THOMAS DUNCKERLEY and ENGLISH FREEMASONRY This Page Is Intentionally Left Blank THOMAS DUNCKERLEY and ENGLISH FREEMASONRY

THOMAS DUNCKERLEY AND ENGLISH FREEMASONRY This page is intentionally left blank THOMAS DUNCKERLEY AND ENGLISH FREEMASONRY

Susan Mitchell Sommers ROUTLEDGE Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2012 by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited

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Sommers, Susan Mitchell, 1961– omas Dunckerley and English freemasonry. 1. Dunckerley, omas, 1724–1795. 2. Freemasons – Great Britain – Biography. 3. Freemasonry – Great Britain – History – 18th century. I. Title 366.1’092-dc23

ISBN-13: 978-1-84893-358-3 (hbk)

Typeset by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited CONTENTS

Acknowledgements vii Biographical Prolegomenon xi

Prologue: In the A ermath of War 1 1 e Making of a Myth 5 2 ose he Le Behind 21 3 Dunckerley all at Sea 37 4 Dunckerley Ashore 49 5 e Trappings of Royalty 63 6 Making a Mason 75 7 Provincial Grand Master of England 89 8 Appendant Orders and Higher Degrees 107 9 Apotheosis 135 Epilogue 153 Addendum 157 Appendix 1 159 Appendix 2 163

Notes 165 Bibliography 191 Index 207 For Sophia ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

is study brings together the arts of biography, monograph and Masonic history to x an eighteenth-century naval veteran and Masonic luminary in a position he has never before occupied – his proper historical context. In the process of research and writing I have incurred so many debts across disciplines and continents that acknowledging them adequately is daunting. I must begin, however, with my colleagues at Saint Vincent College, who have been unstint- ing in their support and encouragement. Foremost amongst them is Fr. Rene Kollar, OSB, the Dean of the School of Humanities and Fine Arts. Rene is himself a distinguished scholar, and he diligently fosters the scholarly endeavours of his faculty. Over the years he has consistently found resources for my forays into fraternal history, and without his stalwart support this project would not have been possible. Likewise I deeply appreciate the support of the committee entrusted with awarding Faculty Research Grants, which partially funded the research for this study. Other colleagues at Saint Vincent and elsewhere who read dra s and o ered invaluable suggestions include Eric Du y, Br. Bruno Hei- sey, OSB, Phyllis Riddle, Jim W. Daniel and James Smith Allen. John Bedell and Bill Speck read the manuscript and asked sometimes painfully pointed questions which I took to heart, and for which I am grateful. Dede Lingle Ittner’s enthu- siastic reading of the entire dra convinced me that non-historians could have as much fun with Dunckerley’s story as I did. William D. Moore and Jan A. M. Snoek generously shared their work in manuscript, and are duly noted in the text. My most profound thanks are due to John M. Hamill, Aubrey Newman and Andrew Prescott, all outstanding scholars and masters of Masonic history. ey poured over my manuscript removing ‘Americanisms’, explained the more arcane aspects of eighteenth-century Freemasonry and pointed me in the right direction when I needed additional sources to get the story right. e nished text is much richer and more accurate for their tremendous skill and generosity. Any mistakes that crept in despite their attention are my own. All contemporary historical studies depend on a network of archives and libraries, as much for their professional sta as for the collections they contain. My rst thanks must go to the sta of the Latimer Family Library at Saint Vin-

– vii – viii Th omas Dunckerley and English Freemasonry cent College, especially Marlo Verilla, who was brilliant in ful lling my nearly endless interlibrary loan requests for obscure materials. Similarly high praise is due to my friends – for such they have become – at the Library and Museum of Freemasonry at the United Grand Lodge in London. Director of the Library and Museum Diane Clements heads a team of dedicated professionals with a thorough knowledge of their collections. I owe more than I can express to Susan Snell, Archivist and Records Manager, and Martin Cherry, Librarian. Fabulous in person, both have been endlessly patient in answering my persistent follow-up emails. Assistant Archivist Louise Pichel and Assistant Librarian Peter Aitken- head have also gone out of their way to be helpful, informative and welcoming. Robert L. D. Cooper, Curator of the Grand Lodge of Scotland Museum and Library, deserves similar recognition. He is a friend and colleague, and has been generous in providing access to rare publications. Other libraries and archives have played an important part in my research as well, especially in locating and reproducing heretofore misplaced primary sources. Both the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan and Surrey History Centre have generously granted permission to publish the three documents contained in the Appendices, all now in print for the rst time. I have also relied on the resources of Mark Tabbert at the George Washington Masonic Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia, and Aimee Newell and Je Cro- teau at the Museum of National Heritage in Lexington, Massachusetts. Richard Gan, Past Deputy Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons kindly allowed Andrew Prescott and me to consult the archives in Mark Mason Hall, and completed our visit with a memorable lunch. I must warmly acknowledge the international treasures that are the National Library of Scotland, the British Library and the National Archives at Kew, whose collections form the cornerstone of my research. I also owe a debt of several decades’ pro table shelf-searching to the Institute of Historical Research. However, as technology changes, so too do our methods. As a relatively isolated scholar working in the wilds of Pennsylvania, I found various online resources a welcome addition to bricks-and-mortar institutions. Online catalogues, as well as projects like the Internet Archive, London Lives 1690 to 1800, Old Bailey Online, FamilySearch and electronic resources available to me as an a liate of King’s College London made my research more e ective and sometimes almost magically instantaneous. anks to all. Several individuals deserve acknowledgement for their patient and informative correspondence, including John M. Hamill and Harriet Sandvall of the United Grand Lodge of England, Harry Dickinson of King’s College Lon- don, Stewart Brand, Archivist at the Devonshire Collection, Hannah Ishmael, Archives and Records Assistant of the Museums and Archives of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons, Katie Ormerod, Deputy Archivist of the Archives & Museum Acknowledgements ix of St Bartholomew’s Hospital, and Eva-Marie Felschow of the University of Geissen. I am deeply grateful for the invaluable research and correspondence of Pamela Clark, Registrar at the Royal Archives. My sincere thanks go to the Master and members of Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No. 2076 for their encouragement, and the opportunity to present my ndings at their 125th anniversary meeting in June 2011. It is customary to conclude acknowledgements with recognition of one’s family. I must expand the family circle a bit to include my colleague, mentor and boon companion Andrew Prescott. Without Andrew’s prodding, encouragement and critical eye, I would neither have undertaken nor completed this study. I am deeply appreciative of the love, support and patience of all members of my family in residence and scattered afar, especially Dallas and Alexander, but Sophia claims this book’s dedication as the price for leaving her ‘alone with the boys again’ every time I vanished into the archives. This page is intentionally left blank BIOGRAPHICAL PROLEGOMENON

omas Dunckerley (1720–95) cut a swathe through late eighteenth-century English Freemasonry. Over the last quarter of that century, Dunckerley set an important example by building up the provincial organization of the Grand Lodge in southern England, serving as Provincial Grand Master for eight Masonic provinces by the early 1790s, and establishing a model of local gov- ernance which has deeply in uenced provincial Freemasonry in England to the present day. Dunckerley also took a leading part in the integration of the Royal Arch into the activities of the Modern Grand Lodge, presiding over Royal Arch Masonry in eleven counties. Dunckerley enthusiastically and e ectively pro- moted other degrees, commanding both the English Knights Templar and the recently formalized Royal Ark Masons. ere is even some evidence that he had in mind the creation of a women’s order or English Adoptive Rite.1 His life and accomplishments were celebrated by his Masonic colleagues, especially in the provinces, and during his lifetime biographical sketches appeared in the contemporary Masonic press.2 In the nineteenth century, Dunckerley’s biography was made to serve new purposes, as it was emphasized by Masonic admirers who portrayed him as an example of just the sort of gentleman, Christian and Freemason the British Empire had need of in the Victorian era. ey were particularly impressed by his twenty-year naval career, the centrepiece of which was his participation in the Siege of Quebec in 1759, cited as evidence of his manifest heroism and loyal sacri ce.3 Still other Masonic writers, these with the goal of an explicit re-Chris- tianization of the Order, held up Dunckerley as a Masonic sage, and credited him with an intellectual as well as administrative reformation of Cra Masonry.4 Despite his importance in the eighteenth century, and his celebrity in the nineteenth, today omas Dunckerley is virtually unknown outside a select circle of Masonic historians. is is a pity for several reasons. First, his signi cance in the creation of the structure of modern English and, through that, American Freemasonry in itself deserves recognition. Second, his life story is engaging, and makes entertaining reading. Lastly, and most important, Dunckerley’s personal story is set against the broad transformations a ecting Western societies

– xi – xii Th omas Dunckerley and English Freemasonry between 1750 and 1850. Historians frequently argue this was a time of uncom- monly rapid and pervasive change or, as Dror Wahrman has termed it, ‘of radical discontinuity’.5 It was an age when social and political remnants of the medieval world were de nitively le behind by the dust of revolutions, and the foundations of modernity rose everywhere on the horizons. Technological advances transformed the business of life across society, while innovations in travel, scien- ti c equipment, medicine and the military meant that Westerners could travel further, trade and conquer with greater impunity than ever before, and still stand a reasonable chance of making it home to tell their version of the tale. Against this backdrop, some daring individuals seized the chance to trans- form themselves as well, taking advantage of poor communications, shoddy record-keeping, shi ing social de nitions and previously unheard-of oppor- tunities to leave their homes, families, even social status behind, and de ne themselves anew, somewhere far away. Many literally ‘made a name for themselves’ by abandoning their former identity, vanishing into one of the great wars of the eighteenth century, or the empire-building projects of the nineteenth. Others, like omas Dunckerley, chose a more modest pathway to personal aggrandizement by abandoning only the inconvenient parts of their family history, and indulging in eighteenth-century style résumé enhancement. For Dunckerley, personal rebranding was a conscious e ort, with results he could not have foreseen. PROLOGUE: IN THE AFTERMATH OF WAR

e Treaty of Paris was signed in February 1763, o cially ending the hostili- ties between France and Great Britain that lay at the heart of the global con ict we call the Seven Years’ War. Hundreds of thousands of men were consequently demobilized in Britain, France and across the Continent. Britain alone had around 200,000 men in its army, militia and navy by the end of the war.1 Even though Great Britain kept a strong contingent of regular troops stationed in the American colonies, many more went home to the uncertainties of civilian life. Among them, omas Dunckerley, master gunner and sometime teacher of mathematics, had ample reason to be concerned. On 31 May 1763 he was paid o , having served most recently as gunner on HMS Prince, a second-rate ship of the line. is had been his most prestigious naval posting, and was the culmina- tion of a career that dated back to at least 1744. at spring he was forty-two years old, with a family to support, and no real prospects. Dunckerley came from a modest but respectable family, though with no for- mal education and no inheritance he looked rather grimly towards the peace. He was not, however, entirely without assets he could leverage. According to contemporary accounts, Dunckerley was intelligent, articulate, ambitious and he carried himself like the gentleman he longed to be. Rather, he comported himself as the gentleman he was convinced he had to be, for the sake of his readily admitted pride, and because he had concluded that only a signi cant rise in his social status could bring the nancial stability he need to support his extended family and meet past obligations.2 He also claimed to be £300 in debt, a ruinous sum in the eighteenth century when individuals could not declare bankruptcy unless they were in business. Faced with demanding creditors, ordinary people like Dunckerley were sent to debtors’ prisons until debts were paid or settled, which was of course di cult to accomplish from prison.3 In May 1764, Dunckerley completed the paperwork that would provide him with a pension of almost £45 per annum. Since warrant o cers were not auto- matically eligible for any pension, this was more than most of his superannuated (retired) colleagues could expect, but it was nowhere near enough.4 In this, as in other di cult situations, Dunckerley relied for assistance on his family’s long-

– 1 – 2 Th omas Dunckerley and English Freemasonry time patron, Sir Edward Walpole, son of Sir Robert Walpole. Dunckerley’s late grandmother, Elizabeth Bolnest, was a physician’s widow who had served as infant nurse to Sir Edward for several years a er his birth in 1706.5 By the 1760s, Walpole’s childhood attachment had taken the form of benevolent interven- tions on behalf of three generations of Bolnest’s family. Sir Edward secured the grace-and-favour apartments at Somerset House occupied by Bolnest, as well as those of her widowed daughter, Mary Dunckerley.6 Walpole successfully rec- ommended omas Dunckerley’s mother and daughter for small government pensions. Of greater interest for our story, Walpole assisted omas Dunckerley as he sought advancement in the Royal Navy.7 But now Dunckerley apparently needed more than Sir Edward was able or willing to provide. He sought a prestigious position and social advancement and, a er decades of faithful patronage, Walpole failed to deliver. Perhaps Dunck- erley was too proud to ask – or maybe he thought his merit and need were so apparent that he should not have to be speci c. More likely, the social barrier he endeavoured to overcome was simply too steep. However essential a gunner was to the safety and e ectiveness of a warship, he was nonetheless not a gentleman.8 Whatever the cause of the initial breakdown between erstwhile patron and cli- ent, it certainly produced surprising results. Already thinking himself both an o cer and gentleman, Dunckerley sought genteel ‘Employment in any Depart- ment that is adequate to my poor abilities, and which would not depress me beneath the character of a Gentleman’.9 If Sir Edward could not provide such an employment, Dunckerley would see to it himself. Distressingly, the way clear was not immediately apparent. Masonic historian William Moss suggests that in the year before his pension became payable, Dunckerley’s nances were so perilous that he attempted to raise funds by publishing a book, Th e Complete Freemason: Multa Paucis, for Lovers of Secrets.10 is awkwardly produced and anonymous little book was aimed at Freemasons – a burgeoning market in the 1760s. Dunckerley was initiated into Freemasonry in 1754 and, aside from his own manifest enthusiasm for the Cra , he knew that its popularity was generally on the rise. During the Seven Years’ War, Freema- sonry spread rapidly outside London, proliferating in port towns and military regiments. Moss argues that internal clues, such as otherwise unnecessary ref- erences to William Byron, Lord Chester eld, Somerset House, Quebec and ‘sea lodges’, point quite plausibly to Dunckerley as the author. He suggests that Dunckerley put the work together in that period between his retirement in 1763 and the availability of his rst pension payment in late 1764 or early 1765. Cut- ting it rather close, Moss posits Dunckerley published it as a nancial stopgap, but when sales were sluggish and the printer’s bill came due, he was faced with debtors’ prison or going back to sea.11 Dunckerley chose a trip to the Mediter- ranean, signing on as an able seaman on HMS Guadaloupe under John Ruthven. Prologue 3

According to the ship’s register, Dunckerley signed on in January 1765, joining his teenage son, who had come aboard in August 1764.12 It was probably about this time – between January and April 1765 – that Dunckerley devised an audacious plan. At some point, he either recognized or heard the suggestion that he bore a striking resemblance to members of the royal family. ough the quality of Dunckerley’s extant portraits makes it di cult for us to see it now, there are enough contemporary reports that it seems quite likely to have been the case.13 Using this as a starting point, omas Dunckerley proceeded to provide an explanation for the purported resemblance, composing and circulating a complicated and immensely engaging story, which he claimed was his late mother’s deathbed confession of her seduction and adultery and his own illegitimacy. e story was a sensation as it made the rounds of the Free- masons and military men with whom Dunckerley shared it. At its heart was the assertion that omas Dunckerley was not the son of Adam Dunckerley, porter at Somerset House. Rather, he was the son of a king.14

Notes and Caveats In January 17⁄, omas Dunckerley passed the Trinity House examination that quali ed him to teach on shipboard.15 Onboard schoolmasters were introduced in 1702, to make up for de ciencies in the general education of young o cer can- didates.16 ough schoolmasters never became part of the regular complement of o cers and o cials on every ship in the Royal Navy, they were common enough for a standard curriculum of mathematics, dra ing and calligraphy to be estab- lished. While Dunckerley’s elegant handwriting is an eloquent testimony to his pro ciency in that skill, for a teacher of mathematics he is surprisingly cavalier with numbers. us, when Dunckerley claims to have been born in 1724, or to have been made (initiated as) a Mason in 1747, or to have been a Grand O cer in Freemasonry for twenty-one years, we need to understand that these gures, rather like the ages of the patriarchs in the Old Testament, serve a purpose other than the plain truth. At least with regard to dates, Dunckerley used numbers as they suited his need at the time, and it would be a mistake to dedicate much e ort to reconciling them with the dates or the passage of time indicated by contemporary documentation. Such attempts have proved maddening for earlier Dunckerley admirers, and obscured what the man was actually about. Unlike an erratic use of dates, which was of Dunckerley’s own devising, early modern spelling also seems daringly inventive to our eyes. In the eighteenth century, standard modern spelling was only just coming into fashion amongst the literate, and most people were not formally schooled. Faced with spelling choices made idiosyncratic by variations in accent and education, researchers sometimes resort to sounding out the words on the page to divine what they were meant to 4 Th omas Dunckerley and English Freemasonry be. Along with other words, the spelling of names was in a state of ux during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and so the reader will encounter consider- able variation, most notably in the spelling of both Dunckerley and Bolnest. In this study, unfamiliar spellings typically arise from one of three sources. e rst is modern variations between British and American English. Next comes common eighteenth-century abbreviations, such as ye for ‘ye’ or you. e nal source is phonetic spellings that were a ected by regional or class dialects. No note will be made of the rst or the second though, when appropriate and convenient, the third will be noted or, in extreme cases, translated. One nal caveat is in order. Having hinted at what this study is about; it is only fair to enter a little disclaimer about what it is not. omas Duncker- ley’s name is mentioned in many explorations of Masonic history. He is credited with creating or introducing Orders, degrees, rituals, symbols and catechisms. Dunckerley is likewise hailed as the founding father of Freemasonry in various English Masonic provinces and even places outside Britain. He is honoured as a hero and crowned a Masonic genius. In many instances, Dunckerley’s reputa- tion has made him the default progenitor for all things good in modern English Freemasonry. e present study addresses few of these points directly, and some not at all. In some cases, this biography will conclusively disprove one or another of the fraternity’s most cherished beliefs about a man who undoubtedly played a key role in its development during his lifetime. It is therefore important to recall that this study is an attempt to lay out a more accurate and complete version of Dunckerley’s biography than has heretofore been either attempted or accom- plished. is means, of course, that the volume you hold is not a biography of Freemasonry, but only of a Freemason. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Journals

Ashman P.E., ‘Heraldry and the Law of Arms in England’, Journal of Legal History, 9:1 (1988), pp. 50–86. Brodsky, M. L., ‘Why Was the Cra De-Christianized?’, AQC, 99 (1986), pp. 151–66. Brookhouse, J. C., ‘ e Good Samaritans or Royal Ark Masons in Politics; With a Note on Some of eir Members’, AQC, 24 (1911), pp. 81–106. Bullock, S. C., ‘A Mumper among the Gentle: Tom Bell, Colonial Con dence Man’, William and Mary Quarterly ird Series 55 no. 2 (April, 1998), pp. 231–258. Cebula, L., ‘A Counterfeit Identity: e Notorious Life of Stephen Burroughs’ Historian 64 no. 2 (winter 2002), pp. 316–33. Coombes, R., ‘Fraternal communications: the rise of the English Masonic periodical’, Masonic Periodicals Online London, pp. Library and Museum of Freemasonry (2009) http, pp.// mpol.cch.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/coombes.html (accessed 8 January, 2012). Church of England Quarterly Review (1837), vol. 2, p. 232. 204 Th omas Dunckerley and English Freemasonry

Culbertson, J. C. (ed.), ‘ e Physiological E ects of Goats’ Lymph’, Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, 88 (1902), pp. 122–4. Dashwood, J. R., ‘ e Falsi cation of the Royal Arch Charter of Compact’, AQC, 64 (1951), pp.136–7. Dawson, N., ‘English Trademark Law in the Eighteenth Century: Blanchard vs Hill Revisited – Another Case of “Monopolies”?’, Journal of Legal History, 24:2 (2003), pp. 111–42. ‘ e German University Degree Trade’, British Medical Journal, 2 (London: British Medical Association, 1863), p. 583. Goodman, P., ‘American Jewish Bookplates’, American Jewish Historical Society Publications 45 (1955/66), pp.129–216. Gould, R. F., ‘Sadler’s Life of Dunckerley’, AQC, 4 (1891), pp.164–8. —, ‘Masonic Celebrities’, AQC, 5 (1892), pp. 96–100. —, ‘Freemasonry in Portsmouth’, AQC, 7 (1894), pp. 96–9. Ha ner, C., ‘Politics and Freemasonry,’ AQC, 104 (1991), Hamill, J. M., ‘English Royal Arch Ms. Rituals, 1780–c. 1830’, AQC, 95 (1982), pp. 37–54. —, ‘ omas Dunckerley’s Exaltation’, AQC, 97 (1984), p. 229. Hamilton, C. I., ‘Naval Hagiography and the Victorian Hero’, Historical Journal 23 no. 2 (June 1980), pp. 381–98. Harris, R., A .J. B. Milborne and J. Case., ‘Freemasonry at the Two Sieges of Louisbourg, 1745 and 1758’, Papers of the Canadian Masonic Research Association (Toronto: Heritage Lodge No. 730, 1958), vol. 2, paper 46, pp. 1–54. ‘Interesting Relic Found’, New Age Magazine, 28 (1920), p. 239. James, P.R., ‘ e Cruce x and Oliver A air’, AQC, 74 (1961), pp. 53–70. Jones, M., ‘What Should Historians Do With Heroes? Re ections on Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Britain’, History Compass, 5:2 (2007), pp. 439–54. Keyes, W., ‘Diary of Willard Keyes’ Wisconsin Magazine of History 3 (March, 1920), pp. 339– 63. and Wisconsin Magazine of History 4 (June, 1920), pp. 443–645. Lepper, J. H., ‘ e Traditioners’, AQC, 57 (1945), pp. 138–204 and AQC, 58 (1946), pp. 264–170. Lyons, C. A., ‘Mapping an Atlantic Sexual Culture: Homoeroticism in Eighteenth-century Philadelphia’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 60:1 (January 2003), pp. 119–54. Mandelberg, J. and D. Clements, ‘ e isletons: A Nineteenth-century Masonic Family’, AQC, 120 (2007), pp. 172–206. Mendoza, H., ‘ e Articles of Union and the Orders of Chivalry’, AQC, 93 (1980), pp. 59–76. Middlebrook, S., ‘Samuel Peters: A Yankee Munchausen’, New England Quarterly 20 no.1 (March, 1947), pp. 75–87. Newman, A., ‘Politics and Freemasonry’, AQC, 104 (1991), pp. 32–50. —, ‘ e Signi cance of the Provinces for the Masonic Historian’, AQC, 112 (1999), pp. 1–12. Works Cited 205

Peabody, D., ‘Henry Sadler: e First Grand Librarian’, MQ Magazine, 5 (Apr. 2003), http:// www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/p-07.php (accessed 10 November 2010). Prescott, A., ‘Iolo Morganwg and Freemasonry’, Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry (2007) http, pp.//www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/prescott10.html (accessed 27 July 2011). —, ‘ e Old Charges Revisited’, Transactions of the Lodge of Research No. 2429 (2006), pp. 25–38. Rotch, C. D., ‘ omas Dunckerley and the Lodge of Friendship’, AQC, 56 (1943), pp. 59–113. Sandbach, R., ‘Robert omas Cruce x, 1788–1850’, AQC, 102 (1989), pp.134–63. Sandvall, H., ‘Half a Penny a Day for ree Years: e Remarkable Story of Croydon’s Asylum for Worthy, Aged and Decayed Freemasons (Part 1)’, Library and Museum News for the Friends of the Library and Museum of Freemasonry, 29 (winter 2010), pp. 3–8. Savage, H. J., ‘ e Saucy Arethusa’, Journal of American Folklore, 34:134 (October–December 1921), pp. 377–85. Shy, A., ‘ e Confession of Mary Bolnist’, Quarto, 1:7 (April 1997), pp. 7–8. Waples, W., ‘ e State of Masonry in Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1725–1814, Part II’, AQC, 73 (1960), pp. 14–35. Ward, E., ‘More Notes on Ebenezer Sibly’, AQC, 72 (1958), pp. 126–7. —, ‘ e Baldwyn Rite – An Impartial Survey’, AQC, 71 (1959), pp. 28–46. Wonnacott, W., ‘ e Rite of the Seven Degrees in London’, AQC, 39 (1928), pp. 63–98. Wright, W. H. K. (ed.), ‘Notes on the Ex Libris Exhibition’, Journal of the Ex Libris Society 2 (1883), pp. 1–6. —, ‘Sober Society’, Journal of the Ex Libris Society 3 (1894), p. 15 —, ‘Catalogue of the Sixth Annual Exhibition of the Ex Libris Society, June 10th & 11th, 1897’, Journal of the Ex Libris Society 6 (1897), p. 35. Yarker, J., ‘ e High Grades in Bristol and Bath’, AQC, 17 (1904), pp. 88–90.

Unpublished Materials

Hall, D., From Powder Monkey to Provincial Grand Master, Provincial Lecture (London: Library and Museum of Freemasonry, 1993/4). Kopper, K., ‘Arthur St. Clair and the Struggle for Power in the Old Northwest, 1763–1803’, Doctoral dissertation, Kent State University, 2005. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf. cgi/Kopper%20Kevin%20Katrick.pdf?kent1113952769 (accessed 21 September 2010). Moore, W. D., ‘Darius Wilson, Con dence Games, and the Limits of American Fraternal respectability, 1875–1915’, Paper presented at the ird International Conference on the History of Freemasonry, Alexandria, Virginia, May 27–30, 2011. Prescott, A. and S. M. Sommers, ‘“Sister” Dunckerley’, Les femmes et la fr anc-maçonnerie, des Lumières à nos jours, 7–19 June 2010. 206 Th omas Dunckerley and English Freemasonry

— ‘Two Electronic Resources for the Study of Freemasonry’, La Masoneria en Madrid y en España del Siglo XVIII al XXI, Madrid, 2–6 September 2003. Sommers, S. M., ‘Ebenezer Sibly: e Mystical Doctor’, Paper presented at the Canonbury Masonic Research Centre, Tenth International Conference, Freemasonry & the Sciences. October 25, 2008. —, ‘ e Apotheosis of omas Dunckerley’, Paper presented at the ird International Conference on the History of Freemasonry, George Washington Masonic Memorial, Alexandria, Virginia, 27–29 May 2011. —, ‘Arthur St. Clair’, in Le Monde Maçonnique au XVIIIe siècle. Eds. Cecile Révauger and Charles Porset. Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux , forthcoming, 2012. —, ‘Samuel Peters’, in Le Monde Maçonnique au XVIIIe siècle. Eds. Cecile Révauger and Charles Porset. Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux , forthcoming, 2012. —, ‘Job’s Children’, unpublished manuscript.