nnrth E:-.storn Rogion of the country. HO'WGver, tqe proposed site of industries at Siliguri is beset with only one difficulty i.e. the location lies a little away frOM th~ belt of rtiw Il~teri~l sources. &.mam, on the other h"lnd is situated very much vIithin the belt of various raw naterials nnd distance ~rom varil")us parts of the forest tr:-.cts is quite low compared to the other proposed site i.e. Siliguri. Furthen:l<:'1re when the R...'lI11.aI:l hydel project ( 50 M.vT. ) is comIilissinncd, industrial powGr will be plontiful near the site. . This study a:ined nt deternin:ing whether nr not the plywnod raw m:tterial can be trnnsported to these two different p13ces and supplied at a competitive rate to the manufacturers. The. cost study ("If the economic supply of the standing volume fran the pr~ject area is based ~n the similar studios developed in the scnndin~vian countries by S<:Ir.lsetvqn S~gob.!\dcn etal (6). The following prenises h.c'1.ve been ad')pted. 1. Tho clussific::ltion of terrain with respoct to the logging condition(2) Delineation of forest 3rea which are inaccessible with tho existing logging condition and (5) classificntion of the forest with respect to the cost fact0r. The cost studY h~s got a direct bearing on the present extrnction_ pattel"J!. and existin~ infrastructure in tC~l1S of ro.'lds etc. Theref!")re, it is essential to hRve certain idens on tho present stntus of t:iJ;lber exploitation. and vnrious factors controll:ing logging nnd transport 'of timber in'this zone. Depnrtnent"1l operation~ in these f,,,rest are~s are not very COffiI!lon <;md extraction is IDninly dl)lle thr0Ugh privato agencies rind the tirlber extraction as influenced by follm{ing fact~rs is dotsiled below:- ~) 1ju"rT\W:-: The terrain in this forost area varies from hilly to very hilly FInd slope generally lios between m% to 59% and· altitude v3ries from 1525 rntr. to 5655 mtr. and such type of in~ccessible terrain condition renders til1ber extr3cti'Jn very difficult. . •••.•••• • 27 -Zl- b) Rivar_J Though ·l:.ll0l'0 ar3 quite a good nwoor of perennial Str80)"J.S jn this forest al'6a ~r t ...'ley are characterised by turbuJ..ance, rapids end huge bouldaI"'J beds and tberafoI'';), none are economically foasible for til'ilOOr floating. Besides hardw:lod floating is not possible. c) RosA!? : 'l'he det.Us of ex:tsting roads havo been already :indiCat ed earlicI' in Soien tific 10 ~ging opeL'ation~ and mechanised timber transport OT.>eration.. . frou the fOl'Gst to the mach1.e;!d a,r8 not carried out by the private agencl.os• Felling is carried out mainly by axes. Convorsion to logs are done by cross cutting by tV') Iill"Jl pog tooth saws. Ganc.:-a.l.ly no debarking is done. (bnversion. (hnwrsion of logs into $:J.ua.rea are ge..'1erally done in the follovting sizes : x 2) all X 25 au. x ~ Q'il x 15 em scants aJ.ld planks are E>lso converted depending on the local demands, out of which 2.4l-1. x O.:M., x.025N." or .0375 U. Ol' 0 1.87 Hie of planks are the popuJ.ar sim3s. Off roAd ~gp§Port In sloping arOas sitUated just. by the side of! roa~sJ orf road tran sportation is done by rollb~ log s from. ·'he stunp to road sida and manual carriage from stuap to road side -whentb.e distaAce from. the road sida is appraciable and \oi:len the assorinoots are not too heaVY. Thus for off road transportation of tiL'lboi'" no Llochanical aquipLlent is USGd. Hence:in most of' the Cases saving is done at site only. F:inished produce is thus generally carri~d b.1 manpow~r. Tl'~sportation of t:imb~. Road tranS.90l~t.. \·t.:L<:in of tjm.oor is dale by hal: ton (1..5 Ia~ trucks upto Siliguri. LoacllilJ an Fores·ii villag~rs and outsiders are generally enga~ed for logJing 8)ld allied timber o~c1~ations. They do not possess !I1l7.:6JlPocial.1sed tra1..."1ing end have only liLlitod e:xperience. • ••••••••••••••••• 26. -28- This study has been done separately for tiuber, small wod and CharcOal. The follow-l...l1g phases have been dealt. 1) Since tt'1.o :investigation is beine cal'".cied out for two ['~ ternativc sites, evaluation of cost structUl'Cl llas been r.Jade on a comparative basi::;. 2) Hith due consideration to the (l~:p1aitation and transport.,qtion ratas prsvalont in differCi'1t parts of this inaccessible hlll regi'm one reasonable set of rates for different operations has been considered :in this study. 3) Sin co thoro is (l. good net work of existing roads all calculation regarding off road an9'on road trans)ort to tho proposed rid]'l site hayo b0en carried only l,A 1.11 rGfc:i."ence to these roe.ds.. ConstruGMon work of certain roads arc progres~~,b,~, · fast. As these lrul be conrnissioned shortly, t..~ese have besn taken into consideration ,.d'-lila calculati."lg tr.ansport econ~)l:lics. 4). As the pl.'eBont. roads vIllI bo con v0rtod to trucltable roads shortly, '~18 inv0stigation is made on tho basis of truclt:able roads. For this study present. hi:-cing rata of cliesel t.ruck per cubic motre per kilOL1ct8r has boen taken as til:;) nom.. 5) For '::"j,lculating th;:: transl')orting cost the block centre has been taken as the re.far6nco point. LQ.Qgin:; and tr211~)ort.. chargcfJ f'or various fogest producr'is The rates for logging fOl' ::oft \\Dod alId hard wood are different. The data on the basis of ma:ckct stu,dy for tho two cat,egorics of tix!1ber are furnishe,d in Tuble-19. 111'abl(;)-2), the t.ransportation cost for R.a.rriam location have been cal culated. In Case of Slligu:i1 i the runmum on road distance is 96 Km.- 1;(X) Kt1. and is. t..~erefo11e obviouslY Lluch nore e:xpensiT,j! lJhen compared with RaLlaln. In 011 0.e1" to !5ot the cost of H'ood at liliJ.l site, the to'i:.n1 f::1.gure Cal! be arrived at by addmg the total t:i.1 alls)orting cost from each bloclt to Ramao in Table-;n with ·t..~c cost of logging, arrived at in Table-19~ I t DaY be seon 'tJ.1.at the total cost arrivod at Varies between Rs.65/- atld Rs.242/- (~lproxime.tely). • ••••••••••••• IJ~. - -- ~------ . -29~ T£-l?t~/~ f6..,...1 !AaLE - 19 - LOf.{.TING OJSTS S') .ft ;.po~ (~ which .:11 be sam wHl'lOu'c, Ha.l~d wood, (Tiuoor ,..111icb. is r.luch difficulties) to saw) Op~r~t1ms------Rate-por-cubic- iial~iY-; - ~);r~tIons- - -a;.t'e pc<:': q.~~:~s: ______Ee}r.~ ..., ______..! ______. _li1.Qt!O______, Felling and cross outting ,Felling & cross Rs.18 cOO 5 :into logs. ,,c~g Sawmg in s,,".',.nts,plDl'.ks :as.. 52. 55 5 ,Sawing in scants, Rs.65.75 7 ,planks I Rs.is.Eo ,Ca.;.:Ti~e to road- RS.18.Eo I side 'kf Km. I in "'m )._ Lo a.ding i6 truc~~ .;.1s. 2.00 110 adin B ;/ trtiilk Rs. 2.00 2 • -rr:o."':'! I ~ Unloading 7- truc:1~ l1s., : .• 00 ,Unloading /' truck Rs.~OO t I Loa.ding and stacki.'1g llt ne.lD.OO 2 ,Loading and stacking Rs.lOt-OO 2 tho depot. I the depot. f SUpervision charges Rs" .. 5.00 2 1 SUpervision charges R~ 5.00 2 I basod on qUa.rt~l" girth fonuula) To tal .for log s - Rs. 45. Eo • To tal 1rlog s Rs. 54. Eo ------\ • • Ill)- lev.• o I >4 \-i ..p . o M ill g.. "Tj "~.' C) ..... "Tj .'.: OM til o -:~ .p nJ I o 1(-1 I (:-I ~:'"' ~';·r 00 I ....* *1:" CHAPTER- V u_:r1L.1SA.:"tlOO_ 0 F ,:~w: ]'1X£ElUAL i:? One of the obj ects of th0 prv{3oot study liaS to find out if thoro is sufficient raW' Llate:riaJ.s for a ecramarc::Lc".l plywood fao.t.o;-JI in case it is installed:in a convenient placo ncar the projoct a.rea. ilia CI.Ell'!lvj,~cil'~ plyWood fa.(t~.d.'1. order to be cconoDio today, shOUld havo a mm1r,l'uI!1 installed c~aci ty of produoing 1. 5 million sq~ m. of plyY100d of 4 m thickl1ilsS l"eqUiri.>lg a.n. CIPllUt..'ll susta:ined SlXpplY of 12:)00 cu.m. of ply\lOod logs or TIlo)';'e. For l"Oasons of economy of scalo a SUlJplyof 16000' eu.motres is considered bottCl·. At present rJa.'d~et value, the industries Ce.Il PaY up to Ra.400 pOl" CU.Ill. fOl-' cla.ss I plywood logs of chosen s._)ecios delival'ed at 3iligui·i.. other...o.sc, for m.ixed sorts -they can PaY rough 1y about lls.zool-. (Tho data has boon coll 'rho possiblo CcmlllU U'llG:11ts a1!'~ady mado for plywood s~plY from the proj ect area. to plyYOOd manufe.ctur;;)rs· by the \{est Bengal Forcs'~ Cbrpore:tion are : 1.) 2f.()OO cu.r,l •. ~prox:lr.ldtoly· in the period of 197E-79 or about 6()oo cu.,.Iil. annually t.o Machra woodc~ mgine,n'mg mdustl'ies, pri.'1a"W Ltd. Cnlcuttc... 2) 1000 CUoL1. pOl' Y{;;DZ' to Ase~ \.[ast Ben£,aI. Vencar private Ltd. 'l'he1"cforo th;) COllLli.il'J.cnts may be t£'Jren l'.S 7000 cUom. annually 01" taking of a period of 2) years com:.r:rl.ntro.ents is 1,40,000 cu.m. , ./ ,,_~) ,., o-o-i) Tho nat volurao of plY\1Ood m tho proj aot area is ~25e,QOOz.cu.rn. Reducing it by the commii2nont alrea.dy rondo, t.h3 volU';lG (.'~~s·t_,o approx:1mnt oly 2,lDO,OOO CU.Dl. FoIling for plywood log oxtr-ction w:iJ.l havo to be dono in a C;)llccntratod. fas.~ion· (;l]ld aD pGr accopted pl'lwtica in Hest B811g.;ll, thoy 11::."13 to bo clearfolled. Tho area, tho~c,for(", ha.s to bo r.3strlctod to th·~ ' hGcte.l"oago .Jlich Can bo ple"l1t.od 1..b_:> nuc~ossfuJ.lY wifu auH,a,blo fast gmwing specios by tl10 \lost Bengal Forost Corpcraticn. Discussion o~ this po:int ,d th the Nanaging DirEHrtor, ~lost Bengal Forest Corporation ri;ivwalod t;1a,t at prosont or in tho ne""r future, i4~oil' ol'ganls.."\tion i::; gOa.l~cd to a m,.1...'CiInun of DUCC3csful f\.Ttificial reganGrC'.tion of 500 ho«o.ros e.nnu~~ly. Toldng the nat volume of 146.40 cUomo per hect~"u (~$~ Table-18), 500 hectare will product) a quantity of 500 :l~ 146.tjQ = 75~0 cu.m. o.t' plywood logs, \·zhich is enough for n largG sizG plyWOod mlll r~uiring 60000 cu.m. annually ("Jhich is much more thal1 1:.:000 to 16000 cu.m. r3quir~d for a, oammoroie.l unit) 0 The allIluaJ. r cut of this quantity will b ... avallahlo tor abOut ZO years, when tho faCtory ••••••••••••..•.•••• 52. has to s1..ritch ov..;r to urt ificial1y r3iscd pla.n-tation for 'Wood supply. Transport study in Ch~ kl"'-IV (:i~0 Table-1S) shot/cd t..1.at tho ' cost of convorsion, logg:ing and trcnsport to 1.~'i1"l.tl location is cheaper 't.i1an if til:) logs aX":: treJlS1JOrtcd to Siliguri. 'l'lh;rc will, hOvlOVt;r, fl,::; th~ question of mOJ.·i:; c~st.s for tra.ns1::lort of ot.llCl· rav! m..:l.torials n0C~SG(;ll~y for plywood l:1aI1uf",.du.t'o lik:.. glue, IDacn:L."1cl'Jr 0tC. to th _ f~tctory si to at. P'::I.l'!lRl",l and alro noro cxpcnsos fo,r tr[:l.n~o~~t of fi.l1ishodpraducts to tIl ..... larger narkcto and 0 tho COllStU'!lbr. Cdl1.tl· i). 0';,1 tb...., \,bolo h01VC7""'t:' it is f\.J. t ti1at much 101.1Ul~ trtl.l'lS port ():)st·,of raw raat;;;:rialr: at J:Wnam off-s"ts th.., Ot.'1Ql~ infras't'l'uctm:o aen..i~agE)S of s.LliLruri. 11 I TI10 final l·OC04TJ.CU1dation, ths;rcforo, ia that a CQfil.i·lcrcial ~{ p1y,'IOOd fadory roquil·ing morc thF',11 16 ,000 m3/yoar of ply-log'3 at Ht\llln.7Jl is possible in· tho lnat.tur of Su~-ta:il1.ud s~ply of raw'lnakrials at e.l1 economic . prico. I t. is, hOvlGlEID'r, n(;cGssary to do 11 d;;tallod faasibUi ty study beforo such a factory is d~;cidvd to bo in stalL::d tfuich tilv FOJ:'ost llirporatipn of Host BGllgaJ. will ~?1"ta:i.nly l:Ul:o to g ..... t dono by rome conpQtont kcbnical consul t;J.P, ts. / ...... REFERENCt;s Gulla t..1.aXurta .P. study 05:' "tho .Fbros-ti rosoul'CCS of Darj ooling forcst division. . p<;rt - I Pai,.·:t II. Bull0tin No.47 Nal'h 1£l7 3~ 2) 0:1"l]1ip ion, H. GoJ & Glf:lssific~.tion of i'orvst typos. soth,3.K. 3) Govt. of \-l0st ii'onth W,rki."'1g Plrll1 .for tho Darj OGling Bvngal. forust division, Nortb,-.;X"J.1 circ~o ,1966-68 t.o ~76:_.77, Voluraos, I,! II & III 1970 4) Fisher. ,. &>n91d A. stU'CiCltical tables .( si:~th odit1.on) for & Yatos Fra.n.1t. , ' biologic,O)l agr.icultu~;·Q c:.Jld medical rOS9<.'.l'c.~. 5) Loatsch ,& HClll~r. Forest Inventory• .~~.- .. ," .. il PEN D.1 X - l_ connw INS'l'i:ruCTION FOR mVl!nl'QJtY \lO .. nL~J_§Il~~grJJ ILIJ;IGES OF l!4±DJJ5"~:L_IN G FOIUS!, D1VISION 1. !.hoJ2_lot D0scription Fonn Column 1 to 8 to b(;; filled Up in tho office. COlumn 9 to :10 :- Grow loader. 8T ATE (COL. 11) The coding for different st~~(.;s und~ tilO jurisdict.ion of Eastvr.n Zono wlll bo as bolow :- 1 Arunachal P:a.· .dash 2 AsseJn. 5 Mizo.l:';jJ'1 5 'l'ripura 6 H.ovonuc District. (colJ.~15) , Durj c;;clmg 70 J e.lpaiguri 71 Coo chbcl1.ar 72 Di vision (COl. 14-16) SJrao of tho forest divisions of North Bc.ngnl arc cod::;d below :- ( Coda Darj0~:ing " 700 Kal~)ong 701 Kursaong '!702 J alpaiguri ·7:10 ••••••••• ••• 1. -~ Division I ~ B'U.Xa 711 Cbochbehar 712 Range (Col. 17-19) , Only two rallg .... s of Darj (;;vl:L.lg division arc coded bolow :_ SingaJ. ila 071 _Tonglu 072 Blo ck s (0:>1. 2:)-21) Tho coding for blocks of smgalila eJld Tonglu rangos arc given bolo'" :_ ~ &lutil Rimbidt U North H.:illlbick 12 13 ' Siri 14 S'3.barkum 15 16 phalut LittJ..o Hangit Tonglu 22 Batasi 23 Rilling Kanki1:ong Sal.:im'tbng Sa.lim'tbng Extension .' :tl Ilithu. A1 titude (cx>1. 2~23) ••••••••••• • 3. Al titudo in th..; ccn tr.3 of tho pl~t will b:.. l.·uac· by contour Lines in motr", 3. 'fhe last tv,u digits will be truncated aJld rema.ining digits loft wUl be coded in tJ,1", form a~ t\>p digit code numbor. ];~J..Q_:_ ~po sing ti1e centro of a plot is located at on ol_t."..tian of 1045m.. Then truncato 45 and rcc6rd as 10. Slope (ChI. 24-25) Tho slope of the plot is t.o O..;} Doasurcd by A1:noyt s lov.:;1 still'lding at tho L sight. base line and. :!.tJ..... ~:. th..: otll~lj.· cnd of thu plot.. If slope is SO% or more wrHC ing code 1 ~r1.inst, column 24 and r0j -.oct the;; plot. If t.~~J slope is 1:;s8 than fO% than code t.'lO slope classl;..o as fo1lo\/S in col. 25. Ql.ope (Less th&11 50%) Q)de Less than 2% 1 #' Botwoen 2-9% 2 Be two en 10-19% B Betweon m-29% 4 Betwoen ?()-B9% 5 B0tl-lGOIl 40-49% 6 The po sition of 1:.'11) slope with r0for;;;nco to -i:.h:!hlll slop.;:J on which it is located will be classif'i8d as. Po si tion S 0 f ruoP.2 Ridgo top 1 Upp~r one third 2 Midd.1.o one third 5 La war onG third 4 Valley 1:ottorn. 5 Aspoct (O:>l.~) A Q:>L"ass bearing will bo takoo frao the centro of the plot to tho dir8ction of tho maXjxlllI!l alopa E'j1d reCXlrd the aspect into ono of' 'tl.~0 follow:1ng classes. • ••••.•••••4, -4- .GJdfL Nori11 1 2 East 0- $.)uth-oast 4 s::>uth 5 6 7 North-west 8 Accessibility C!~asses( 001. 28) If there is a road 0::;:- a bridal path near th(:;; centre of tho plot tho codmg will be as follo w :-. ROad QQ.~ If within 100 mtrs i If wi t.l1.:in 101~1O00 mj?;rs. 2 If withm 1. KIn. - 3 kru. 5 Others 4 iRocks (co). ~) 'rho Q)d_es in tr~.. rocks are b-'i vmi bolow :- Granite gnicss lfot3].:l.orphic gnioas 01.' schist 2 Quartzite Basic rocks 4 Othor l'ocks 5 No rock 6 •.•... .•.... 5. -5- Degree of weathering (~l. ZO) Degree of troatilering of th~ roc..'I(s will be coded as below:- P art.ly uOa thol"sd 1 Completoly weathered 2 5 No rock 4 Dap th of rock (001. 51) IA.)2 th 0 frock p", ck found on tJ.l0 tail surfnc~ 1 At 0-1 Ll. depth 2 HOX'e 'i:.han lIil.. depth No rock. 4 The undecomposed litter will have the following codes depending on their th ick.ne SSe Thiclm....£.§1l ~ 0-2 ail. :U 2-4 aa. 12 4-6 C[ll. 15 6-8 Ct'.l. 14 8 + all 15 If there is partlY doccrirposed but recol?Jlisablo litter then t~::l.e code Will be as follows, d6'pending on tJ:ic thicl{ttEi)sP. 0-2 21 2-4 22 25 ••••••.•.•,- . .•8. -6- ~clmoss in en, 6-8 24 8 + 25 In CasO there is undCCOmpOS0d i.lutcrial lying an partly dGcor.!'.i.)os:~d material, olwe..ys t2).co coding for t..~at itOl'il vlhicl.1. is of .great3r t..'1.ickness. HULlUS (ChI. 54) Depending on th·;:, t.hicimoss, tho code will ba as follows. Tho depth of huraus will be raoa,sur;;,d by scra"p ing the 1it-CG1~. Thickness (bde 0-4 an. 1 5-8 al. 2- 8-12 CLU. B 15-16 w. 4 16 + 5 stoninoss (CbI. 55) Tho quantities of stan"s in tho soil will be coded pA'ollows :- E._Groon t;ge by voltnlle ~do 1% 0 1-5% 1 5-25% 2 25-5() % 5 f:JJ-75% 4 75-100% ..t: Cblour (\kIl. 56) The predominant colour of tho ~por horizon of soll bolow humus laYGr \dll be dctom:in;;:Jd and cJ.assified as :- fredcrain@t oolour -Code, Black 1 2 •• .•.••••7. r~~&lMt t.artoWl' -7- ~i' eellt ;1]5 .j bY. vV];"gfl c Red Yellow 4 No s:-iJ. 5 I strua'hl~O ( Tho degr~o of dc~elai>Llcnt of the structure will be cod3d as gi van bclNl:- structuroloss o wealtlY do'tllalopcd atructm.. a 1 poorly developed II 2 ~Tell devcloped " 5 Cbnsistence (0:>1.38) To Qvaluata consistenco soloct and atteL1pt to crush in tho haild a small soU llass "that a.:)l?o~s slightly moist a.nd coda as follows:- Dos~t~ (b~ Leo co -~ :.. :_ Non-cohercn'c roll material 9 Very friable cl"'U.9hed, with very gentle prassura and cohoront when pi·c.seed togother. 1 ~ll tlatGrial crushed, but with goo tlc to hlodol"ato prossuro bet\.roan thumb and fore finger, and cohercnt 'When pressed togother. 2 S:dl Llo..terial m-.ushed ,d th moderato Pl-OSSU':..4 o botwc.:n tlltUn'b and fore finger but resistance is distinctly noticoable. 5 Very fina .9:>11 matol'ial crushod W. th strong pressUl.4 o; partly crush~b16 between thu'J.b and for:;! finger. 4 stickiness (Col. 00) Degree of £l.dhosian 1:0 objects at field capac:i. ty (i.e. Just saturated with LlOistnre). • •••••••• 8. ~ o S).. ::.gh tly sticky 1 2 PH «(bI~40) F:!nd out t.h" PH value of the soil at loast 15 em. bolow the humus layer w. th Ghc h'::lp of th:.:: &11 t.e sting kit. Noro than 8 1 8-7.1 2 3 6-5.1 4 5 6 Tho codes for ti'10 tQxtm';_; need not bc fUled 1.1J in the field) cxcC'pt '!J1cn thoro is no soU "ihen th~.J code 6 ,wlll be written. If thoro is soll, colle ct fDO go. ~aLrplo at a dO"pth of 15 0:1. froLl -(11.'10 base af tho litter or hUl.!luS : layer a):1d put it in a polythano bug and mark it "d.'i:.h plot code nlli"'lbcr. This swapl:) should bo aont 1:0. bJ.?o Cf'Inp at ·tho earliest. Tox'turo (bda Glay 1 Clayoy lo€IP.l 2 LOal'll 2> Sandy lO{1in 4 sand 5 No soil 6 ••••••.•. .•. 9- DOD th 0 f flO iJ. (Col. 4?).. The deptJ.l of the roil 1dll be estirlated by digging a 15 en. doep pit and guessing tho rOIilaining depth. 'I'll,;; guess 1;1ill bo h).sGd on all'availab1e inf01"'r.lation e.g. o:xpo sod soil profile 01'" lwmrie.n.co of gi"Ound wgotation. ---Cbdo Very' shallow 1 Shcllow 2 liediUI:Ll 51 to 90 CDS. 4 Doep 90 ~s. and 180 an. 180 em. and ab:>Ve: 5 6 No soil Nil Boo te( (hI. 45) 'fho roots will Do oodsd as .follows. ~uantity should be ost mated at a depth of to Qn • .Q.uanti~.f ryots Code Abundant roots 1 Medium 2 F€lW Nil 4 For:::st (Cbl.44) Fol1.o'\.ang 8 tyPos tmder t.his scale vr.Lll be rcoognisod D8 SClj.p tion (Pdo All forest areas doc1.a.red as rescrvod forost will be oonsidorcd as f'..,r9st .undor tll~.B group oxc1.udiug oply tho follow.ing. ( a) Ar..::as "() ccupi..... d by orchards, parks, o pri vatO gardons and pasturas" and largo vra tel' arOaS. ( b) Tlw for:Jst villag..,s aJld buildings ai'1.d Imil,lc:ntn of .fot-oat, department. • ••••• ••' ••••• 10. / -10- All. foro stod al'Oas as men tion;"d 1 abovo with crow density more than m% Ar0a wi th t""OG 00 VOl' from 2:l % to a 2 10 \-lor l:iJait of 5%. It lilaY ha vo und<..rg,l"O wth of shrubs of any dcnsi ty Aroas lr.tth donrrl:i:.y of scrub growtll 5 l'1lOro than 2)% and scatt.cr~d trc3S h.J,ving density 35% of tJ:lc.. total v"'e..:;;tation oovor. Gl"assY 1 All. forost plantat iO&."1. raisod artificially i, C. LlaJl made fm:·vsts. 5 V~gotd.tion (0:>1.45-45) Tho o:>ding fel" v0g",'tt\tion v.ri.1.1 bo filled up in th..:: basc ca.qJ. '1'11 a fiold party \r.Ui kcvp it blcnk. No.of stoJ:'JYs T.Il'; c:;,dos ,for di:f_~Ol"c.nt storoys arc (0:>1. 47) a.s follows. The f0110 wing i t~st t1:ldGr this gl"OUP w:i11 bo ruoognisad. Thoro is no markt;d differentiation 1 in thl3 l.;vol of tfla canopy. TID storeys with ,,1Cll dllfinod tiers 2 \ol1ich can bo rocognised in tho forost. lbroo storeyod forest. 'rho variation 3 alllOng th.;; tree sp c';cL,s is so pronounc~d that dist::inct tiors arc rJcognisod in t,,'1..... plo ts. Crovn don sity l11is will bo l'l;;)aSllrud on thG degroQ (ChI.48) of' OPGnina' in tho.:) canop¥. l'hu fo11o\n.ng clasiGs will bu ruOlgois':'d. No oponlllb 1 SO% opening in tho ca1lOPy 2 •.....•...... • i1. -u. Moro then 50% but less than 75% opening in the canopy More) than 75 %opening in tho canopy 4 RogcuGrat 1on (ChI.49) This will bo estimated ocetO..a,rly'. For this th~ pri:isonco of sv.::. Regeneration When ono ostablishod s~odlmg, sapling or pole of tho 1 plywood sp.:.>cioa is found on an av~rago in cnJry 6 S}.. mt. of arCa it will be callvd as 'OroiUso. 'When al:ovo in a:> S;~1t. ar.;ja. on an aV8;'''e.go i-t is 2 ~~ ~Jhon abovo in mora than :.:0 S::!. rq.t. but lesB tJ.1all 2:X) aq.mt. it i B !G,i;'_. ~lh<;ll 1;:;65 than 2)0 s:],.m.t. it is ~ 4 Gradng Incidenco (Cbl.l:()) Dopcnding on the int.:.msitoy of grazing the o.rOa. is subj ectGd to following o1ass~s will bOt an mcntion"d b310w :- l)Qscrip tion HoavUy grazed 1 Hodorataly grazed 2 Grazing a.bson t Firo In ci don ce( Cbl. 51) When the aroa J. s subJa~d to 1 occassional and fraquont .fire \-lhen SUM a firo hazard is not 2 common in the arca.. p ro son t MaJ'lagemen t Depending on the allvicul tural ((bl.52) aystom practisOd in tho forest :following group s a.r~ ooing mado. Soloction ;- 1. ~an the tr.::;os are fellCld with 1 rogard ·to cCl.. t.ain m:ploitabla diallletor. • ...... 12. ,,~ ' ..... , ..• ~earfall:ing: 2. I'moo tho treGs standing on tho 2 forest are cloarfellod for tho PU1l>ose of raising plailtatian of cortC.in a&l.ockd ~\)ci$s of tracs. ~n:ing 5. Whon CJ."Op io young to Lliddlo 5 agod and r:~uirEld r.::moval of SOll1~ for til", heal "thy growth of tllG r(;;lilaining qrop. Grid No. ( OJl.53-54) Fill up tI10 columns as pOl' code No. gi v-an in the bIo cl:: Iilap S. '!he list below :lridicatos total nunoor of the codes in each block. -_Block Grid co9&.. J:. phslut 01 to 08 2. aabarkum 01 to 10 5. Siri 01 to 06 4. ;r""tama,m 01 to 08 5. Sandakphu 01 ~ 09 6. Himbick Nort.h 01 to 06 7 .. RiLlbick s:>uth 01 to 08 8. ltithu 01 to 07 9. Kankirong 01 to 07 lD. Sol:hnhJng 01 to 05 11. Rilling 01 to 04 12. Tonglu 01 to 02 13. Batasi 01 1:0 03 14. Little P..angit 01 to 05 Plot No. «(b~. 55) Tlh'3re w.iJ.l be 2 plo ts :in each grid. The one lilich will 'qe :in 1 north 010 st of t..'-le grid can tro will bG codod as Tho plo t which will be :in tho south east of the grid centro will be coded as 2 4" sheot map( 001.56) To be rUlod in by the office Inven tory de sign ( ChI. 57) 'lb be f1l1ad in by till;! offico. •••••••• ••.••• 1~. .:L~ • (a) SPEC tAL STUDIESI The purpose of the prcscint proj ect is to finq out the volUT'lo of standing tjpber nnd fire 'Wood within a certo.in precision linit seporntely for each blo.ok. At the S:1ne tine it h':ls to be sep~ro.tely inclicQted how ouch of the stand~ng volu~o of timber con be utilisod for veneering. • Si..'1ce 0.11 tjr1.ber c·'lnnot bo used for plywood and e.ven the suitable ones hElve to .h'lve .specific sizes for ·.... eneer:ing, the nethodoll")g'l (\f volume dDte~inuti0n hns to be so ndjusted as to bring out this infornntions with out undue duplicn tion of worlr. •. It is accepted by definitlr.m "thClt ft:1nberl is wood upto ro cm1S. Di&.letor over bnrk.. &1'.:111 wood is defihd ::U3 ~To(ld h"lving d:iJ:1a11sions fro..1J. 20 Cn. di<-'1Doter over bnrk to 5 PIY\-1ood 'lre those spo.cies 'l-1h10h ::Ire mentiClned in pnge No.6 of tho mnnual. These species should h:'Clve it nmimU!:1 di!l..."1oter of 30 CIn. -over bnrk in the thin end of the logs which should not be less thnn 2.5 Haters 'in ~ length. A plY\-1ood spEcies :in ardor 'to be used for veneering sh0uld bo free fron ccf.trtin defects IlS follows :- (ri) Ext.cot of deviation from struigp.tnc·ss - 10 em. in length of 2.5 meters. J (,b) 'To.per _ Below 5 Cn.(for every la~gth of 1 H6ter.) .. 5 Cn. in diameter. (~) Hol~ow and spongy henrt .. «(1) .Rots • Not pGrnissible ( c) 'l'wist Not permissible (f) Crocks 2 CIa. in depth but not extending nore than 1/5rd of the length. (g) Elll)ts Both live nnd dead lilO:lSuring upto 5 Co. in di8meter nnd occuring not Bore th8n 2 in number in 2.5 meters length. In the light of rEl.'):lrks rn3de a.bovo the methodology of v('\lune meG sura':'! ants h~s been n<1 do out a s bela.. " :- •••••••••.•••• ::.11. lB(b) Met ho dolo [Y :- The logg:ing crew will fell the selected trees flush to the gronnd. \ Befnre felling theY shlJuld mensure the D.B .R. B.B, and filJ..,-up colUIi'n No. 51-52 of the 'f~e VolUl'!1e and Cull study form (Form-B). After felling, the porti"ns which have d:iJ'1.ensions below 2 Gm. dianeter under b!trk hns to be cut nway nnd reje~t- ed. All the le~ves etc; have also to be rSQoved. By tri~l and error the exact point where the diAmeter of the ma:in starn becomes less than 50 em. d.u.b. and' 20 em. diameter oyer bark has to be n~rlced. Si.TJihrly m:l.rk the points in different branches which I'lro morEl than 50 em. d'U-u.b. and 20 em. dhmeter over bark in dimension. \fa have, therefnre, separated the pl:ywood and rcsidu.'ll tinber from the small wood of ;:~?-I" the tree. For the plywood tir.lber all seotions h,.ve to be now cross out. FroIn thE' butt end each section should be of 2.5 neter :in length till the last one wh.ich may be of any size. Enoh plywood section and residual timber section n~ is to be measured separately for volUI!le determin"ltion. The measura'1ents, t.J'ill consist 0f determining the dbneter over bark and under b:.1rk at the mid points of ench section. On enoh mid point two mellsurements hove to be taken at right angles. For e!lch f")f the seotinns, for the cull study, a l~rge number of observations and neasurements have to be tnken, details of whioh nrc given at a later stage. In the natter of small 'Wood convenient sections h:we to be cut nnd single diameter measurenent in the mid point (")f the s,eotil"lns along with their lengths ltall". to be noted for determin!1tion of s..mall \lood volume. Below a.ro e:x:plained the codes th~t hnve to be written for various infr>rm9tion to fill up tho volume and cull study fo1T.ls. v '"'lUmG ~md Cull Study Form ... QoJ..1lJP11 tMnber' ~lLC~· I:Lsm. 1-5 To be filled in by th~ office. Job No. 4-5 -do- .Oard dosign -dO- 6-7 -do- ..do- Roport No. 8 -&l--do- Sub-Report No. 9-10 The code No. of the ere\-1 Leader is Cr EM Le3.der to bo filled. 11-12 To be filled in by the office. 31. No. of trees contd ••• 14 -1:.- W1_ Qolurrm DWJbor D?scrjpticn Species Gode 13-15 As given below 1. Accr ~pbellii(Kap~si) 001 2. Alnus ncp~ulensis (Utis) 002 3. Beilscbniodia species(Tnrsing) 003 4. Symugtonin. populne«'\Y (Pipli) 004 5. Co.stnnopsis tribuloids & Chystrix(l\~lus) 005 6. CinnsllJlOl.'ir:.~ snccies (Sissi) 006 7. Eleeocnrpus iancenlfolius (Bhnd~1si) 007 8. Mochilus eaulis (Lnpchek~wla) 008 9. Mf lChUus grtr.lei'lIl:\ (Chiple knwln) 00 9 10. }lL.'1chilus odorntiss:inn(Lnli knwln.) 010 11. Micheli!l. iillthcnrt11(Titc ch'U'!1p) 011 12., Hichelin. dolt'1sopn(Hithe chanp) 012 15. Nyssa javnnicn (Letch chllnuni) OHi 14. Prunus nepalensis (Arupato) 014 15. ~uercus l~dellosa(Buk) 015 16. Quercus lineato (Ph~lant) 016 17. Phoebe sp8cies (Ang0re) 017 18. Cedreln species(Toon) 018 19. Betula species(Bhujpat) 019 20. Michelin lanuginosa (Phnnsre) 020 21... Engolhnrdtia spicn.tn. ( MQ:wn) 021 22. Echinocarpus d~syc~rpus (Gobre) 022 23. Quercus. pnchyphyll'l (Sungre,Sungro Kntus) 025 24. Tnxus bnccntn 024 25. Mngnoli~ caspbellii(Ghoge ch~p) 025 ?6. Tsugn dunosn (T~ngrcseln) 026 27. Abies densa (Cllbrassln) OZl 28. Rhododendron spp. (Qlrns, ch:1mul) 028 29. Others. 040 Q.nJUOD Durnbar DRS cr1pt1on Treo portion 16-17 For steil t:inber plrt First soction of the 1ilLlio sten - coda = 01 Second section of the !:lain stem - Code = 02 Third Sect ion CIf the mo:t in .st.en - - Code = 05 .l";lDd so on. For brnnch timber part First oection of the first brnnch - Code = 20 •...••...... •.. 15 ~ Second sect ion of the first branch - Code = 21 and, So on First section of tho 2nd branch - Code = 30 Second sectinn ~ the 2nd branch - Code = 31 First section of the 5rd branch. - Code = 40 Second Section of Brd brnnch - Codo = 41 For stm ~nc branch SJnnl1 wood p2.rt - Fh'st section - Code::: 11 Second section ~Code = 12 ond so on upto 19 nnd all others as 19. The first .section of the m'1in stcn loTill be 2.5 metres '1l1d the subsoquent scctians ~lso will be of the sone length. The lnst secti,..,n c~ be of Gny size (loss than 2.5 metres). The sone principles ui1l hold good for the branches ns well. If the branches do n",t h~_tve even one section of 2.5 netres the..'1 ~ny nvnil'1ble size less than 2.5 netres will be me~sured. Length ,..,f the Section 18-20 The length of the section in respect of the- n[l:in ste'n will be the length ~f th~ bole frC'n one o!1d to the other end of the lqz;:. The length will be ne'1sured upto 0.5 en. on~ rounded off to the nearest whole number. The length of the section of the br.:tnches should btSl fro-T;') the junction of the branch with the :r.l:dn stan to the other end of the section. 21-32 Tho l~ensuraments of e~ch of di~ctef O.B. and di~eter U.B. will be tnken to the ne!:rest run. nt tho mid-pomt of the section. Two m&'1sur~ents c..t right o:>.ngles for euch it(1;l h':ls to be taken • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •1Le. Hensurer1ent for U.B. will be in S3De directions as the one for C.B. /l.D~ter Q,B.. 21-26 i) First met;',suranent 21-23 ii) Second -r:l98.5Urenent 24-26 nt right angles to :the first one. b.Di':lT'loter U.]..... 27-52 i) First me'lsuroment ' 27-29 ii) Second nec.sur€J'1ent nt right angles to the first one. Exnmine each section nnd see if there is any defect. 1. No. defect o 2. Defect present 1 (Defect includes only Hollo.... 1 or spongy he::trt, cr'l cks, t"Tists, rots 0nd khrts in the sections) Rote nnd its man sure 54-40 ments. Type of rot 34 1) Ex;:'.nine the section for rot. See if it is present or absent. Detemj_ne th -, c'1tegory if nl)t is present nnd code ':18 below. No rot o Fibrous rot 1 Pocket trot 2 Spongy rot :3 •..•• , ...... •i'!l. -.17- Measurenent of rot 55-40 Enclose the rotten porti0n in n rect~ngle or squnro ~d t~l(e the following MeClSUrE!.lents jn em. i) Me:1sure length in Cn. cnd eI1tor :1n cn1.55 to 36. ii) 'Me:'15Ure ",ridth in em. "'1nd en.'tter in col.57 to 38. iii) Hith the help of a steel wire ne:J.surd the depth of rot in em. nnd enter in column 39 to 40. If thero nre mora th.'1n one is('1~t0d rots, add up the volume of nIl tho pockets :mc' find r.ut the cube root t:1nd repent the resuli? :in three p~irs of columns (Col.55 & 56, 57 & 38, 59 & 40) HollOlmess and its position' 41 E~ine tho section for hollow vis-a:.ovis rots neSs whetller it is inclUded in the rotten portion or not. Fill in the following cadeS for holl owness. P.6S cr ipt ion CndQ Hollotn1ess present 1 inside the rotten . portion. Hollowness presa~t but 2 outside tho rotten portfon, Hollowness ~bsent 42-45 If hollowness is present but is not cont:iinoo with the rotten portion, then me·'1surEnent of Hollowness will be tnken. i) Diameter in Oms. 42-45 Enter nctunl me:lsurements. ii) J, ength in'Ons. 44-46 Enter nctual nensura~ents. For sc~ttcred hollowness follow instructions as given' under rot. • •• It ••••••••••• -1'8. 47 Twist is. th:."l t defect in vlhich too fibre instead of str~ ight line occurs :in n spiral. c~ If str~) ight 1 If n.bsent 2 \1atch the section and enter the Crnc~s & Shnkes 48 following. No defect 1 Cup shrike 2 stnr shake 5 Cr"cks 4 Bend 49 Axis of l~g does not 1 deviate , . Axis of log deviates. 2 from the straight line n+, an nngle loss th!ln 1~. ' Axis deviates at an 5 angle tl0rO th..1; 10° Hore than ono pronounced bend 4 Exrunine the section and find out Knote presence 50 if there is n live or dead knot • .. i) If absent 1 if present 2 Heasur(.;the knot di,.'1nieter in Cm. Kno~s me::tsurements 51 and enter in column ·t. Mensure the diameter B.H.(O.B.) D.. B.H.(O.B.) in. on. 52-53 in Cm. nnd enter • .. Totnl height in metres 54-55 Measure tlie"k,tnl height of the tree before felling nnd enter. 56-57 Measure the height of the tree after felling and enter. To Ibe filled in by the office. ~p sheet reference 58 Block reference 59-60 The codes will be SaJ'l.O as given for ·Blocks in the Plot Descrip tion Form • ••....••. ~ .••••1i. -tD- Grid reference 61-62 The grid reference will be the s:imilnr to tho reference :tndicn ted agninst grid reference earlier. Inventory design 65-64 To be filled in by the office. W~l number Of tl:S)~S to be r.ell_t?.9 cme. their 10cn.:Uon~. Falling will be ~estricted to the 9 main .ply-wood species in ilia area. A minicrum of 50 number of trees have to be felled f~r each species distributed ovenlY'almost ~ll ovor tho blocks depending on their nvnilabili~. In addition, s~~e trees of varioUS species rnndomly Ch0Son will h~vo to be felled. The trees of the diameter classes (10 en. classes) should be covered Hithin the 30 trees to be foIled for ench species. The classes ,dll be [IS follows .:- a to 10 Cm. , 10.1 to 20 em. 20.1 to 50 CI;l. 30.1 to 40 em. 40.1 to 50 em. 50.1 to 60 em. 60.1 to 70 ern. 70.1 to 80 ,c:r;t. 80.1 to 90 em. 90.1 to 100 em. 100.1 "0. and over. ... -. "'! ;..__-... -"'!!J!.:. • _;.: ~ ". _-_• • ,.", I -. ... - ...... ':." eoussa.ra pusg ------.:..-..-- 1': . --___'.-'~-- ~wQb~__ ~Q~~~~D ____ ~~ O~__ 1~:5~ __~0~·~~~ ____ _j N_ n' specie" Si. rpeCie. ID.B.H.IID.BoH. Total j ..Jlef ect'" I NOa Code. (a. B.) (D.B.) height TOP-HOll~W-IROt.ten Any , em.. f Ct'l.. (H) bro ness oth- i I ken I " . I er de... J---.- i , I ! _ . . , f'~.. c.la 1_ 1_12-"".... ,6 1'7-'9' .,,_.. "'..• 4 125 I i6 . , .8 .;;.=- ______~ l ~ __ __..' _I ._ __ .. __ ___ ~ _'- I, I I I f ! I ~ I I I I I ....___ _,_.,__.__ _ __.,:._ _,__I_-t...:------L1_...L- if ___;._,_l--l---i-- GREW LEADER: ~----.------~~---~--4- DATE; ______~ ____ ~