DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Transition in Tunisia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Political Transition in Tunisia Political Transition in Tunisia Alexis Arieff Analyst in African Affairs February 2, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21666 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Political Transition in Tunisia Summary Tunisia has undergone a major political upheaval in recent weeks, dubbed the “Jasmine Revolution.” On January 14, 2011, Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country after several weeks of increasingly audacious anti-government protests. The speaker of parliament, Fouad Mebazaa, has since assumed the role of interim president, and an interim government has been formed ahead of elections expected in six months. However, the stability of the government and the broader impact of recent developments is difficult to predict. The Tunisia uprising appears to have added momentum to latent anti-government and pro-reform sentiment in Egypt, Yemen, Algeria, Jordan, and other countries, and has sparked international concern over stability in a region long associated with seemingly secure, autocratic, pro-U.S. regimes. Prior to the December-January protests, Tunisia had been seen as a stable, albeit autocratic country since its independence from France in 1956. Ben Ali, in power since 1987, was elected for a fifth term in October 2009 in an election widely seen as flawed and boycotted by leading opposition parties. His Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) party exerted near-total control over parliament, state and local governments, and most political activity. The government cultivated strong ties with France and the European Union, its largest trading partner, as well as with the United States. Despite many political and economic characteristics shared across the region, Tunisia exhibits a number of unique attributes: it has a relatively small territory, a large and highly educated middle class, and a long history of encouraging women’s socio-economic freedoms. Tunisia’s Islamist movement has not played a leading role in the expression of domestic dissent in recent years, although it did in the 1980s before it was banned by Ben Ali. The unexpected and rapid transition in Tunisia raises a wide range of questions for the future of the country and the region. These pertain to the struggle between reformists and entrenched forces carried over from the former regime; the potential shape of the new political order; the potential future role of Islamist and/or radical movements in the government and society; the role of the military as an emerging political power-broker; and the difficult diplomatic balance—for the United States and other actors—of encouraging greater democratic openness while not undermining other foreign policy priorities. Congress may play a role in developments through its foreign assistance policies and oversight of U.S.-Tunisia relations, and of broader U.S. policy toward the Middle East. U.S. officials, who grew increasingly critical of the government in the days prior to Ben Ali’s departure, have since stated their support for political transition and called for free and fair elections. U.S.-Tunisian relations largely emphasize military and counterterrorism cooperation, although Tunisia has pushed for a greater focus on trade. The United States is Tunisia’s primary supplier of military equipment, which is provided through both direct sales and grants, and a large number of Tunisian military officers have received U.S. training. Congress has been supportive of security assistance programs in Tunisia, directing the State Department in FY2009 and FY2010 to allocate levels of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) that surpassed budget requests by the executive branch. For analysis of the potential impact of Tunisia’s uprising on Egypt, see CRS Report RL33003, Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jeremy M. Sharp. Congressional Research Service Political Transition in Tunisia Contents Recent Developments..................................................................................................................1 Tunisia’s “Jasmine Revolution”.............................................................................................1 Reforms Pledged...................................................................................................................4 Relations with the United States..................................................................................................5 The U.S. Response to Recent Events .....................................................................................6 U.S. Assistance .....................................................................................................................7 Congress and Bilateral Aid..............................................................................................8 Emerging Actors .........................................................................................................................9 The Trade Unions................................................................................................................10 The Security Forces ............................................................................................................10 The “Legal” Opposition Parties...........................................................................................12 The Islamist Movement.......................................................................................................12 Background on Tunisia .............................................................................................................16 The Ben Ali Government (1987-January 2011)....................................................................17 Human Rights...............................................................................................................17 Emergence of Discontent ..............................................................................................18 Terrorism............................................................................................................................18 The Economy......................................................................................................................20 Foreign Relations................................................................................................................21 Israel and the Palestinians .............................................................................................21 Europe ..........................................................................................................................21 Regional Relations........................................................................................................22 Outlook.....................................................................................................................................22 Figures Figure 1. Map of Tunisia .............................................................................................................1 Tables Table 1. U.S. Aid to Tunisia.........................................................................................................9 Contacts Author Contact Information ......................................................................................................23 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................23 Congressional Research Service Political Transition in Tunisia Recent Developments Tunisia’s “Jasmine Revolution” Figure 1. Map of Tunisia Tunisia has experienced continuing political uncertainty since longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country on January 14, 2011 following several weeks of increasingly audacious anti-government protests.1 Since the start of the upheaval, dubbed the “Jasmine Revolution,” protesters have appeared to lack a central leader and are not necessarily aligned with an identifiable political or ideological movement. Tunisia’s future course remains uncertain. The uprising nonetheless appears to have inspired reform and opposition movements in Egypt, Yemen, Jordan, Algeria, and other countries. It has also sparked international concern over stability in a region associated with secure, autocratic, pro-Western regimes. The unexpected and rapid transition in Tunisia raises a wide range of questions for the future of the country and the region. Questions for U.S. policy include: • What has been the impact to-date of U.S. public statements and actions related to Tunisia? • What are the prospects for future U.S. influence on the evolution of events? • How, if at all, should the U.S. government reshape its assistance Source: Map Resources, adapted by CRS programs for Tunisia in response to recent and continuing events? • What position should the United States take vis-à-vis popular anti-government demonstrations in the region? • What course of U.S. action will be most likely to fulfill foreign policy and national security goals? 1 Ben Ali went to Saudi Arabia. France, which had been seen as a strong backer of the former president, signaled he was not welcome there, according to news reports. See Catherine Bremer, “Analysis-French Race to Adapt to New Maghreb Mood,” Reuters, January 17, 2011. Congressional Research Service 1 Political Transition in Tunisia On January 27, Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi announced a new interim cabinet, the second in ten days. The new cabinet includes only three members of the former ruling Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) party, all
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fair Value of Bread: Tunisia, December – January
    IRSH (), pp. – doi:./S © The Author(s), . Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/./), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Fair Value of Bread: Tunisia, December – January L EYLA D AKHLI Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Marc Bloch Friedrichstraße ∗ Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The “Bread Riots” that broke out in Tunisia on December lasted barely ten days. Yet, they cost the lives of over one hundred people. The revolt studied here centred on two popular neighbourhoods of Tunis in the wake of massive, World Bank-sponsored development plans. This article seeks to understand how the inhabitants in these quarters reacted to the establishment of a new welfare state that was more concerned with fighting poverty – or fighting the poor – than with equalizing conditions or offering the same opportunities for everyone. Based on this case study, I argue that the great Bread Revolt of – marked a break with past practices of state reform and popular protest and suggest that International Monetary Fund and World Bank prescriptions and state implementations reconfigured the political and social landscape of independent Tunisia. The “Bread Riots” that broke out in Tunisia on December lasted barely ten days. Yet, they cost the lives of over one hundred people, according to official figures given by human rights organizations. The riots spread rapid- ly across the country after initially erupting in the south, in the market of the city of Douz.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    ISSN: 2051-0861 Publication details, including guidelines for submissions: https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/nmes From Dictatorship to “Democracy”: Neoliberal Continuity and Its Crisis in Tunisia Author(s): Mehmet Erman Erol To cite this article: Erol, Mehmet Erman (2020) ―From Dictatorship to ―Democracy‖: Neoliberal Continuity and Its Crisis in Tunisia‖, New Middle Eastern Studies 10 (2), pp. 147- 163. Online Publication Date: 30 December 2020 Disclaimer and Copyright The NMES editors make every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information contained in the journal. However, the Editors and the University of Leicester make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any purpose of the content and disclaim all such representations and warranties whether express or implied to the maximum extent permitted by law. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and not the views of the Editors or the University of Leicester. Copyright New Middle Eastern Studies, 2020. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from New Middle Eastern Studies, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed, in writing. Terms and Conditions This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Kirkpatrick, David D. "Moderate Islamist Party Heads Toward Victory in Tunisia."
    Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Kirkpatrick, David D. "Moderate Islamist Party Heads toward Victory in Tunisia." NY Times, ​ ​ New York Times, 24 Oct. 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/world/africa/ennahda-moderate-islamic-party-makes-stro ng-showing-in-tunisia-vote.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2020. This article was especially helpful for information about the results of Tunisia's election. It mentioned how the modern Islamic group is very proud that they managed to win control of a country using fair elections. This article is trustworthy because it was published by the New York Times, which is a mainstream source that has minimal bias. "Report: 338 Killed during Tunisia Revolution." AP News, 12 May 2012, ​ ​ apnews.com/f91b86df98c34fb3abedc3d2e8accbcf. Accessed 14 Feb. 2020. I used this source to find more specific numbers for the deaths and injuries that happened due to the Tunisian Arab Spring. This article was issued by AP News which is considered to have accurate news and minimal bias. Ritfai, Ryan. "Timeline: Tunisia's Uprising." Al-jazeera, 23 Jan. 2011, ​ ​ www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/tunisia/2011/01/201114142223827361.html. Accessed 14 Feb. 2020. I used this source to affirm descriptive details such as the exact dates for important events. Al-Jazeera published this article and is considered accurate, liable, and unbiased. Ryan, Yasmine. "The Tragic Life of a Street Vendor." Al-jazeera, ​ ​ www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201111684242518839.html. Accessed 6 Ahmad 1 Feb. 2020. I used this source to find out if Ben Ali visited Bouazizi in the hospital. This article was published by Al-Jazeera which is a fact reporting and unbiased source.
    [Show full text]
  • The Exodus of the Tunisian Jewish Population 1954-1967
    The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy SEEKING A PLACE IN A NATION: THE EXODUS OF THE TUNISIAN JEWISH POPULATION 1954-1967 A Thesis Submitted to: The Center for Middle Eastern Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Sean Haley Table of Contents 1) Introduction and Theoretical Framework………………………………..3 2) Tunisian Jewry and the Birth of a Nation-State: The Independence of Tunisia 1954- 1957……………………………………………………………………...21 3) The State Takes Shape: The Reordering of the Jewish Community and Tunisian Constitution 1958-1959………………………………………………….35 4) Casualties of Colonialism? Tunisian Jews, Identity and the 1961 Bizerte Crisis……………………………………………………………………..54 5) A Far Away War and Self-Imposed Exile: 1967, Identity and the Tunisian Jews………………………………………………………………………70 6) Conclusion………………………………………………………………..82 7) Bibliography……………………………………………………………...90 2 Introduction In the eleven years after the independence and creation of the Republic of Tunisia, the population of the Jewish community declined by approximately 88.7% because of emigration to France, Israel, and other countries. This period, as will be shown, was critical in shaping the ethno-religious arrangement of peoples in Tunisia today. This occurred because a centralizing newly-independent state created a nation through identity based upon citizenship. Tunisia is a particularly good case study of homogenizing post-colonial nation-states because the government never sought to exclude any part of the population through direct action. Instead, domestic and international events that shook the nation and had an impact on the Jewish minority, such as independence, the reorganization of the Jewish community of 1958, the 1961 Bizerte Crisis and the Six Day War, made a solution such as exile palatable for the Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Report
    National Approaches to Extremism TUNISIA Tasnim Chirchi, Intissar Kherigi, Khaoula Ghribi The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no. 870772 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870772 Consortium Members CONNEKT COUNTRY REPORTS Published by the European Institute of the Mediterranean D3.2 COUNTRY REPORTS ON NATIONAL APPROACHES TO EXTREMISM Framing Violent Extremism in the MENA region and the Balkans TUNISIA Tasnim Chirchi, Director, Jasmine Foundation for Research and Communication Intissar Kherigi, Director of Programs, Jasmine Foundation for Research and Communication Khaoula Ghribi, Researcher, Jasmine Foundation for Research and Communication This publication is part of the WP3 of the project, lead by the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Editors: Corinne Torrekens and Daphné de le Vingne Reviewers: Lurdes Vidal and Jordi Moreras Editorial team: Mariona Rico and Elvira García Layout: Núria Esparza December 2020 This publication reflects only the views of the author(s); the European Commission and Research Executive Agency are not responsible for any information it contains. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union or the European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed). Framing Violent Extremism in the MENA region and the Balkans Tunisia Overview1 COUNTRY PROFILE Government system During the period between Tunisia’s independence in 1956 and the 2011 Revolution, the Tunisian political system was a republican presidential system based on a single ruling party (the Neo-Destour Party, during Bourguiba’s period, and the Democratic and Constitutional Rally (RCD) party under Ben Ali’s era).
    [Show full text]
  • Political Transition in Tunisia
    Political Transition in Tunisia Alexis Arieff Analyst in African Affairs April 15, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21666 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Political Transition in Tunisia Summary On January 14, 2011, President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country for Saudi Arabia following weeks of mounting anti-government protests. Tunisia’s mass popular uprising, dubbed the “Jasmine Revolution,” appears to have added momentum to anti-government and pro-reform sentiment in other countries across the region, and some policy makers view Tunisia as an important “test case” for democratic transitions elsewhere in the Middle East. Ben Ali’s departure was greeted by widespread euphoria within Tunisia. However, political instability, economic crisis, and insecurity are continuing challenges. On February 27, amid a resurgence in anti-government demonstrations, Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi (a holdover from Ben Ali’s administration) stepped down and was replaced by Béji Caïd Essebsi, an elder statesman from the administration of the late founding President Habib Bourguiba. On March 3, the interim government announced a new transition “road map” that would entail the election on July 24 of a “National Constituent Assembly.” The Assembly would, in turn, be charged with promulgating a new constitution ahead of expected presidential and parliamentary elections, which have not been scheduled. The protest movement has greeted the road map as a victory, but many questions remain concerning its implementation. Until January, Ben Ali and his Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) party exerted near-total control over parliament, state and local governments, and most political activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Arab Forum on Asset Recovery
    REPORT OF THE ARAB FORUM ON ASSET RECOVERY A. Opening Session 1. The opening session was chaired by Dr. Ali Bin Fetais Al Marri, Attorney General of Qatar, the panel of distinguished speakers featured H.E. Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar; H.E Moncef Marzouki, President of Tunisia; a Video message from President Barak Obama, President of the United States of America; Mr. Mike Froman, U.S. Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs, United States of America; H.E. Dr. Nabil el-Arabi, Secretary General of the Arab League; and Mr. Leonard McCarthy, Vice President, Institutional Integrity, World Bank. Dr. Al Marri opened the Forum by welcoming participants to Doha and stressing that the recovery of assets required the cooperation by all countries represented at the Forum. He further underscored both the ethical and legal responsibility of all states to aid in the return of stolen assets to the legitimate owners. 2. H.E. Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa al Thani warmly welcomed all the delegations to Qatar and recognized that the Forum came at a crucial moment in the international effort to recover stolen and misappropriated monies and return the same to the Arab countries in transition. He emphasized that the goals of the Arab Forum on Asset Recovery require cooperation between countries and that while the measures taken thus far were laudable, it was hoped that the Forum would further advance efforts to facilitate the recovery and return of assets. 3. H.E. President Moncef Marzouki addressed the issue of asset recovery and economic freedoms in the context of the Arab Spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Washington, D C Bureau of Research
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 038 074 72 FL 001 726 AUTHOR Azzouz, Azzedine, Comp.; And Others TITLE Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 4, /lumber 1, 1970. INSTITUTION Agence Tunisienne de Public Relations, Tunis (Tunisia). SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.; Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D C Bureau of Research. REPORT NO TT-70-58034-1 BUREAU NO BR-7-1275 PUB DATE 70 NOTE 31p. EDES PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$1.65 DESCRIPTORS Adult Education, *Annotated Bibliographies, Educational Administration, Educational Methods, Educational Needs, Educational Objectives, Educational Planning, Educational Practice, *Educational Problems, *Educational Programs, *Foreign Countries, Instructional Aids, Instructional Materials, Instructional Program Divisions, *International Education, Statistical Studies, Teacher Education IDENTIFIERS Algeria, Libya, *Maghreb Countries, Morocco, Tunisia ABSTRACT A 100-item bibliography with abstracts of books, newspaper articles, and periodical articlesin English and French published predominantly in )969 offers information on various aspects of education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Emphasis is placed on sections dealing with educational organization in primary, secondary, vocational, and higher education; and the structure of educational organization in North Africa. Less extensive sections deal with:(1) educational philosophy, administration, statistics, and cooperation;(2) adult, teacher, religious, artistic, and special education; and (3) teaching aids and special problems. English translations of foreign titles are provided and the country under consideration is noted. For companion documents see ED 026 892, ED 026 920, ED 029 527, ED 031 123, ED 032 818, and ED 034 455. (RL) SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ALGERIA LIBYA MOROCCO FA- TUNISIA Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Revolution Constitutionalism: the Impact of Drafting Processes on the Constitutional Documents in Tunisia and Egypt by Ahmed El-Sayed
    Vol. 2 (2014) Post-Revolution Constitutionalism: The Impact of Drafting Processes on the Constitutional Documents in Tunisia and Egypt by Ahmed El-Sayed Vol. 2 (2014) Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Andrea Büchler, University of Zurich, Switzerland Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Bettina Dennerlein, University of Zurich, Switzerland Prof. Dr. Gianluca Parolin, American University in Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Mathias Rohe, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Dr. Eveline Schneider Kayasseh, University of Zurich, Switzerland Dr. Prakash A. Shah, Queen Mary, University of London, UK Dr. Nadjma Yassari, Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, Hamburg, Germany Vol. 2 (2014) Published by The Center for Islamic and Middle Eastern Legal Studies (CIMELS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Suggested citation style Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (EJIMEL), Vol. 2 (2014), pages, http://www.ejimel.uzh.ch ISSN 1664-5707 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Cover photo: © PRILL Mediendesign/Fotolia.com Post-Revolution Constitutionalism | by Ahmed El-Sayed Post-Revolution Constitutionalism: The Impact of Drafting Processes on the Constitutional Documents in Tunisia and Egypt* by Ahmed El-Sayed** Abstract This paper seeks to address the constitutional paths that followed the Arab awakening in both Tunisia and Egypt. The Tunisian constitutional process, despite some tensions, was largely peaceful and consensual. On the other hand, the process in Egypt of establishing a new constitutional arrangement had been tumultuous with repercussions that are likely to linger on for a protracted period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • What Does Mohammed Morsi's Death Mean for Egypt?
    THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION THE CURRENT: What does Mohammed Morsi’s death mean for Egypt? June 18, 2019 PARTICIPANTS: Host: Adrianna Pita, Office of Communications, Brookings Guest: Shadi Hamid, Senior Fellow, Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings (MUSIC) PITA: You're listening to “The Current,” part of the Brookings Podcast Network. With us today is Shadi Hamid, a senior fellow in our Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings. On Monday, former Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi, imprisoned since the mass protests and military coup that ousted him from office in 2013, died in Cairo. Shadi, what do we know so far about what happened? HAMID: Yes, so, Morsi died in court, obviously unexpectedly. He was there for an espionage trial. He's been charged with any number of things and he's been in and out of court since the coup in 2013. There have been concerns, repeated concerns from the international community about lack of adequate health care. He's had various health problems, and Egyptian prisons aren't exactly the best place to be if you have health problems, so that had been a concern for a long time. And I think international organizations are calling for investigations into what happened. What was the extent of his health care, or lack thereof? But, he died in court, which is a striking image. PITA: What has international reaction been so far from regional leaders and such? HAMID: So, at this point, there have been some interesting reactions from Erdoğan. So, Erdoğan called Mohammed Morsi a martyr. And Erdoğan is of the Justice and Development Party, the AK Party, in Turkey, which shares some similarities with the Muslim Brotherhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Islamism in Tunisia and Egypt: Contradictory Trajectories
    religions Article Post-Islamism in Tunisia and Egypt: Contradictory Trajectories Houssem Ben Lazreg Department of Modern Languages & Cultural Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; [email protected] Abstract: In the wake of the Tunisian Revolution of 2011, Ennahda leader Rached Ghannouchi distanced his party from the main Islamist paradigm, which is spearheaded primarily by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, and announced the separation of the religious movement entirely from its political wing (al-Siyasi and al-da’awi). In addition to reassuring Tunisians that Ennahda’s socio- political project is rooted in its “Tunisianity,” these measures aimed at signaling Ennahda’s joining the camp of post-Islamist parties and Muslim democrats such as the AKP in Turkey and the JDP in Morocco. In this article, using the comparative case studies, I examine the patterns, similarities, and differences between the Tunisian Ennahda party and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in terms of their evolutions from an Islamist to a post-Islamist discourse and identity. I argue that the Ennahda party outpaced the Muslim Brotherhood in that shift considering the local/regional realities and the new compromises dictated by the post-revolutionary political processes in both countries. Although the Muslim Brotherhood managed to come to power and govern for only one year before being deposed by the army, Ennahda’s political pragmatism (consensus, compromise, and coalition) enabled it to fare well, ultimately prodding the party to adapt and reposition itself intellectually and politically. Keywords: Ennahda party; Islamism; Muslim brotherhood; post-Islamism; political Islam; Rached Citation: Ben Lazreg, Houssem. Ghannouchi 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisians Vote in Historic Runoff First Free Presidential Election in Post-Revolution Tunisia
    MONDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2014 Iraq Kurd chief 2014 frustrates US hopes for Mideast peace hails advances Page 8 Page 8 ARIANA, Tunisia: A Tunisian woman wearing the national flag casts her vote yesterday at a polling station near Tunis. — AFP Tunisians vote in historic runoff First free presidential election in post-revolution Tunisia TUNIS: Tunisians voted in the runoff of thousands of soldiers and police to of restraint shown by candidates dur- the country’s first free presidential provide polling day security. By 1330 ing campaigning but said they election yesterday, with authorities GMT, turnout reached 36.8 percent, believed Tunisia was on the path to urging a big turnout to consolidate election organisers said. Polls were democracy. “Our candidates and their democracy after a chaotic four-year due to close at 6:00 pm (1700 GMT) policies perhaps aren’t the best but transition. Just hours before polling and the result could be announced as we’re moving forward - the dictator- began at 8:00 am (0700 GMT), troops early as Monday evening. ship is over,” said shopkeeper guarding ballot papers in the central Mohammed Taieb. In an Internet region of Kairouan came under attack Mudslinging During the Campaign video posted Wednesday, jihadists and shot dead one assailant and cap- A first round on Nov 23 saw Essebsi claimed the 2013 murder of two secu- tured three, the defence ministry said. win 39 percent of the vote, six per- lar politicians that plunged Tunisia Prime Minister Mehdi Jomaa con- centage points ahead of Marzouki, a into crisis, and warned of more killings demned what he called a “desperate 69-year-old former rights activist of politicians and security forces.
    [Show full text]