Regional Identity in Elite Discourse

CEU eTD Collection I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF R EGIONAL A DVISOR C N ENTRAL ATIONALISM : T P HE CASE STUDY OF ROFESSOR I B DENTITY IN DENTITY M UDAPEST E ASTER OF T UROPEAN IBOR 2007 S BY TUDIES D , T H R ORÓ UNGARY . E A A U LITE RTS NDRÁS B P NIVERSITY ROGRAM ANAT D ISCOURSE K OVÁCS CEU eTD Collection Student ResearchGrant. Student for The financial researchwasprovidedbyNationalism Program’s support the Studies rules. internal library’s the violating of price the with even sometimes head of Eugen Library from Todoran for providingTimisoara, all I needed, material the that and make useful comments findingread for time Millerto Michael the Lawrence to grateful further writingon Iam process. my writings. Finally, and comments the whichhemeI suggestions, gave in of critical research the the points and the want to thank to Vasile D.foremostFirst and Iwould my thank like his advisor, AndrásKovács for to to supportandfor Acknowledgments ii ğ âra, the CEU eTD Collection ILORPY...... 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... APPENDIXES...... 71 66 VII...... CONCLUSIONS VI. POLITICAL ELITES – USAGES OF THE REGIONAL 52 DISCOURSE...... V. ESSAYISTS, EDITORIALISTS AND THEIR DISCOURSE...... 37 IV. BANAT AND “BANATEAN” IDENTITY IN THE 19 ACADEMIC LITERATURE ...... III. THE REGION BANAT 15 – HISTORICAL ...... CONTEXT I OLCIEIETT N ICUS NLSS HOYADMTOOOY...5 AND ANALYSIS– THEORYMETHODOLOGY...... IDENTITYANDDISCOURSE COLLECTIVE II. 1 I. INTRODUCTION...... 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. A N A R B B R D A C ‘B C C R D C W EFERENCES TO PAST TO EFERENCES ANATEANS ANDANATEANS THE ANATEAN IDENTITY ADU OMANIAN NATIONALIZING AND HOMOGENIZING OMANIANDISCOURSE NATIONALIZING OMMUNISM ANDTHE ONTINUITIES AND DISCONTINUITIES IN THE HISTORICAL PRESENTATIONS HISTORICAL IN THE ANDONTINUITIES DISCONTINUITIES ONSTRUCTING THE REGIONAL IDENTITY ONSTRUCTING REGIONAL THE OLLECTIVE IDENTITY RTICLES STUDIED IN STUDIED RTICLES EWSPAPER AND JOURNAL ARTICLES STUDIED IN STUDIED ARTICLES JOURNAL AND EWSPAPER CADEMIC LITERATURE STUDIED IN STUDIED CADEMIC LITERATURE ANIEL LIN ISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES COLLECTIVE OF ISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION HAT IS CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS DISCOURSE HATIS CRITICAL ANATEANS G P AVRELIUC AVEL V IGHI ’ G AND THE ...... 41 ...... HEO ...... 39 ...... 44 ...... , , P PRESENT AND FUTURE AND PRESENT ‘ B ...... 7 ...... 1989 OTHERS ART ‘ ANATEAN CONSCIOUSNESS OTHERS I...... 75 ...... VI R EVOLUTION ...... 58 ’...... 29 ...... ’ P ART Table of contents ...... 5 ?...... – ...... 32 ...... V...... 71 ...... IV ALTERNATIVE ACADEMIC LITERATURE ON LITERATURE ACADEMIC ALTERNATIVE ...... 61 ...... P iii ART ...... 54 ...... 72 V...... 11 ...... 20 ...... 26 ...... B ANAT ...... 23 ...... CEU eTD Collection WORK 65 OF THE POLITICAL ...... ELITE IN THE REALIZATIONS ANDLINGUISTIC 3–STRATEGIES,ARGUMENTATIONS TABLE WORK OF THE THREE ESSAY WRITERS AND 51 EDITORIALISTS...... IN THE REALIZATIONS ANDLINGUISTIC 2–STRATEGIES,ARGUMENTATIONS TABLE 35 ACADEMIC ...... LITERATURE IN THE REALIZATIONS ANDLINGUISTIC 1–STRATEGIES,ARGUMENTATIONS TABLE List of tables iv CEU eTD Collection appeared not only in the students’ self-identification, but in newspaper articles texts, academic but inappeared notonly self-identification, students’ the which patterns, some observed I However, possible. not is this Naturally, identity. this research with high school students. I tried to find some objective and subjective identity. collective elements of political initializingon andcultural regional/national even debates typesprojects, of and other cultural and political elites advantage take of found newly liberties,the engagingin new latter country. In the contemporary Banat, similarly to other post-socialist regions, academic, Hungary, Serbia and Romania, almost three between was divided Banat territory of WorldWar Ithe life.After for looking abetter arrived quarters of its territory coming to beBulgarians, Germans, French, Italians,Jews, Hungarians, Romanians, Serbsandmany others part of the backgrounds, camefrom emigrants centuries Throughout the of of a variety cultural Europe. zones immigration important most the of one became it years following in the and Monarchy, 18 the In perspective. socio-historical analysis. discourse critical and fieldsstudies ofregional inbroader be included Thein papercan the this appear context. which and peculiarities, structures reveal discursive to province from used and Romania, the inconstruct aregional identity Banat use to inorder elites academic, cultural and political As my very first study on the regional ‘Banatean’ identity, I conducted a small a from interesting cases most of the andisone Romania of is part thewestern Banat local different that discourse the analyzeis my and understand to The topic of paper I. Introduction th century century territory the was by Habsburgannexed the 1 CEU eTD Collection order to achieve the goals generatingmeanings make and different Social in past outcomes. the actors references to which they pursue or to accomplish Similarwhom begroups speakto strategies can contexts, discursive they to. usedindifferent the target the and appear they requirementsin which context the pursue, they goals the of function in strategies of the role framework whichbemental built, reinforced anddismissedIn discursively. analytical can constructs, this my main hypothesis isdiscursive in structure which discoursesthe from three the levels different can beincluded. that the more exactly is in there a single whether interested structures, discursive existing the different feeling the anothergroup.Furthermore,herself, ofbelonging Iam crystallizing toone or social actors him finds or in the person context which the to according varies Thisprocess processes. choose formation is guides and the group asaconcept approach, which constructed that socially the discursive is in used constructivist identity the identity. term The collective of Banatean the construction objectivemain the Therefore, elites. political and cultural academic, regional of different discourse the of the paper any identity constitute work. collective is tothat mechanisms different the how understand identify can one analysis discourse critical using by goalsthe of the different groups that they are part of, constructing their collective identities. Thus, different and values social norms, most important the interiorize formulate and – actors interaction strategies and words,discourse –abasic social through reinforced.In other constructed discursively thatappear. are involvedmethodologyfoundhow, when inI todeconstruct andwhy the right order these patterns in political or as in withspeeches and declarations analysis,well. touch Getting critical discourse the Therefore, I started the research from the constructivist assumption that groups are groups that assumption constructivist the from research the I started Therefore, My main is question regional identity why to reference appears in a specific form in One of the central assumptions of critical discourse analysis is that group beliefs are 2 CEU eTD Collection answers for these questions another study possibly study needs tobeconducted different another with answers for these questions interiorize them, them in reproduce life every the ordismissday them. todeliver In order they if identity, regional the of elements different the on react groups target the how answer search to not paperdoes The elites. political and cultural academic, theregional of speeches and in texts presented the structures thediscursive do on to research I have chosen this paper pattern. ageneral describe can they when are used and situations contexts the with in correlation discourses, in these are present that structures the However, identity. regional the to references make which sphere, political and cultural the from actor social every of and opinions ofthewritings or literature, academic the of totality the represent not newspapers. Theselected datado in andweekly –publishedTibor daily and others Gazette of the Mayor’s office,interviews with regional political leaders – Viorel Coifan, Toro of Mayor the Timisoaraby his and colleagues –Gheorghe Dorel Ciuhandu, andBorza Adrian Orza –inthe written editorials the sphere, political the From 3. journals. cultural or publish(ed)in newspapers field who different cultural three essay writers, writingthree the of 1990, and canbe found in library the of Westthe University from 2.From Timisoara. the after published was which Banat region on literature scholarly the From academic sphere, the I focus 1. on. fieldsthat social three the from casestudies my Ihaveselected of data analysis, ThisDiscourse. methodwas used by in authors the a major study Austrian identity.on As historical’ approach, developed byRuth Wodak and her colleagues from Viennathe School of not fit tothe ones of the social levels,in many cases they are crosscutting these. do aswell.sub-discourses of different levelsthe areheterogeneous discursive boundaries The these more, is What levels. – political and cultural academic, – three the all includes that structure discursive homogenous is nosingle there argue that I in.Moreover, they fill Before presenting the structure of the paper, it is important to highlight again that in again highlight is that it of to paper, the important structure presentingBefore the Within the critical discourse analysis methods, I have chosen to use the ‘discourse- 3 CEU eTD Collection strategies, arguments, contexts and contexts audition. arguments, strategies, between highlight in even discursive to more relationships the end order chapter, every of included atthe analysis, tables the addition I In to groups thatthey speak to. andtarget goals position actors’ political the with in relationship strategies discursive chosen between the differences the last highlighting 5.In the part Iexaminepolitical perspective. discourses, from separately a comparative both and their discourses presenting essay of three the writers, studies thewritings level well.The fourth andpart argument onstrategic choices as the the 4. strategies that are used. Furthermore, Iemphasize on how the position of the author influences byidentifying literature, I analyzemain discursive theregional region. the thirdpart the 3.In the characterize that data demographic relevant and events key the to attention attracting brief historical overview 2.Thesecondits delivers theoretical both identity, a methodological aspects. referring to and of Banat of I describe concept the region, Moreover, approach. ‘discourse-historical’ of the peculiarities through the on emphasizing analysis discourse critical of aspects whichmethodological and theoretical the I set the context of the research, using these. my aim is to analyze and understandor spokesperson, Iwas notlooking at the verification inwhat social reality of what they are saying,are the strategies thatmethods. Moreover, theyI did not plan to criticizeuse, the content or messages and of one or otherwhy author they are Havingsaid the structure this, of is paperthe thefollowing. partpresents 1.Thefirst 4 CEU eTD Collection 447 2 Discourse Studies:Multidisciplinary A Introduction, volume 2, 1 Thus, are means discourses of production and reproduction of an existing for social order socially conditioned.” socially as well as constitutive is socially “discourse out, point and Bulcaen as Blommaert Moreover, interaction. –as social evenelements visual or speech, as text, such forms multiple can take identity. social of construction namely discursive the themselves, presentation used the of techniques deals with the final part identity. 3.the namely in I use analysis, the that concepts theoretical 2. Idefine important to and case. an researched with the some comments adjustments analysis, discourse critical namely method, chosen the present briefly I 1. issues. three with and methodological set the theoretical need is to a there lines thefindings, before describing However, and occasions. along which the identity.analysis In order wasto achieve done. this, InI analyze in engage cultural a viableelites of local construction and political the regional academic, the thenext discourses paragraphs of these elites, onI differentdeal forums Jan Blommaert and Chris Bulcaen, “Critical Discourse Analysis” Norman Fairclogh and Ruth Wodak, “Critical Discourse Analysis” in II. Collective identity and II. Collectiveidentity theory methodologyand discourse analysis– and As its name implies, critical discourse analysis (CDA) analyzes discourses –which discourses analyzes (CDA) analysis discourse critical implies, name its As 1. Whatiscritical discourse analysis? isexplore why todifferent paper the of this one of objectives the earlier, As mentioned 2 In wordsdiscourseother both shapesis and shaped bysocial reality. 5 ed. TeunA. van Dijk (London: Sage, 1997): 259 Annual Review of Anthropology Discourse as Social Interaction. , 29 (2000): 1 CEU eTD Collection 6 5 4 Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 3 elites hasin higher stake understanding the social reality in than changing the existing power fight for local resources. In this perspective, the exposure of the strategies adopted by regional intheir elites of of regional dominance the a handother (re)production as canbeconsidered hegemonynationalagainst the relations, andelites and centralizingon differentof the power a challenge hand one on be considered can elites regional of discourse in the regionalism liethat beneath. strategies or anti-Semitic sexist, racist the discourses pointing out different the deconstruct throughwhich amethod, rather but can one harmful ideologies, againstother which acts ideology isan CDA that mean not does This well. as opinion a political becomes implicitly exposure their debates), or Parliamentary (ex. education discourses political social or inthedifferent revealed are strategies or anti-Semitic racist sexist, the when Semitism. Thus, anti- or racism sexism, discrimination, as such processes social harmful with dealing stance” “political argue that CDA not only reveal the different social the order. ‘naturalizing’/building power relationsand control, legitimating others, of minds the influence elites in different of members discourse, but also takes group formation when element, canbediscourse considered asanimportant Therefore, a challenge useitdominance. to groups inferior power relations,reproduce while to discourse use groups dominantWodak’s vanDijkarguesthat Complementing Teun argument, structural and control.” discrimination,“(re)produce relationship of power dominance, language isusedto out, Wodak points Ruth use it. As neededto whohave theresources those Wodak, 9; van Dijk, 252 van Dijk, 254 Teun A. vanDijk, “Principles of critical discourse analysis” Discourse & Society, 4no. 2 (1993) 249 RuthWodak, “What CDA is about– summary a of its history, conceptsimportant and its developments” in However, in many situations the political stance is not that obvious. For example, For obvious. that is not stance political the situations many in However, Another important element of CDA is its critical characteristic. Most of the authors 6 against This studiedthe structures. domination becomeswhen important eds. RuthWodak and Michael Meyer(London: Sage, 2001): 2 5 6 4 3 CEU eTD Collection Jenkins, “Ethnicity etcetera: social anthropological point of view” point anthropological social etcetera: “Ethnicity Jenkins, ethnicity can be extrapolated to other collective identities such as local, regional or racial identity However,(see: as Richard Jenkins Richardpoints out in a rather influential study, findingsthe in field the of nationalism and 10 9 11 818). In addition tothese, Iuse some important social-psychological approaches aswell. discourse] in inare embedded by culture,national represented assomethingties that “the our real, 8 7 expressed.” literature on this avastidentity, topic. reviewing aspects of collective In following Ipresentsomeimportant the perceived paragraphs groups. creates a social identity in every individual. These identities discourse. control the manifested over with the connect made. and iswhom are power discourses of the Thus,the dominance group one proportionate him ininvolved arethetarget participants groupsfor production, while discursive passive the or her to the whoare directly arethose, Active participants inadiscourse. participants andpassive haveprivileged access. people andgroups some which to asresource, communication and discourse consider to tend analysts discourse discourses. elite relations. Therefore, the critical feature of this kind of analysis is the deconstruction of these some exclusionary methods. some exclusionary van Dijk, 256–7 For the enumeration and elaboration of these methods see Michel Foucault, “ Foucault, see Michel methods ofthese elaboration and enumeration the For van Dijk, 255 The most important theoretical aspects of collective identity come from the fields of ethnicity and nationalism. Jenkins, 810 Geertz looks at ethnicity as a “personal identity collectively ratified and publicly and ratified collectively identity “personal a as ethnicity at looks Geertz which collectivity, asenseof generate associalcan interaction understood Discourses 2. Collective identity A focus important thirdpointof CDA is problem the access. Followingof Foucault, A fantasztikus könyvtár 11 Moreover, he argues that at personal level, every individual perceives ethnic and 8 Continuing this idea, van Dijk argues that people can be active people can arguesthat idea, van Dijk this Continuing (Budapest:Pallas Stúdió Attraktor, 1998): 51–62 7 This is limitation by produced introductionthe of 7 9 10 Ethnic and Racial Studies A diskurzus rendje” , 19 no. 4 (1996): [The order of order [The CEU eTD Collection 48 17 Difference 16 identities in Europe.18 15 14 13 12 between people.” interaction of characteristic organizing the have and themselves by theactors identification and of ascription “categories they are rather stable as people tend to as think.boundaries arenot group aconstructivistargue that They approach. whotake scientists As Barth points it out, ethnic groups are not is defines somebody outcome. born the something real, which into context because cultural the self-ascription, not of ascription isamatter identities social of question the in perception their Moreover, socialization. through is internalized and idea, Smith's nations, ethnic groups or communities have “check-listidentity” of tradition.” locality,religion or language, race, of blood, actualities the human tendency to divide peoples intogroups differentdividecategories cultural with humanthe and peoples tendency to identity. of aspects different and locationsocial and3.commonality, –eachof groupness, them describing connectedness, by three different clusters of terms – 1.identification and categorization, 2.self-understanding be view,identity hisof an analytical reconstruction replaced as such.In point can term the of something primordial,itis by constructed individualthe itself. Brubaker Rogers emphasizes golden or ages.” heroes “memories territories, formof the can of take local etc.), ethnic, national, (gender, identities social basic his/her learns individual the socialization of stages first in identity something samethe as Anthony realandat time inevitable. alsoarguesthat D. Smith thick, collective national and other ethnic, his/her perceives individual the perspective, Rogers Brubaker, Frederik Barth, “Introduction” in Anne-Marie Thiesse, Anne-Marie Smith, “The nation in history”, 68 Anthony D. Smith, Anthony D. Smith, This primordial aspect of social identities is severely criticized by those social those by criticized severely is identities social of aspect primordial This (Boston: Little,Brownand Company,1969): 10 Ethnicity without Groups National Identity TheNation Historyin th Crearea identit -20 th century] (Iasi:Polirom, 2000): 9 13 17 and their contents. In the case of national and ethnic identity this Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture The first two terms describe the social aspects of identity, and identity, of aspects social the describe terms two first The ăĠ (London: Penguin Books, 1991): 4 ilor ilor na (Hanover: Brandeis University Press, 2000): 21 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004) 41– Ġ ionale în Europa. Secolele XVIII-XX 8 16 Moreover, ethnic identity isnot identity ethnic Moreover, 14 [Creation of national Therefore,in Geertz's 12 Thus, from Thus, from this 15 which CEU eTD Collection D. Paez, J.C. Deschamps (London: Sage Publications, 1998):121 of when influence disappear. However, 'other' this andsometimes the tend tobecome blurred For example,contexts. when a supra-ethnic 'other' is perceived, ethnic differences on local level different in change can identities of salience the and boundaries of perception the that which of these social identities Romanian, andfrom European Moldova atthe same time, exact butthe situation defines will be the most salient.hierarchy Similarly, Donald refinements. First of all, position the socialof the identities includedisstable, isnot the Horowitz determined argues by the situational context. For example, one can be a woman, 19 18 concentric circles. to is similar identities acquired social the different between relationship the argues that Salazar Miguel Jose andsituational. aresimultaneous social identities agreethat scientists social Most identifications. of these andsimultaneity hierarchy relationship, arethe this topic the opens way for The multipleimportant scholarlymost identifications. askedin questions affiliations. ethnic individuals. thepowerand otherthe never hand,neglects Theconstructivist on stability of of imagination in the only exist identities social of reality primordial the that recognize also and context, historical to context historical or individual to individual from variation cultural by emphasizing on the severalrole attempts at reconciliation. of Richard Jenkinsculture. for example, pulls the two theories closer He stresses that the primordialistslevel of identity. never neglect interactional the illustrates of terms cluster last The individual. every of self characterization the different andthe identity, of projections personal the pair covers second The characteristics. Jose Miguel Salazar, “Social identity and National identity” in Jenkins, 812 Acknowledging the permeability and social constuctedness of identities of collective and social constuctedness Acknowledging permeability the Although primordial the and the constructivist schools seemincompatible, are there 18 19 Although the example introduced by Salazar is illustrative, it needs some needs it illustrative, is Salazar by introduced example the Although 9 Social Identity, eds. S. Worchel, J.F. Morales, CEU eTD Collection 23 22 12 Beyond ethnic groups and boundaries, 21 Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1965): 130–132 events, and ethnicity as cognition, as a worldview of individuals. process, the importance of the ethnic organizations, contexts, framings and interpretations of the a as group-making category, or event as groupness such as terms, comprehensive other several by ethnicity, of substitution and thereconstruction itself. emphasizes He group the of reassertion several analytical terms, through which the process of group-formation can be understood without national, racial groups or communities as real “substances or things.” ethnic, of conception the against argues Brubaker Barth, to groups”. Similarly without “Ethnicity 20 processes that sustain relative discontinuities in the flux.” maintenance is possible only when this variation is countered. Therefore, “we need to search for culture. In other words, due to the fact that culture “is in flux”, continuous variation, boundary variation of continuous in the observable discontinuities by out, researching as Barth points beachieved, Thiscan asprocesses. group-making and construction boundary of the analysis the to itself category existing asan objective thegroup from shift should researching one phenomena, social these analyzing in Thus, entities. social palpable real not are groups these membership, their of prism in everyone the and categorizing groups members of as others and themselves territory. that on present identities minority and national thecompeting can by state overcome the promoted identity national the in with is conflict plausibility has been proved only in some situations. One can ask whether a regional identity that vanishes, the local boundaries are revalorized. Brubaker, 11–18 Rogers Brubaker, Frederik Barth, “Enduring and emerging issues in the analysis of ethnicity” in Donald Horowitz, “Ethnic identity” in Similar methodological guidelines are proposed by Rogers Brubaker in his article From the theories mentioned above one could conclude that although people see Ethnicity without groups ed. Hans Vermeluen and Cora Govers (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 1994): Ethnicity, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004): 11 ed.Nathan Glazer andDaniel Patrick Moynihan (Cambridge: 10 20 Although this argument seems logical, its 21 23 Theanthropology of ethnicity. 22 Instead heintroduces CEU eTD Collection 27 26 25 Morales, D. Paez, J.C. Deschamps (London: Sage Publications, 1998): 94 maintained on levelhigh inof confidence, tokeep order cohesion the of group. the be to need beliefs group out, points Bar-Tal as Moreover, well. as discourse consequently 24 constitute “through actors situations social discourses, of objects andsocial knowledge, roles, analysis.Wodak arguesthat of Ruth framework critical operationalized within discourse the one needsunderstand identity to how in how thisappears and discourse be relationship can can from become discourses this perspective, belief group mechanisms. reinforcing action. injudgments or insocial decision-makings, for consideration” they and are relevant that through them. beliefs hand,“group Onother in are often members accessible group repertoire central the of motor On group. the one hand,argues thatpeoplelook he tendat to reality process. formation group in the functions different beliefs norms, – group values, group groupgoals ideology and group –, which all have consider as “groupness”.”defining their beliefs these group “convictionsmembers as thatgroup they areawareand that share, butprocess, alsobeliefs on which provide the rationale groupexistence. for Bar-Tal defines iscategorization basedon the merely not identity social that beliefhe argues group theory Bar-Tal, 101 Bar-Tal, 101–102 Bar-Tal, 96–101 Daniel Bar-Tal, “Group beliefs as an expression of social identity” in identity” of social expression an as beliefs “Group Bar-Tal, Daniel 26 Therefore, group beliefs control all the social interactions of one individual, one of interactions social the all control beliefs group Therefore, In order tounderstandIn order how onecollective identity can be analyzedthrough discourse, 3. Discursive construction ofcollectiveidentities beliefs, group atthe looks theory as is Bar-Tal An essential of that aspect group the called so the In Bar-Tal. is by isproposed theory identity social influential Another 24 Moreover, heidentifies several categories of group 11 25 Social identity eds. S. Worchel, J.F. 27 Thus, CEU eTD Collection the scientific sphere – by analyzing the scholarly literature –, the cultural –, cultural sphere andthe the literature scholarly –byanalyzing the scientific sphere the they independent objectives my fields of I investigate are pursuing.three In action, research aims the according canbe institutionsin and to social discourse andactors, found different 31 30 Wodak and Michael Meyer(London: Sage, 2001): 66 29 Press, 1999): 8 28 of discourse.” ‘frame’ constituting shapingthe to and contribute fields. In this perspective the fields of action social across and itself within are manifests adiscourse above, As mentioned “segments of action”. “fields of the […] social ‘reality’, which above. mentioned topic central the through only arerelated which created, canbe “sub-topics” several system this In a topic. around evolves which interaction, social of system is a it words, identities social […] andinterpersonal betweendifferent relations groups” as thematically interrelated semiotic, oral or written tokens, very action often of as ‘texts’”. fields social the across and within itself manifests “which interaction, social as discourse important elements, which I present below. hasfive method as well. identity The Austrian inon ascaleanalysis which was used grand some methodological directives. Thus, I turned to Ruth Wodak’s discourse-historical approach, well. as strategies ‘material’ other to reach elites cases in many formation, important to mention that discourse constitutes only one type of process that contributes to group itis but is this true by Brubaker.Nevertheless process emphasized formation in group the importance of organizations andthe by Barth, presented argument making process’ and elites in the‘discontinuity with concordance in the continuous variation of culture boundary as Wodak, “The discourse-historical approach”, 66 approach”, discourse-historical “The Wodak, 66 approach”, discourse-historical “The Wodak, RuthWodak, “The discourse-historical approach” in collegues, and Wodak Ruth A second important element in the discourse-historical approach is the concept of is concept the approach in element important discourse-historical the A second Similarly to other critical discourse analysis types, the discourse-historical method defines method discourse-historical the types, analysis discourse critical other to Similarly Although there is a plausible link between the three concepts, there is a need to elaborate The discursive construction of national identity 12 Methods ofCritical Discourse Analysis, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Edinburgh (Edinburgh: 31 In other words, the same the words, other In 28 This argument is argument This eds. Ruth 29 In other In 30 CEU eTD Collection increased attention that is attention increased paid that usages the to personal As‘we’.of pronoun Wodakpoints the 35 34 33 32 context. Every statement –written and said – needs to be analyzed on four levels. them. of every each and to are characteristic that means linguistic and argumentations different the describes is variable.discursive products in these the“degreeof inconsciousness” mind that keeping and texts speeches, investigated achieve to objective”. […] adopted plan it lessfrom as “amore defines or she military theory, concept the accurate Borrowing is strategies. every isthat identity builtAustrian on herargument discursive discourse other.” each […]arelinkedwith or eachother refer to overlap, isolated from one another. As Wodak points out, discourses tend to “cross between fields, political sphere.Although in the fields differentdiscourses seemindependent, they are not Wodak,“The discourse-historical approach”,67, or Wodak and colleagues, 9–10 Wodak andcolleagues, 32 Wodak andcolleagues, 31 67 approach”, discourse-historical “The Wodak, The last elementneeds that to be included in theoreticalthis is part descriptive the The forth methodological element that needs special attention is the question of question is the attention special needs that element methodological forth The The use from Wodak’saspect that I third of research aspects on discursive the 4. 3. 2. 1. could be influential that –theories events orhistorical historical sociopolitical context and broader related to?” discourse is– “What inthe the text references interdiscursive intertextual or the audience?” the “Whoare is speaker/author?, “Who the said?”, it –“Wherehas settings institutional variables extra-linguistic the been and the questions on this level are: “What has been said?” and “How has it been said?” –the appropriate internal semanticco-text the immediate the environment, 34 After locating the different discursive strategies, she strategies, discursive different the locating After 33 Moreover, she applies the concept of strategy to the 13 32 35 CEU eTD Collection 36 (“us” andaudition intoan in-group vs.“them”). anout-group out, this pronoun not indicatesonly sameness, butitautomatically theimaginary divides needed tobein analyzed product. every discursive Wodak andcolleagues, 45–47 14 36 Therefore, these usages are CEU eTD Collection bourgeois] (Pécs: Jelenkor, 2002): 43 39 (Arad, 1994): 27–51 38 la origini pân Temes county] (Budapest:Országos Monográfiai Társaság, 1912): 232–237 and JohanJakob Ehrler, people. Orthodox insome cases and Catholic of settlement the favor wasto Monarchy the of policy dominant the that present documents Early immigrants. the of restrictions religious thousand people. somepopulation of – according province grown the –with more to calculations than 100 the consequently of colonization, waves three organized Crown The Monarchy. the of zones Mountains. Rusca the and Charpatians South the of part western the are province the of borders Eastern The South. the on Danube the and 37 found from the 2 canbe settlements human of evidence However, Empire. Ottoman from the region the over control gained Monarchy Habsburg the when year the in1716, started region, administrative analysis. of the in contextualization the are needed that facts and characteristics important most the Borsi-Kálmán Béla, Otto Greffner, Otto Borovszky Samu. The boundaries of the region are three rivers, on the North Mure the North on rivers, are three of region the The boundaries After the Habsburgs gained control, the region became one of the main immigration main the of one became region the control, gained Habsburgs the After Most of the historians agreeIn followingthe paragraphs Ipresentabrief history of regionthe Banat, underlining that the modern history of Banat, as a political- ă acum(1774) ù vabii (germanii) din Banat(o scurt nd 38 Magyarország vármegyéi és városai – Temes vármegye century. Another important characteristic of the early colonization period was period the colonization importantcharacteristic early of the Another Polgárosodott nemes avagy (meg)nemesedett polgár [Banat from the beginning until now (1774)] (Timisoara: Facla, 1982): 24–26 III. Theregion –historicalBanat context 37 ă istorie) 15 [The Germans from Banat (a short history)] [Bourgeoised noble or noble or noble [Bourgeoised [Cities and counties of Hungary – ú , Tisza on West the on , Tisza Banatul de 39 CEU eTD Collection 1867)] HetiÚj Szó, 42 being important. In 1867–1919period the most the governmentfrom a Budapest pursued Krassó-Szörény and Torontál Temes, zones: several administrative into is itrestructured aswell. for thenational hand,consciousness other perspectives, presenting evidence on one handfor peaceful the ethnic co-habitation and on the Revolutions. national the for leadersmost mobilizing national of up, broke the few thecommittee weeks a after early cooperation, this Despite ceremony. and Jewish Orthodox Catholic, ecumenical people –however,mostly Hungarians –, and22 on Hungarianthe OnMarch revolutionaries. 19 17 of March night on the started Banat in Timisoara. region the capital importantly of the most in high cities, the was relatively communication bases,the formed on ethnic probably French, Italians, Croatians, Czechs, Slovaks and others. andnational such Germans,groups, Romanians,Hungarians,as Serbs,Jews, Bulgarians, couldfreely develop and allcould betrades practiced. becausethe guilds onesfrom the regions, neighboring the compared to situation, favorable very developing example,citiesFor the wereina of Empire.the of provinces region this the the 20 in cancelled 19 the 41 40 in this theory support data Demographic historiographies early as well. Vicze Károly, Vicze Despite the high variety of ethnic groups, as the demographic data from the 19 See Ehrler,30 Griseliniand in Ehrler, 174 th century show, the most important communities are the Romanian, German, Hungarian and Serbian one. Serbian and Hungarian German, Romanian, the are communities important most the show, century In the period of In the of period dualmonarchy the attached provincethe tothe Hungarianand is part An important event of the 19 In the19 most dynamically of the one became Banat perspective, economical From an 42 “A visszacsatolástól a kiegyezésig (1779–1867)” The Revolution of 1848 is crucial from the regional and the different national different the and regional the from is crucial 1848 of Revolution The th http://www.hhrf.org/hetiujszo/ century the region was the target of a vast population from several ethnic th century, probably because of economic considerations. th century century Revolution was the of in 1848. The Revolution th , when , when population the supportof Timisoara decidedto (accessedon October 10, 2005) th 16 the city elected a multiethnic committee of of 30 committee amultiethnic city elected the [Fromannexation to reconciliation (1779– nd the population participated on an on participated population the 41 Although,villages were the th century and the beginning of 40 The interdiction was interdiction The CEU eTD Collection http://www.multesjovo.hu/hu/content_one.asp?ContentID=151&PrintedID=9 emigrated member of the German minority. In other words, the GFR bought the Germans the bought GFR the words, other In minority. German the of member emigrated every after concessions, gaveeconomic Republic Federal German which the to according secret arrangement, had a program the However, familyprogram. reunification a supported governments German West and Romanian the case, German the In population. Jewish in24,7%, and1977 27,3% in 1992 31,2%. in regions thenBanatof was increasing,consequently from 1966 originated other people Transilvanian townsfrom Banatean otherregionsand people the of number country.the The into the brought state the project, as anindustrialization Second, Arad. and Caras Severin, restructured again, territory the of Romanian was Banatdivided in three countries: Timis, were zones administrative the First, well. as Banat of part Romanian in the changes political Law). Entrepreneurial the or Reform, Agricultural the (ex. minorities the for discriminatory are that laws several introduces government Romanian the Moreover, in place of the old personal – those who were named by the Monarchy – that fled the country. newlythe bybringingacquired territories, inadministrative personal from OldKingdom the integration the of started Romanian andHungary. The YugoslaviaRomania(~25%) (~70%), 43 aswell.marriages Banat score highestthe in innameand Empire the in confessional but mixedchange, from counties the marriages, mixed Jewish-Christian the on astudy on out points Karádi targeted the forced change of religious affiliation and ‘magyarization’ of the family names. As strong assimilationist“Magyarizing” and which politics, with billswas associated that http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/ Népszámlálási adatok 1869-1992 44 Karády Viktor, “Zsidó-magyarszimbiózis?” Varga E. Árpád, E. Varga Parallel to the settling, Romania encouraged a massive exodus of the German and German of the exodus amassive encouraged Romania settling, the Parallel to After by 1945Romania several wasintegrated block, generating communist the socio- In 1920 after the Trianon peace agreement the territory of Banat is divided between Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája – Arad, Krassó-Szörény és Temes megye – 43 [Ethical and confessionalstatistics of Transylvania (1850-1992)] (accessed onMay 10, 2007) Múlt és Jöv 44 17 Ę 4(2001) (accessed onMay 29, 2007) CEU eTD Collection 49 (New Praeger,York: 1991) consciousness] (Bucure well. as condemned the events in Timisoara, protest erupted in Bucharest and in other Romanian cities http://www.presidency.ro/static/ordine/RAPORT_FINAL_CADCR.pdf Presidential Commission forAnalyzing the Romanian Communism and Dictatorship], (2006), anti-communist demonstration. Eventually, 21 the on intoan grew transformed andthecrowds and Inthefollowinggovernment. protests daysthe solidarity with a Hungarian Reformed pastor, László T Romanian revolution. 15 the On provinces. usage the appearance of andforbiddingnamesof studies original regional the of the Communistabolish party to tried theRomanian bybanningregional differences, the the out, points Boia as example, For identity. national Romanian the of homogenization to leave. for emigration applied Jewswhothe permitted Romania Jewish from communities in 1950, exchange for economicdelivered goods by Israel, There were several categories of prices, between 1800and11000DMs. between of prices, categories There wereseveral headleft price. a GFRpaid Romania, who every after that German whichmeant agreement, in reunification covered aneconomic program GFR that Romania ambassador affirms 46 45 Marks. for an of 5000 German from average government Romanian the of Romania 48 47 Fore detailed informationon the1989 Revolution see Nestor Ratesh, C Greffner, 138 Final Report,569–571 For example the province Banat was renamed the ‘South Western region’, while Moldova the ‘Eastern region’ ‘Eastern the Moldova while region’, Western ‘South the wasrenamed Banat province the example For omisia Preziden The last important historicalimportantThe last from event is perspectivethe of study this 1989 the leadership centralization wasthe and by change communist Another the generated 49 ( 48 Lucian Boia, Lucian Ġ ial ă ú ti: Humanitas,ti: 1997): 162) Pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final Istorie ú i mit în con th of December a protest broke out in Timi ú tiin Ġ a româneasc 18 ă [History and myth in the Romanian st , after Ceausescu’s speech, which Ę (accessed onMay 10, 2007) Romania: The Entangled Revolution kés, who was persecuted by the 47 46 [Final Report of the In the case of the 45 ú Erwin Wickert, oara to proclaim CEU eTD Collection directives on historiography, to research the “real history” of history” toresearchthe“real directives onhistoriography, Romanians andRomania,the politicies the backget to needs to relation, one understand their to Inorder literature. academic of the Communistbetween the homogenizing national anddiscourse differentthe regionalizing discourses in the Party on the nationalargumentations. question. Inthis on Ifocus and second discourse. strategies discursive nationalizing the perspective the of hegemony the to an alternative which present discourses, Inregional different the 1976 Ceausescudeal I Second, with national from perspective. theregion an exclusively treat that discourses set ischapter conformingparts, dividedinto two thisI briefly cleavage. First, to presentthe the this Therefore regional and an independent one. national perspective, outlined, aRomanian found in the Central Library of the University can be considered referential. works scholarly the consideration, into these Taking well.in as Romania center education historicalis importantprevious higherbiggestin presentation, region, city and an the the in the mentioned as Timisoara, sources. online important some and Timisoara of University work on are the criticalbooks analysis of theand post-1989 scholarlyarticles literature onBanatand identity. literature Banatean scholarly a the followingIpresent In the paragraphs on the region. thatThe data I have chosencan to be found in the Central Library of the West Before going into the details of the analysis it is important to mention the relationship the mention to important is it analysis the of details the into going Before After analyzing the subject of the academic literature, two major perspectives can be One of the main pillars of the planned research is the discursive analysis of the IV. Banatand identity in the“Banatean” academic literature 19 CEU eTD Collection Humanitas, 2005): 122 51 Romania 50 nation.ideology-making of the around resources compete the for groups cultural different the making politicized; was cultural production field of entire The party. thecommunist of legitimization for needed create ideology the to them using intelligentsia, the of sentiments nationalistic the channel to was goal main its and of culture”, “the production process new this names Verdery state. of unitary one a national nationalist,as it was free tobe inpro-Soviet 1950s”.the as by well, thatfrom out pointing 1970sinthe communism “was welcomed tobea the 20 the of turn the at written were that studies those are perspective national the from history region’s discourse. However, the remnants of this former one could be found after 1989 as well. national hegemony the homogenous challenged the of which alternative discourses appeared, regional studies and forbidding the usage of originalthe names of provinces.the abolishCommunist party to theRomanian regional bybanningdifferences, the appearanceof on discourse nation,mentioned the which as I inprevious parts of well, endeavor the the was academic of the centralization of the aspect Another one. homogenous politicized centralized, identity wasanover- field on Romanianthe national period academicdiscursive the Lucian Boia, Lucian Katherine Verdery, Katherine th The most important academicimportantThe most in worksthe University’s that deal with database the 1. Romanian nationalizing and homogenizing discourse field less academicAfter changeswasmore liberalized, the or 1989, the of discursive . (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University California Press, 1991): 125–132 century or between the two World Wars. These are referential works on Banat by România National IdeologyUnder Socialism. Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceausescu’s Ġ ar ă de frontier ă aEuropei [Romania, border country of Europe] (Bucure 20 50 This idea is strengthened by Lucian Boia 51 Inother words,in pre-1989 the ú ti: CEU eTD Collection 56 55 54 Napoca:Argonaut, 1999) Negru, participants battleat the for independence and national unity 1830–1918] (Timisoara: Vest,2003) and Andrei 53 western border] (Baia Mare: Gutinul, 1994) Testament politic some casespersonifications areused. Romanians The different the of regions arepresented as integratingan as part of Romanianthe movement Banat for nationalfrom unity. movements scientific or political national, Romanian the presents argument 52 causethe of claimedthe historical narrative. characteristic twothe of strategies are referencethe ‘historical to andtruth’ ‘historical right’ in territory. the over Romanians the of rights” “historic-ethnic the for basis the major arguments, the firstpresents continuitythe Romanian the two of dominancein setting Banat, have strategies These narrative. historical Romanian general a in Banat from movement these authors are justifyingthe integrating and strategies, in order toplace Romanianthe from main The Romania. and provinces Banat other the between discursive strategies used by can beobserved that differences to or region, the of peculiarities the to reference is no There Romanian national movementfrom 1918, orthe evolution of social insciences Romania. the on studies historical are category first in this I placed that works Other be read. to question,the original views present of point how onthequestion, works the themselves need Romanian1989. whichwere re-published after authors, Valeriu Achim, or the philosopherBocsan, historian and the rector of the Babes–Bolyai MihaiUniversity from Cluj, the historian books these have introductions written by important Romanian scholars – such as Nicolae inintegrate not my in of discourse –all focus analysisthe –Iaminterested post-1989 the of P For example: Mihai Mihai example: For Valeriu Achim, foreword for foreword Achim, Valeriu Radu P Silviu Dragomir, Silviu ă iu ú Din istoria cercet an, 5or Achim, 8,12 These works analyze the region’s history from analyzeThesefrom history the region’s national works an exclusively perspective. ă iu ú an, Participan [Political testimony] (Timisoara: Marineasa, 2003), Stefan Manciulea, Banatul românesc ù ora, foreword for foreword ora, ă rii sociale române Ġ i b ăQăĠ Granita de vest eni la lupta pentru independen [The Romanian Banat]. (Timisoara: Augusta, 1999), Avram Imbroane, Avram 1999), Augusta, (Timisoara: Banat]. Romanian [The Testament politic ú ti [From the history of the Romaniansocial research] (Cluj , by Manciulea, 8,12 ù 56 ora – who along with their personal opinions on As an exemplification of the latter argument, in 21 , by Imbroane,11; P Ġă 52 si unitate national Although the works themselves Although works the do 55 The most important stylistic important most The ă iu ú an, 6,an, 183; Negru 14 ă Granita de vest Granita 1830–1918 54 The other The [Banatean [The 53 CEU eTD Collection 60 59 58 mentioned above. cases is strategy integrating the of usageinmany the Thecontext such forms of patterns. of behavioral pretext homogeneous connotation, setting boundary aclear between and in-group the the out-groupand setting the the totality of populationthe regionthe of Moreover, ithasBanat. astrong homogenizing usagesthe of nationalthe such as ‘thegroups Romanians’, ‘the Hungarians’ it–, and delimits In most of the cases it is used in its most general form “B form most general its is in used it cases the of In most includes who hand,itother disagree. readerswho those those think similarly,alienating perspectivethe speaks, which is from author the which a national general andonthe one, “we” to trace the boundaries of the group of: they group of speak the boundaries trace the “we” to inclusion/exclusion. On handone the authors use the personal references, such as the pronoun appear. context the peaceful cohabitation between ethnic groups,multiculturality and tolerance notdoes use crystallized national as competinggroups entitiesfor supremacythe of Banat. In this 57 movement. national the join naturally who “brothers”, P Negru, 10 (my emphasizes) Achim, 7 (my emphasizes) P ă ă iu iu ú ú an, 6 an, 6 The first person phrasing in these examples has several functions. On one hand frames hand one On functions. several has examples in these phrasing person first The or Another strategy of inclusion/exclusion is the way how the term “Banatean” is used. “Banatean” term the how way the is inclusion/exclusion of strategy Another Another important discursive strategy in used analyzedthe worksis and of contribution to the awaking and consolidation of the Romanian nation consciousness. nation Romanian of the consolidation and awaking the to of contribution and The Banateans subscribed process this of to […] development of educationpolitical ofpeople the revisionist forces of the beaten Europe […]. Europe beaten the of forces revisionist development […] the sociology interwarperiod ofthe […]hasbecomemilitant instrument a of for transformations multiple and ofprofound stage a represented period interwar The of period The study is published1936, […]in of attheend interwarthe period, oneof mostthe troubled our history . 59 , when the borders of Romania were severely contested by the fascist- by the contested were severely of Romania borders the when , 22 58 57 Moreover, inmany cases authorsthe ăQăĠ enii” [Banateans] – similarly to –similarly [Banateans] enii” our national our country 60 CEU eTD Collection this was the period whenEmpire. theMoreover, name it represents “Banat” the birth of the regionor history was Habsburgthe 1716, when conquered the Monarchy from territory Ottoman the “Banatusas a politico-administrative Temesvariensis” unit, since was used for thefollowing paragraphs I present the used strategies, and their characteristics. identity.the In for acollective abasis memory, thus cultural aspects of regions the important as are considered that specificities regional aspresent continuities, buildup Many works Banat. in distinctness a regional and identity aregional of existence the prove to tries and regional discourses. works are written on other events and regions as well –, it gives a basisfor comparison for the –manyacademic asegmentofthenational just perspective studies are Although analyzed the included aswell. are in Banateans the which nation, Romanian the boundaries of creating the one hand byemphasizing on in Romanian the continuity the region, and ontheotherhandby whichareusedtohighlightintegration, region’s inthe narrative,position a widernational on region. the in continuity Romanian the on emphasizing by well, not qualify. Furthermore it becomes activean linguistic solution for the justifying strategy as with an ethnic one, excluding those inhabitants of the territory from the created group, who do definition territorial itthe replaces characteristic: exclusive with isstrong a bestowed context, There is a consensus among historians that the most important data in data region’s the important mostthe that historians among is There a consensus mostlyperspectives, historical on with Banat literature deals academic The alternative 2. Constructing theregional identity – alternative academic literature onBanat and justification are by perspective used national mainthe the strategies Therefore, in up a specific set Banateans, term inclusive how the illustrates above The example 23 CEU eTD Collection press press from Timisoara]. (Timisoara: Waldpress, 2002), 25 66 65 64 63 (Timisoara: Editura mitropolitana, 1990) (Arad:?, 1994); Vasile V. Muntean, 62 Editura de Vest, 2004): 42) interculturalitate activ forname thatspecific territory was used first by the Habsburgthe Banat, historiography.(Stefan Buzarnescu,historical ofthe case in the but true, is this Nonetheless “Ban”. by a lead territory a meaning century, 61 territory. Romania in lighting electrical with city first region: ofthe achievements the of theimage appears “fruncea” the on be to considered peasant ‘Banatean’ imageprosperity onehand of istheindividual,of region.the hard-working the On there constructnot only a sense of sameness, but asense of continuity as well. patterns linguistic these Therefore, “permanently existed”. or population” (Neumann) ofthe heritage “common world havesurvived”, past the “some of testimonies tradition”, “have with “inconsens been” the (Vultur), always “durable (Buzarnescu), tradition” (Jianu), continuously” itself presents “it been]”, [has constitution its of beginning the “from by” (Gaga), mentioned frequently thatare] “[characteristics been”(Muntean), always “have [characteristic]”, “typical as such phrasings with introduced are taxonomies identificational In many cases representations, form the positive of the characteristics characteristics’. ‘Banatean typical of introduction of Timisoarafact. historical a politico-administrative as region the of existence is well. as extrapolated times historical older in territory to the whole Banat. The Cristina Jianu, Cristina ‘Fruncea’ isthe regional version of ‘fruntea’ meaning foremostthe (Muntean, 237) Vultur Neumann, Gaga, Jianu, Greffner, Muntean, Buzarnescu, at be found can (Self)-stereotyping Wodak calls this kind of discursive strategies ‘(self)-stereotyping’.(Wodak and colleagues, 54–55) See: Otto Greffner, Otto See: There is a long debate on the etymology of the word Banat. Historians argue that the term exists since the 13 the since exists term the that argue Historians Banat. word the of etymology the on debate along is There One of the main elements of the ‘Banatean’ (self)-image is related to the economic the are literature academic in the found be can that statements common Other 61 66 However, many of the scholars use the name retrospectively, delimiting the or the economic developmentindexes of the region. The sense of the leading role Imaginea minorit ù ă vabii (germanii)din Banat (oscurt : Banatul românesc ăĠ Contribu ilor reflectat [A model of active interculturality: the Romanian Banat] (Timisoara: 64 Ġ ii laistoria Banatului which have the mission to fill the ‘Banatean’ identity. ‘Banatean’ the fill to mission the have which ă înpresa timi 62 This usage creates the illusion of the conscious 24 ă istorie) 63 Most of the enlisted characteristics take characteristics enlisted the Most of ú orean [The Germans from Banat (a short history)]. [Contributions to the History of Banat]. 65 ă of Romania. On the other hand, other the On Romania. of [The image of minorities reflected inthe Un model de th CEU eTD Collection of Bucuresti, 1997),5 [Social norms and individual attitudes in the customs of family life Banatin – summaty]. (PhD Diss., University http://www.regiofolyoirat.hu/ the Europe of regions – the model of Banat] model –the ofregions Europe the 70 (Timisoara: Hestia, 1997), 5; Buzarnescu, 66 69 become in has Banat nationalities thedifferent between andcollaboration cohabitation habitants became trilingual”.bilingual or the friendship and cohabitation neighborly the Within religious. [very] or nationalists been 73 72 71 still live inanatmospheremutual of and tolerance respect” livedHungarians, andAccording these “the SerbsandRomanians, Gypsies characteristic, to memory. the realms of by collective of region the analyzing characteristic multicultural 68 67 national and Timisoara, trilingual the theater. cultural parallel foureducation languages:on Hungarian, Romanian, and German Serbian –, the life of minorities, religious diversity, the symbolic construction under communism”, liberated of the cityis fosteredof on socio-political level as well, by stressing that “Timisoara [was] the first city regiunilor”; Smaranda Vultur, Europe. whole the but in Romania only not Banat of uniqueness the constitutes characteristic this Moreover, memory. collective the in and reality inday-to-day both tradition, studies focus evidence forsurvival on the providing multicultural andthe continuity of Many it region. the call – of theauthors of as some interculturality – or multiculturality predisposition plurality to in region.the Victor Neumann, “Multikulturális identitás a régiók Európájában – a Bánát mintája” [Multicultural identity in Victor Neumann, Lidia Maria Gaga, “Norme sociale Jianu, 28 In this perspective see the works of Smaranda Vultur. Victor Neumann, Jianu, 29 Similar elements of identification are tolerance and the peaceful cohabitation. peaceful and the aretolerance identification of elements Similar Another important characteristic that is presented as an identifying element is the element identifying an as is presented that characteristic important Another 69 Most of the arguments center their attention on the education system – there is there – system education the on attention their center arguments the of Most Identitati multiple în Europa regiunilor Ideologie (accessed on May 12 ú Scene de via i fantasmagorie 67 ú i atitudini individuale în obiceiurile vie which is related to a leading to anda which isconsciousness civic related Ġă Regio – kisebbség, politika, társadalom [Stages of life] (Iasi:Polirom, 2001) [Ideology and phantasmagoria] (Iasi: Polirom, 2001), 151–168 68 th , 2007);, Neumann, “Identitati multiple in Europa 73 25 Other authors argue that “the Other authorsarguethat harmonious [Multiple identities in the Europe of regions] 70 Other scholars try to reconstruct the reconstruct to try scholars Other 72 and “the ‘Banateni’ have never have ‘Banateni’ “the and Ġ ii de familie din Banat – rezumat” 8no. 3-4 (1997), 71 CEU eTD Collection 76 75 74 these discourse, the placehistory. nationalizingRomanian history studies of the Similarly to cohabitation. tolerance/peaceful and multiculturality identification, of elements identical almost two the between difference the explain partially that continuities major two majorin pillar the (self)-stereotypes above.In presented upcomingthe paragraphs Ipresent are the continuities these times. Moreover, historical of different realities social the between underline scholars historical reachfor to statements evidence theirand similarities find many the In cases, literature. academic inthe used of continuities strategies on the focused and uniqueness of regionthe both from Romanian andperspective. European role leading the on emphasizing by specificity, regional the of differentiation and importance homogenizing its Second,they members. these whichappoint elements, confirm the and by inmost generalizing cases of the characteristics of in-group, the important at all statement the behind Muntean). is (Gaga, many casesthere noargumentation proverbial agoodand example canconstitute otherparts of for the country”.the like the multiethnic composition of appear. teams football the of composition like multiethnic the trilingual services in oneof main Catholicthe churches. or the barometers, distance ethnic marriages, interethnic on data statistical the on based are statements these beneath argumentations The region. the of specificity the symbolize(d) and cohabitation tolerance literature, part of scholarly accordinga significantthe to words, Greffner, 96 Buzarnescu, 61–63 Greffner, 96 According to the first perspective, the history isfirstin history According deeply the of the perspective, to region the the embedded I in Banat, identity regional tothe approaches different the tounderstand In order 3. Continuitiesand discontinuities inthe historical presentations most the describe they First, function. dual have above mentioned identifications The 26 75 In some cases even trivial examples trivial even cases some In 76 Despite these examples, in examples, these Despite 74 In other In CEU eTD Collection 79 78 Romanianone.”(Muntean, 17–18) the Banat of Severinof by creation the Hungarian andthe […] Romanian the Crown from waslanguage done not Serbo-Croatian in the after entered the South‘banat’ term “the Slavic model,therefore, but in away afterthe 77 documents or memoirs, or even etymological evidence. from quotations bedata, Muntean) demographic These can Gaga, Cretan, region (Buzarnescu, linktothe show Romanian the to evidence presenthistorical many authors region. Therefore, status the of butkeep up history,inof special the Banat widercontext Romanian the the rearticulated” andhomogenizing “reconstituted Romanianthe statesocialism, of politics andit resulted in a multicultural/intercultural whichenvironment, survived thenational is Banatwherethat aunique region in thedifferent historicalEurope, influences and national By placing the region’s history in a Central European context, adepts of this perspective argue minorities. national the and population Romanian dominant the between tolerance and prosperity suchaseconomic elements identification the on emphasize authors the strategy of of of model adepts is intercultural the the Neumann) conceptis Victor (ex. thatthe usedin region’s role in the events and socialism under of Decemberfunctioned that movements 1989,political and as cultural an liberal unificationthe centuries, of the two. A distinct feature parallel educational systems, cultural, social political and institutions thatcoexistedfor – German and Serbian sustain four Hungarian, –Romanian, arethe up to this perspective brought arguments The region. the of development the influenced that histories –national all of of linked andisnotlinked any it pre-1716status isthe at province, the – if exclusively to this perspective its association because modernity,itwith notengagedoes in discussions the life” communitarian a “plural for predisposition and society civil an open generating population the of realities social the has rewritten local thispeculiarity Neumann, “Ideologie…”, 151 Smaranda Vultur, Smaranda language, Dacian in the be found can ‘ban’ word ofthe etymology the that argues example for Muntean The second perspective approaches the question from a purely regional from regional perspective. thea purely question approaches The second perspective 78 after the fall of communism (Neumann, Vultur). Moreover, they point out that Germanii din Banat [The Germans from Banat] (Bucuresti: Paideia, 2000), 5 2000), Paideia, (Bucuresti: Banat] from Germans [The 27 77 In most of the cases, parallel to this 79 . An important aspect of CEU eTD Collection nationalizing strategies pursued by localthe Romanian elites. andthe equilibrium of industrializing intheturnover demographic the resulted that politics communist the premises, demographical the absence of tothe arerelated arguments perspective its–, try deconstruct validity to post-1989socialinthe realities. Themain in this regional discourse dominant intothe fitting the century – of term existed on the that be in observable history. region’s Although,the they notdeny do multicultural the medium members of the Hungarian minority from Banat, and emphasize on the discontinuities are that can perspective this represent that authors the of Most above. mentioned perspectives regional society. plural and multicultural strongly in a support found movements national different answer howthe latter fails while the to consciousness, andnational ethnic to answer, how the cohabitation was possible in a population that was strongly divided by former fail leavemany perspectives questions. theories The all. both unanswered Therefore, at on impact social the reality and their movements focus on not national the does perspective regional purely the however, hand, other the On cohabitation. pieceful and tolerance on sentences a fewundemonstrated forit thesakeof of keeping region, the aspects multicultural inmany movements, these emphasizeson the disregarding perspective cases completely 80 19 in the movements national different keep of structures that the Romanianthe national –isits with perspective relationship the well. as identity regional the reifies continuity, abovementioned the with context same in the it by using hand, other the on and itself, model the of value the articulates when wayfor Banatean model. itthey referthe one to on gives adouble interpretation, This both as an analytical and normative term. In many cases the authors use conditional tenses See the works of Bodó Barna A third distinct academic discourse on the region was born as a result of the two An interesting distinctiveness of the purely regional discourse – compared to those to compared – discourse regional purely the of distinctiveness interesting An th an20 28 th century. On one hand, the national 80 Moreover, they emphasize on CEU eTD Collection present in all three regional discourses, however with different intensity. Moreover, in every Moreover, intensity. different with however discourses, regional three all in present is relationship. dichotomy The aspecific in-group–out-group generate ofcharacteristics types Both andthe uniqueness. role as a region leading arethe literature in scholarly the appear multicultural one. centered Europe- the andpartly against discourse, nationalizing contradiction dominant the with in clearly is positioned discourse minority the Moreover, region. the of uniqueness and distinctiveness the on emphasizes discourse, which Europe-centered progressive usea some authors discourses, nationalizing the against its position. Positioned strengthen position itself nationalizing dominantthe against it rather discourse, uses its structures to rights. minority of claims own their legitimize to order in elites, Romanian the by used multiculturalism multicultural redefine elites Thus,try meaningof theHungarian to discussion. the isin strategy it integrating butamorethe moremoderate general in-group, used, Banatean published mostly in Hungarian multicultural –, the own model is presented to thegeneral is –itin-group Hungarian the only toward strategy appears deconstructing aspects of the many Although realmulticulturality. the about debate the obstruct nationalists Romanian the of andco-habitation region, the by tolerant multicultural past the argue that on emphasizing they Moreover, groups. minority the for rights collective and self-government of introduction model presumesmulticultural a viable that arguing discourse, thetolerance of characteristics majoritarian the a dialog between equal partners – majority and minority – and the As mentioned in the previous paragraphs, the two main identificationAs mentioned that two of paragraphs,the intheprevious themes 4. ‘Banateans’and the ‘others’ not Banat does on literature academic segmentthe of accentuated most the Therefore, 29 CEU eTD Collection regions, the multicultural character of the region and the liberal civic culture of are of Timisoara culture civic liberal the region and of the character multicultural the regions, from other people of immigration locals and the of massive emigration the as aof result that ‘other’. However, this type of phrasing implies a negative, inferior connotation for the compared in is caseseven asforregions, or model region other Europe. presented some a viable economic itssociety inits prosperous theand 1989Revolution, or development – the role liberal plural the reality, multicultural social – exemplary the achievements its different are a result of a permanent comparison with the ‘others’. Similarly to these examples, through http://bodo.adatbank.transindex.ro/belso.php?k=16&p=929 of the ‘leading role’ type identifications have a comparative meaning. Statements such as Statements meaning. haveacomparative identifications role’ typeof ‘leading the most sense, general more a In inhabitants. their and regions other the from a differentiation is statement this is notonly of group one importantthe beliefs,However, thein-group cohesion, which strengthens it but it. interiorizing groups ethnic the of most region, multicultural the of 18 appeared asaRomanianproverb the of 81 is (Still theforemost). fruncea’ Banat Banatu-i ‘Tot that proverbial assumption someaccording of to laysin criteria. The most appearance visible strategies these the out-groups and different the in-group both the placesa hierarchy on these author the Bucharest. center, the or provinces Romanian of detriment is madein the ‘othering’ the context, Romanian ina itis placed case, 84 83 82 Bodó Barna. “A Bánság és az etnikai diskurzus,” [Banat and the ethnic discourse] ethnic andthe [Banat diskurzus,” etnikai ésaz “ABánság Barna. Bodó Buzarnescu, 65; Neumann, “Identitati multiple…”, 44 and “Multikulturális identitás…”, ¶3; Jianu, 29–30 Jianu, 25 Jianu, 29 The ‘other’-image is more transparent inThe ismore‘other’-image transparent argue immigration the Many topic. authors The ‘leading role’ theme isachievedby usagethe of strategies singularization.of By “the first city liberated from the communist regime” city with electrical public lighting in Romania” th century, it has become a consensual characteristic becomeithas aconsensual century, 30 83 ; Muntean, 237 82 or “Timisoara becomes in 1884 the first Korunk 2 (1994): 112–118, 81 Although, it Although, 84 CEU eTD Collection Rudolf Poledna, Francois Ruegg and C in an intercultural space (the case of Banat] in of Banat] case (the space intercultural an in 88 Universitara Clujeana, 2002), 181–187 perspective române perspective 87 86 szabadság, modernitás” 85 kindis the beginningof the of 1989Revolution,presentation and the when Timisoara example with regions.A good other this comparisonthe disregarding andof the competition automatically center, the against challenger only roleof assign the Banat the possible authors strengthens ‘leadingthe role’ identifyingBy theme. emphasizing on bipolarity this many and the city in Timisoaraof Thisopposition with Bucharest. hasadual itsignificance. First, region the presents literature regional Mostof academic the center. the and Bucharest, Banat themselves not just ‘simple Romanians’.” society and the intercultural “makes Romaniansthe openness from considerBanat to the of plurality the that argue Some authors well. of as region, the multicultural character the groups. ethnic between different the then andnewcomers manyRomanians. In is emphasizecases try they thatthere to natives abigger gapbetween newcomer and native groups, ethnic different the between social distance the research partially dissolved. communication specific to theregion” to specific communication of “typologies the interiorize they cases in many However, level”. civilizational and newcomer who Romanians “do (‘out-group’), not have the oncultural same points reference and the (‘in-group’) between population Romanian native differentiate the literature these of the part from a significant Moreover, Marosi). Bodo, come (Neumann, – ‘others’ from the newcomers, instigations anti-Semitic or discriminatory xenophobic, nationalistic, Vultur, Smaranda. “Memorie Bodó Barna. “Banat Neumann, “Identitati multiple…”, 38 Neumann, “Ideologiisi fantasmagorie, 169–170 and “Multikulturális identitás…”,¶1; Bodó,“Tolerancia, Another important projection of the ‘banateans–others’ relationship is one between the relationship projection of ‘banateans–others’ important the Another ú ti , edited by Rudolf Poledna, Francois Ruegg and C ú 85 i interculturalitate” [Banat and interculturality] in Moreover,many out that disturbing point authors the –such events as ú i identitate într-un spa ă lin Rus, (Cluj Napoca: Presan Universitara Clujeana), 2002, 189 Interculturalitate –cercet 86 (Neumann, Bodo, Sora). Other local scholars Other local Sora). social Bodo, (Neumann, 88 31 Ġ iu intercultural (cazul Banatului)” [Memory and identity 87 Others link this differentiation to ă ă lin Rus, (Cluj Napoca: Presan ri Interculturalitate – cercet ú i perspectiveromâne ú ti ă , edited by ri ú i CEU eTD Collection 91 90 89 means” of politico-administrative large range a region with] of [the ideas],” anti-Communist in [the “excelled receiving that cities theonly are presented Bucharest revolution, and role of Timisoara at its beginning. Moreover, the events that occurred in occurred that events the Moreover, its beginning. at of Timisoara role and revolution, is andon handit other mainthe self-victimization. of source the Bucharest, with competing of is only asthe capable that one is presented region On the hand,one center. the onewith isthe of relationship this aspect A special negative characteristics. with even asinferior, or isrepresented in cases ‘other’ many the construction, this levels.cultural In and economic on inposition, showed leading arethe Banateans the where construction, its of conservedactions regional center, the uniqueness. heavily region, the as a iswhich despite region still discriminated –and – was depicted Banat]” [and of Timisoara values the vis-à-vis reserved ishas alwaysbeen strategy by aspect “Bucharest since victimization, underlined astrong of Bucharestappears back whoas thecentralizing ‘other’, holds This theregions development. itsideas. of Therefore, and values own for the realization space when needed development, level models a reached modernization, of of byinteriorizing Banat, European perception and socio-cultural difference between andCentral Europe Europe.In South-Eastern this of the regional authors (Neumann, Bodo) frame this differentiation in the broader historical Bodó, “Banat si interculturalitate”, 179 Neumann, “Multikulturalis identitas… ¶1 Neumann, “Ideologie…, 185) An important topic of Banat-discoursethe is theinterpretation of 1989 Romanianthe 5. Communismand the1989 Revolution Therefore, most of the ‘us’–‘them’ comparisons can be understood as hierarchy The second interpretation of the Banat–Bucharest opposition is a cultural one. Many one. a cultural is opposition Banat–Bucharest the of interpretation second The 89 both of them evolving in their specific way. specific in their evolving them of both 32 90 and “tried to reduce and toreduce “tried importance the 91 Consequently, the Consequently, CEU eTD Collection Banat, ieri 93 demonstration, which finally resulted in the abolishment of the Communist system. Communist the of abolishment in the resulted finally which demonstration, pastor, László protection T Protestant the of – the momentof solidarity with ethnic a Starting region. characterized the that values pluralistic liberal the and solidarity multicultural the of survival the for factor legitimizing be revolutionis the main The to considered and discourse. example role in regionalist the notconsiderdo element. This this in is option rooted Revolution the of 1989 andits occupied observations donotquestion validity model. the most constructed the of of Yet, authors the these However, region. the of content ethnic the changed radically – Hungarians and Germans importantly demographicinlastfifteen changes the the years massiveemigration – the of the perturbation, which tried to disturb the continuity of the social and cultural realities of Banat. art, where “diversity is rediscovered and revalorized”. and is where“diversity rediscovered art, of old the state to a ‘return’ as is characterized period post-Communist the this perspective, Communist party and its the negativeimage of the Furthermore, policiesas well. measures by economic strengthened are associated withhomogenizing As process. Imentioned intheprevious part sense this is repression of the image of the center, Bucharest. In 92 recognition” for rights “differencesandtheir toward directed repression as a Party by Communist initiated the process integration see scholars national the the sense with existed, needa strong for a society.pluralistic Thus,itnotis surprising, many of relationship between the region and the communist period of Romania. largely the regionalinterpreted the thewayhow December 1989 influenced scholars Vultur, “Memorie Vultur, “Memorie Some authors (for example Victor Neumann) admit that the post-1989 events, most Timisoara and Banat were interpreted as a place of opposition, where a strong civic ú i azi [Saved memory. Jews inBanat, then and now]. (Iasi: Polirom, 2002), 457) ú ú i identitate”, 189 (Similar ideas appear inVultur, Smaranda. i identitate”, 189 * Ę 33 kés – it grew into a separate anti-Communistkés itintoa separate – grew 93 Communism appears as an element of element an as appears Communism Memoria salvat 92 and as a national a as and ă . Evreii din CEU eTD Collection ‘leading and role’ ‘uniqueness’ the of region.the newold identifyingwhich and maingathered together in canbe elements, two themes:the theeventsit and of to pointing constructingrepresentations legitimizing present, the out, and identification. they Inthisprocess and the evaluate linkinghistoricalreevaluate existing space of important elements most theirconstruct to in order characteristics in-group and goals. own their with concordance isin which multiculturalism, some parts of the two abovementionedalternative is discourse bytheHungarian theone presented deconstruct They authors. try to models, in order The fourth national homogenizing hegemony discourse. against the rooted communist the of to offer an alternative can asan literature academic be understood Consequently,alternative purely regionalist this definitionregion. the of uniqueness the of elements to constitutive as region the in histories national the all thirdof group scholarsin form their discourse field,a Central European reaching without for history. Thisnarrative isamore open and A integrating version of nationalizing discourse. the distinctive cultural and political features of Banat, which is part anintegrated of Romanian the the on one,emphasizing nationalizing in larger the their discourse scholars integrate highlighting ahomogenous Romanian identity and nation. Second, a significant number of the of some ofthescholars homogenizing continue period, the discourse communist the changes these roadforand interpretations upthe opened explanations. voices besides nationalizingthe homogenizing discourse.Theplayed part by regionthe in new space for 1989,whichcreated after ingeneral historical discourse liberalization the of the by be explained can these of appearance The Romania. of regions other the and Bucharest elements of regional identification, which are reinforced by a strong differentiation from Despite these differences, all three perspective use almost the same (self)-stereotypes same the almost use perspective all three differences, these Despite is in regional major literature First, four the However, divided perspectives. academic several are there Banat history regional the on literature in academic the In conclusion, 34 CEU eTD Collection Strategies of singularization Justifying strategy (Self)-sterotyping Justifying strategy (Self)-stereotyping Strategies of inclusion/exclusion Justifying strategy literature academic the in realizations andlinguistic argumentations 1–Strategies, Table 1.1 – Romanian nationalizing, homogenizing perspective 1.3 –Pure regional perspective 1.2 –Romanian regional perspective Strategies – the case of the 1989 revolution 1989 the of case the – – parallel Romanian, German, – multiculturality consciousness civic – – etymological meaning of the term historical to – references peaceful and tolerance – consciousness civic – – ‘Banateans’ included into the of the boundaries the tracing – – disregarding multiculturalthe – interethnic and inter-confessional and interethnic – differences civilizational – – emphasizing on the leading role in region other with comparison – disregarding– the national – emphasizing on the continuity of region the of prosperity economic – – emphasizing on demographical region the of prosperity economic – – speaking from a national truth’ ‘historical the to – references century in the region system Hungarian and Serbian education ‘Banat’ presence Romanian documents that mentionthe cohabitation nation Romanian group region of the characteristics immigrants populationfrom other regions or the to compared openness level cultural and economic on region the of different fields movements of the 19 communist era Habsburg period to the post- the from (self)-stereotypes the the region in presence Romanian the underline that data perspective nation Romanian and ‘historical rights’ of the Arguments 35 th and 20 th – using phrases like ‘Banatean like phrases using – – using the pronoun ‘we’, to create ‘Still Banat is the foremost’ type reflect to ‘we’, pronoun the using – – personifying the Romanian – using phrases like ‘Banatean like phrases using – – using homogenous terms such as – using national ethnic and groups the tradition’ the always been’, ‘in consens with characteristics’, typical’, ‘have consciousness common a phrases onits ownposition ‘brothers’ as presented provinces nation, the tradition’ the always been’, ‘in consens with characteristics’, typical’, ‘have Romanians ‘Banateans’, as crystallized entities Linguistic realizations CEU eTD Collection Justifying strategies strategies Dismissing Strategies of victimization 1.4 –Hungarian regional perspective – toward Hungarianthe in-group and tolerance the against arguing – – presenting own definition to continuities the against arguing – and centralizing the as Bucharest – elites Romanian by the used strategies presenting the nationalistic peaceful cohabitation model an example an multiculturality,using the past as perspectives presented by the previous other discriminating 36 CEU eTD Collection regional topics, emphasizing on local patriotism and national identity. In contrast with contrast In identity. national and patriotism local on emphasizing topics, regional in monthly is journal,the Timisoara. mostly publishing aregularof He writer essays on Writers from of Union Romania the Center Multicultural and isDialog, which published day-to-day events in Romania, national and regional identity. regional and national in Romania, events day-to-day are he about writes that in Themaintopics newspaper Romania. largest third newspaper, the Romania. He has a weekly column in the western insert of of the insert inthewestern column hasaweekly He Romania. topics likeinterculturality from anda socio-psychological perspective, the modernization of of the West University of Timisoara. media. He published severalstudy, representdifferent stylistic schools, and publish(ed)scientific articles in three different type of articles– Alin Gavreliuc, on Banat, Radu on Pavelbigger project that I could get involved in.Gheo, Therefore, I decided to focus on three essay-writers and Daniel Vighi cultural in areinvolved is theregional formation organizations which public faropinion – who come from differentnewspapers and journals, multitude of regional of the activities the of Theanalysis thesis. fields of comprehensive analysisa that Irealized data, the collecting as Istarted assoon However, it. behind is logic what the of this field cannot be carriedin is and tounderstand discourse howthe leaders, regional constructed order public opinion out within the timeframe of this MA Radu Pavel Gheo is a writer and translator, editor of Alin Gavreliuc is a social-psychologist at the Sociology and Psychology Department Psychology and Sociology the at a social-psychologist is Gavreliuc Alin of the peculiarities explore discursive the to Iwanted analysis the of part As asecond V. Essayists,editorialists and discourse their 37 Orizont Evenimentul Zilei , the journal journal , the of the national CEU eTD Collection the the following webpage: 94 analytical terms that help to understand the peculiarities of the discourse. someI introduce new Moreover, sphere. can bein academic from foundthe that ones the distinct are discourses these how on emphasize I Second, appeared. texts where their context them. In process Iwas this accountintotaking position the they that from speak and the of three the between major the differences and elements discursive the focusing on authors, three the of in thewritings appear that characteristics reveal the I First, goals. important wide rangeof intelligentsiathe and publicother leaders opinion from Transilvania and Banat. reached maketheirfor,a looking debates not they Although were the breakthrough they did implications. political with asacivilstrong movement constituted was clearly group Provincia level. The a very on high academic werewritten articles the because questionable, is high, its mass impacton the journal circulation wasvery the the of that population Hungarian). Daniel Vighi was one of the regular participants of these debates. Despite the fact Kronika Romanian)importantmost time, regionalZiuadeVest(in and newspapersatthe (in a monthlyfor simultaneously inHungarian Romanian, asaninsertrate, twoof the and the Hungarian relations,minority rights and the question of Banat and Transilvania. It appeared at Romanian- the onRomania, of ideas possiblethe regionalization which and debates published structuringRomania. of of initiated memorandum the asan by a public group, invitation the to forregional the debate signers first the of is one and – intellectuals Hungarian and by Romanian started project joint mostly intellectuals. public, reading itmorehas restricted a publication, isacultural Orizont Zilei, Evenimentul TheMemorandum to Parliamentthe Regarding the Regional Structuring of Romania can be downloaded from In the analysis of the discourse of the editorialists and publicists I follow two follow I publicists and editorialists the of discourse the of analysis the In Daniel Vighi is a bornin writer Banat, afoundingmember of Provinciathe –a group http://www.provincia.ro/ 94 Between 2000 and 2002 the group edited the group the and 2002 Between 2000 . 38 Provincia journal, CEU eTD Collection (accessed onMay 19, 2007) 95 or masses, the of marginalization the symbols, authoritarian valorization of with “other”, the relation many conflictual present discrepancies: realities social Romanian contemporaneous socialistmore a possibleRomania. accentuation As a onresult the argues that problematic of the interpersonal destructiveand realities of it, but in function of the contexts and the goals that they pursue. relationships subject identity the approach national of essence from the questioning perspective, a liberal processes However,of theother. the on peculiarities and post-identifications regional the of validity the toward and the hand, one threeof the authors toward questionthe homogenousthe of national identity and consciousnessin Romania, on communism, do not form a homogenous the platform on these issues.own ideas and beliefs. They not subordinated to thebackground. On the other hand thelaws field of essay writingis more dynamic and subjective. It is that define academic a visible no ideological take approach,with pragmatic statements, for theirevidence thinking, the find in to paradigms,work try academic their inmany frame Scholarsone. cases stylistic author can freely stress his Alin Gavreliuc, “Cine suntem? (1)” [Who are we? (1)] are [Who (1)” suntem? “Cine Gavreliuc, Alin However, this cannot be considered as a simple argument for regional differences, butfor regional differences, be a argument simple consideredthis as cannot However, Alin Gavreliuc follows a deconstructing strategy on the taboos of national identity. He One of the most important characteristic of all three1. AlinGavreliuc authors is their critical position and studiedThe key between academicliterature the isthe essays purely difference but not on the level of ‘objective’ realities. ‘Romanian’the as aunified category does not exist,only on the level ofsocial representation, 95 39 Evenimentul Zilei , May 4 (2006), http://evz.ro CEU eTD Collection [Relation with otherthe and qualitythe of democracy] (2007), http://evz.ro deconstruction of homogenous the national identity. itstereotyping aswasseeninthe for they afurther discourse, academic are used distance. andlower ethnic country’s future the with dissatisfaction initiatives, public confidence, ashigherinterpersonal such ‘others’, the compared to ‘Banateans’ the of behavioral patterns and attitudes values, different asevidence for the which arepresented 99 (accessed onMay 19, 2007) 98 (accessed onMay 19, 2007) (accessedMay on 19, 2007);“Majorit 96 space. socio-political horizontal absenceof the 97 May 19, 2007) Romania], contemporary in frustration-agression that stating approaches, homogenizing identity. On one hand,similarly the national to identity hedefinitions, argues against the Banatean the these, within and identities regional about talking when approach different lettingleaves openquestions, make his readersto the decisions. which he himself, positions inmost Gavreliuc ofthe not delivercases does just answers, Gavreliuc, “‘Noi’ AlinGavreliuc, “‘Noi’ See Alin Gavreliuc, “Cine suntem? (1)–(4)” Alin Gavreliuc, “‘Noi’ http://evz.ro On the other hand, he makes references to different large scale sociological studies, large sociological different scale to makes he hand,references On the other or However, these differences are not just simple constructions of a positive (self)- Although Gavreliuc does not touch regional topics that frequently, he takes a slightly a takes he frequently, that topics regional touch not does Gavreliuc Although customs and the absence of an authentic social dialog. social authentic an of absence the and customs society, characterized withcentralization, suffocating birocratism, the balkanizationof publicin model dominant of a perversion the is bechallenged to needs Which […] ‘there’. lesser and ‘here’ encouraged more were behaviors and attitudes values, some when history, distant The most important conclusion is: ‘we’ are not betterthen ‘them’. […] This is the [result] of a homogenous populations with distinct psycho-social characteristics need to beabandoned. to need characteristics psycho-social distinct with populations homogenous Banateans are […] of the manykind,generalizing and interferences talkabout […]which (accessed on May 19, 2007); “Ipoteza frustrare-agresiune si Romania recenta” [Aspects of [Aspects recenta” siRomania frustrare-agresiune “Ipoteza 2007); May 19, on (accessed (accessed on May 19, 2007); Alin Gavreliuc, “Rela Gavreliuc, Alin 2007); May 19, on (accessed ú i ‘ei’” ú ú i ‘ei’”; “Banatul i ‘ei’” [‘Us’ and ‘them’], ăĠ ile minoritare” [Majorities in minority] ú i ‘centrul’” [Banat and the ‘centre’]; Evenimentul Zilei Evenimentul Zilei Evenimentul Zilei Evenimentul Zilei 40 96 Despite the strong anti-Communist stance in stance anti-Communist strong the Despite , May, 11,184, and 25 (2006) 99 , July 27 (2006) , December, 15(2005) Ġ ia cu cel cu ia , September 6 , September Evenimentul Zilei ă Evenimentul Zilei lalt si calitatea democra calitatea si lalt http://evz.ro (2006), http://evz.ro 98 http://evz.ro http://evz.ro (accessed on (accessed , June 8 (2006) , March 23 , March 97 Ġ iei” CEU eTD Collection 100 In the 90s a significant part of the Romanian intelligentsia initiated a debate about the position initiated about adebate the intelligentsia part of In the 90sasignificant Romanian the debate. West-East Romanian the namely perspective, broader from a references atthese look should tounderstand one importancethe of articulation, this Inorder itsfive points. ten of administrative reforms with Europe and the Europeanin the construction of Romania’sUnion, future in an European context as well. by referring to in which strategies, his vieware of aheritage considered pre-1989communistthe system, but these terms in deconstruction ofthehegemony homogenizingthe national ultra-centralizingof and administrative-political involved is in Thus,reorganization ofRomania. notonly Vighi the framed discourse inthebroader of which Provinciathe group, for lobbied regionalism and the is from perspective. identity,however Vighi’s another homogenizing national discourse well. as identity regional the of viability the but identity, national the of deconstruction the only not legitimizes in important, many itiscases in ahistoricalembedded and cultural which perspective, is very statements of these the context However, topic. this on debate needa public of Gavreliuc, „Rela Gavreliuc, The memorandum issued by groupclearlylinksthe andregionalism theneeded Similarly Alinto Gavreliuc, Daniel isVighi engagedin deconstruction the of the 2. DanielVighi Therefore, Gavreliuc supports the idea of a heterogeneous Romanian identity identity idea the and the Romanian supports Gavreliuc of Therefore, a heterogeneous ethics […]). historical determinants (which are related to regional development, entrepreneurial culture,and worksocial other on but bases, ethnic on structured always not are ‘them’ and ‘us’ between boundaries the while again, confirmed is identity Romanian heterogeneous ofa hypothesis The Ġ ia cu celalalt si calitatea democratiei” si calitatea celalalt cu ia 100 41 CEU eTD Collection instead of the former one is carried out by historical arguments. Presenting similarities with Presenting similarities of instead by arguments. former iscarried one historical out the entity latter of the legitimization The of Romania. theprovinces namely ones, similar other (2000), Provincia 102 Vighi, Laurentiu Ulici and others. (Iasi: Polirom, 1996) a collection of essays of Alexandru Paleologu, Octavian Paler, Gabriel Andreescu, Daniel 101 policies” “centralization the are there side memorandum,Provincia group’s intoa bipolar radicalizingthem in system, whichon one the emphasizes – should have put the question in a top priority for Romania as well. way for the country. Presenting viable only the considered EU was years. the Thus, for two Union European the with process regionalism as a European priority less in wasmoredebate or already andRomania over negotiation occident/orient was the – as the Provincia group integrationEuropean well.as in memorandum The waspresented 2001, when the or federalism/regionalism identity, national of it topics limited the this covered question, and Orient. the Occident between the of Romania 104 103 is illustrative sentence following the perspective From this provinces. the viability of of the legitimization to the Romania.is This argument linkedtothe image of the and future construction. of reorganization administrative the and regionalism is the there his argument of side communistis butitits past, darkest linked institution,to to perceptions.” regional homogenization, [members] of the old political police or people who have similar Daniel Vighi, “Iorga Lincolnja avagy ki az úr a háznál” [Iorga’s Lincolnor who is the boss in the house] Andreescu, Gabriel see debate Onthese Daniel Vighi, “Iorga Lincolnja…” “Iorga Vighi, Daniel monad] a becomes difference [When másság” a lesz monász “Amikor Vighi, Daniel http://www.provincia.ro/mindex.html Thus, Vighi Thus, Vighi denies Romania existencethe of as anidentity-bearing entity, creating In this context, most of Vighi’s arguments are in concordance with the ideas of the In thedeconstructionVighi’s discourse, of national homogenous the ismyth parallel , I 2 no. (2000), In the everyday life, Romania does not exist, just the provinces of Romania exist. […] 103 Thus, the centralization and homogenization is not only remains of the of remains only not is homogenization and centralization the Thus, http://www.provincia.ro/mindex.html Nationalisti si anti-nationalisti (accessed on May 2007)19, 102 42 and their “ideologists of social, ethnic and 101 This resumedeliberation didnot only to (accessed onMay 19, 2007) the political police. On the other the On police. political the [Nationalists and anti-nationalists] Provincia , I no. 3 I no. , 104 CEU eTD Collection http://www.provincia.ro/mindex.html 107 106 105 well. as model sustain the to areusedas evidence examples these one.Whatismore, latter the changing alternative explanations toreconcile this phenomenon upheldwith the model, without with byVighi. model he uses promoted Consequently, regionalistthe transethnic and in contradiction are clearly events political as winner. These out came of Social Democracy anti-Communist armed resistance lived, the largest post-communist party, the Romanian Party Romanian the of descendants the where Banat, of regions in those Similarly Transylvania. Romaniapost-communist Greater supportin Party received theand highest Banat distinctiveness model. socio-historical constructed intofit the not do that episodes socio-political those integrate In the to 2000used is which strategy, justifying is the presidential discourse regionalist well. in Vighi’s as element original co-habitation multicultural the elections to and region the of characteristic the European candidate of the extremist theCentral makes toward allusions He perspective. regional a purely from Banat question and regions. cohabitation, multicultural the with in contrast Oltenia or Moldova from newcomers the and Romanians native the underlined in several by ways, on emphasizing differencesthe and in conflicts betweenBanat most efficient strategy for their development would be decentralization. This cleavage is the other – have a different political, cultural and administrative historical tradition, thus the BucovinaandNorthern ontheone hand,andMoldova, Muntenia,Oltenia on Dobrudja and academicthe Vighi provincesargues thatthe discourse, of –Banat, TransylvaniaRomania Daniel Vighi, “A Provincia eszméi vidéken” eszméi “A Provincia Vighi, Daniel country] the in ofProvincia ideas [The vidéken” eszméi Provincia “A Vighi, Daniel Lincolnja…” “Iorga Vighi, Daniel The discursive strategies presented by Vighi are similar to those, who approached the whoapproached to those, are byVighi similar presented strategies The discursive 106 past ten years, supported Vadim Tudor [the GRP leader] to get into this position, is more the sign The fact that the electorate, whichwas considered to have amore democratic mentality the in 105 or by presenting positive regional examples from the western (accessedMay on 19, 2007) 43 Provincia , I , no. 7(2000), 107 An CEU eTD Collection 108 109 May 19, 2007) alternative political construction] Gheo argues that the “unity of people” “unityGheo argues thatthe Romanian the of identifications. collective of questions different surround the that usedclichés tothe attention reifies some engaging in of himself stereotypes, construction. these Banateanidentity the hehowever, essays other issues.In these on debate initializing aprogressive regional clichés, he imageusages the national identity.argues against of Moreover, the of homogenous the mentionedimportantly, the authors heinvolvedto similarly above, inthe is of deconstruction or Vighi, Gavreliuc and then Banat, region the and second,identity Banatean of idea the with more far deals Gheo his writings cannot be placed along one clear line of thought. Most one. from a normative speaks Vighi perspective, pragmatic analytical presented whileGavreliuc Moreover, regions. the between differences cultural and socio-historical the emphasize them of both however neededthe regionalization. of evidence indirect an becomes example disadvantageous Thus, the in center. the conducted isagainst regionalthe ‘half-balcanic’which the policies, but are a protest differences, Daniel Vighi, “Egy alternatív politikai konstruckió néhány alapvet néhány konstruckió politikai “Egy alternatív Vighi, Daniel RaduPavel Gheo,“Mitica printre noi” [‘Mitica’ among us], One of the most important virtues of Radu Pavel Gheo is that he to draw the reader’s draw the is Gheo thatheto important ofRadu virtues mostPavel One of the The writings of Radu Pavel Gheo differ from the other writers’ in several points. First, Pavel Gheo 3. Radu As one could see, Vighi delivers a lot stronger regional discourse then Gavreliuc, In other words, the result of the elections is not the consequence of the abolishment of abolishment the of consequence the is not elections the of result the words, other In balcanic policies of the last four years, we lost the commitment toward the west. round can be first of the considered results the Consequently, […] change. of their then helplessness, and desperation asof a warning to the whole political class. […] As a result of the half- Provincia , Ino.8 (2000), 44 http://www.provincia.ro/mindex.html Orizont Ę kérdése” [The basic questions ofan questions basic [The kérdése” 109 , 8 (2002): 3 is by idea propagated an the 108 (accessed on (accessed CEU eTD Collection Timisoara] 114 arerich,others, hardworking, Moldavians good, orthe areuncivilized and and poor, soon. then more civilized are such theBanateans as in local discourse, the everyday which circulate and‘other’-images, self-stereotypes of the some viability of the Hequestions local clichés. level. central at roots their have processes the of both that implies seemingly which 113 112 111 110 argument, centralization with the in identity heof homogenizing adepts ideaparallel the other national uses regionalization, of positionthe is by of understood author the of context the this deconstruction. Similarly to communities”. Romanian diversified the between identity relations confused – much and sortoutthe “to in more there– so Europe isaneed because existing it debate is an from in100 years society. theRomanian Therefore, anopen isneededdebate in question, this identities” not identity, thenational “keeping clichéof the that he argues Communistparty, and is Romania many interference Moreover,a spaceof for ethnic groups. Radu Pavel Gheo, “Timi Radu Pavel Gheo,“Mîndru mi-s c Gheo, “Mitica printre noi”, 3 Radu Pavel Gheo, “Un cîine cu identitate” [A dog with identity], Gheo, “Mitica printre noi”, 3 or Another important topic on which Gheo emphasizes is the subject of regional and regional of subject the is emphasizes Gheo which on topic important Another Orizont mountains mountains or in Transylvania. nostalgias without cover. […] However, the reality is thesame here as at the otherside of the The local pride has to match reality,is it not enoughto have that ‘realm of memories, regrets and 100 yearold nationalist song] ridiculous as the nationalist intonationof the ‘Noi suntem romani’ [We are Romanians – almost from of personified glory […] Forall the exteriorviewers [this self-identificationcould seem] as the vis-à-vis center positively, ourselves (yes,valorize ourselves, compare Bucharest), always, declare to have we do [W]hy outbid our values, to brag with every petty linkage of Banat with a 2000. ignored complaints by centralthe autoritiesbe can equally found the realities in of 1990 and inferiority complex and the – in many cases justified – complaints of the provincialthe cities, above, come from that decisions arbitrary the centralization, excessive the generalize: Let’s 112 , 10 (2006): 27 ú oara mirabil ă -s b ă 113 114 , Timi ăQăĠ ean…” [Proud I am to be Banatean…], ú oara mizerabil 45 ă (I)” [Admirable Timisoara, despicable Orizont , 1(2006): 19 Orizont 110 , 4(2005): 15 is perpetuated 111 However, CEU eTD Collection Orizont 122 121 120 119 118 117 as well. of victimization elements in caseshe Bucharest this some uses vis-à-vis Parallel between to hierarchy provinces. the singularization,which through Banat authorputs the in leadingrolethe of imaginary an of astrategy as is used This comparison with Bucharest. can compete that only the region development, economic of field in the regions other andthe center the with region the compares as well. Gheo appears comparison Banat”. 116 115 and pride’, diligence, development, economic high the to reference ‘othering’ mechanisms,this case justified abovementionedthe and mechanisms are welcomed. he reifiesoverbidding is needed “to in affirm order and outline the identity”.regional some the and model” identity national of simplistic the then mechanisms […] them. complex more The most these Inhisself-illustrations. interpretation, regional the identity “supposes existencethe of used self-stereotypeslegitimatecompletely usesjustifying meaning. strategies Theauthor theof their to usages are the as national one. criticized effects same homogenizing the Radu Pavel Gheo, “Timi Gheo, Pavel Radu Gheo, “Mul Gheo, “Timi Gheo, Radu Pavel Gheo, “Acas Radu Pavel Gheo, “Dup Gheo, Pavel Radu Radu Pavel Gheo, “Mul Gheo, Pavel Radu Radu Pavel Gheo, “Timi Gheo, “Mîndru mi-s c , 1 (2007): 23 Similarly to the academic literature, the Banat–Bucharest and the Banat–other regions Banat–other the and Banat–Bucharest the literature, academic the to Similarly DespitefactGheoargued the against that the usages of self-stereotypingthe and appearchange deconstructions in these in contextwhich casesthe However, some the have level regional on repetitions and overgeneralizations these words, other In 119 117 Ġ umim, boier T boier umim, ú ‘the Banatean pragmatism’ ‘the Banatean oara e Belissima!”, 24 eBelissima!”, oara ă -s b Ġ ă ú umim, boier T boier umim, ú ă aniversar oara cultural oara oara e Belissima!” la Phoenix” [Home at the Phoenix] ăQăĠ ă riceanu”, 21 riceanu”, ean…”, 15 ă ” [After anniversary] ” [After ă ă undeva în Europa” [Cultural Timisoara somewhere in Europe] in somewhere Timisoara [Cultural Europa” în undeva riceanu” [Thank you boyar Tariceanu] youboyar [Thank riceanu” 120 Orizont 118 democratization, and “music andfreedom [as] tipical properties for 46 , 8 (2005): 24 8 (2005): , Orizont Orizont 116 , 9(2005): 25 121 ‘the Banatean independent nature independent Banatean ‘the , 3(2006): 9 and music, and Orizont 122 , 5(2005): 21 implyingit is that 115 Therefore,in CEU eTD Collection 124 125 (2005):23 events that wereinterpretationresponse or andof events.political social Gheobuilds up interpretationsfor lived or seen by the audition,‘others’. the and Banateans between boundary the reconstructs but identity, influencing group belief of Banatean the animportant notonly sets multicultural author the topic, their understanding.Timisoara‘all is anditaround’ introduced as a familiarity ascriterion of well.By bringing up The most Hungarian language, despite the fact that he does not understandit. characteristic by Banat, of feelingemphasizing familiar the being in Hungary and hearing the multicultural the introduces author The ‘other’. ethnic the toward isfamiliarity regions Bucharest. analogies between Banat and Hungary or Central Europe to the detriment of Oltenia or 123 attitudes. social whilehad oriental of OldKingdom administrational or andcustoms theprovinces the milieu, were of cultural a occidental part and Bucovina argues, Banat,Transylvania As Gheo provinces whichwere partof Austro-Hungarianthe Empire, the and Romanian Old Kingdom. the between differences civilizational of the existence the on topic. Heemphasizes difference Radu Pavel Gheo, “Vörös, sárga, kék – este-al nostru tricolor” [Red, yellow, blue – is our flag] Gheo, “Vörös, sárga, kék…”, 23 Radu Pavel Gheo, “Administra The discussions on center–periphery relations and the cultural differences appear as a as appear differences cultural the and relations center–periphery on The discussions implying Thus, the is its ‘other’ presence in presence of ethnic generalized, the ‘occidental’ abovementioned the of distinctiveness the underlines that subject Another Besides the center–periphery theme, Gheo also makes reference to the cultural the to makes reference also Gheo theme, center–periphery Besides the 123 well) and the Hungarian gives me more a sense of comfortIn TimisoaraI hear all around the Hungarian and language (but Serbian, Italian, and evenGermanfamiliarity. as In Ia eight. because to the capital of Hungary there is five hour train-journey, while to Bucharest normaly close, really Timisoara From us. to so close Union, European the […] see to chance the had I do not really hear Hungarian on the street, but I do not feel at home there either. there home at feel do not but I street, on the Hungarian hear really not do Similar ideas are discussed in other articles, where the author is pointing out the out ispointing author wherethe articles, in other ideas arediscussed Similar 124 Ġ ie ú i unire (II)” [Administration and Union] 47 Orizont , 11(2005): 20–21 125 ú i or Bucharest I Orizont , 12 CEU eTD Collection but with different intensity. One of the main similarities is the cultural-historical justification of regional the asan differences alternative for homogenizing the nationalizing discourse. cultural-historical the is similarities main the of One intensity. different with but with not only regional the question with butamong– them, as academicthe well –, discourse or (self)-stereotyping. singularization such asvictimization, strategies, heachievediscursive usesseveral this to Inorder whathecriticizes. consciousness identity, he uses his own interpretation of some crucial events in order to strengthen the same ledfrom center. the centralization and exploitation tothe italludes emphasizes on the cultural difference between the Bucharest and Banat, and on the other hand innot Transylvania Banat.Thus, or thisusage has kindof a doublemeaning. On one hand meanslandowner which aristocrat, was usedin the feudalRomania, BulgariaorRussia,but you boyar view,entitled boyar From of word “Thank point the Tariceanu!” etymological is essay whole the Moreover, victimization. of sense the more even strengthen to order in parts of from people these the ‘general’ characteristics some stereotyping –presenting one this case the Prim Minister, discriminates the population from this region –, and the (self)- periphery relation. periphery center– problematic the of example another as events the interpreted Gheo However, gesture. a tactful not far was Minister of Prime the gesture the that agree would you?!” Everybody for their situation. T and inone of he villages,the by wasencountered a group villagers,of whocomplained about 126 C The Primeby Minister, water. the destroyed were when invillages example ininundation caseis the several 2005 important Banat, the Gheo, “Mul Gheo, As we could see, the three authors show a high level of resemblances when dealing of a insome elements instances Although Banatean questions possible many Gheo Ġ umim, boier T boier umim, ă riceanu responded irritably:“But do whatyou want, wecannotbuild ahotel 126 He used both the victimization strategy – implying that the center, in ă riceanu”, 21 riceanu”, * 48 ă lin T Popescu ă riceanu visited the refugees, visited the riceanu CEU eTD Collection the center, with its own cultural and administrative characteristics, and on the other side there other the on and characteristics, administrative and itscultural own with center, the is there side one the on in which system, bipolar in a discourse its radicalizes Vighi and Gheo Both areused. strategies victimization and (self)-stereotyping when number contexts, and in the be observed can This stance. regional astronger take Gheo and Vighi Gavreliuc, but questioningthe of any of kind homogenizingidentifications.thick with In contrast identities, regional the of existence the of demonstration the not is objective primary his Thus, stereotypes tofurther in order emphasize on flaws the of homogenizingnationalthe theories. showing anumberof objections and questionings. more dynamically, appearalot elements these However, chapter. in previous the presented with those mostly correspond well,which as some introduce (self)-stereotypes authors three gradual whichintensifiedprocess, after 1989. wasa this identity.a regional However, intheconstruction of which contributes ‘other’ Correspondingly, Bucharestdefine theWest)” (or theorienthasrecurring helpedto images Other,Europe the […] of and the other perception,is [t]heOrient notonly adjacent toEurope, [butis]provinces one itsof and deepestmost of Romania has become for Banat the swing] 127 this asOrientalism, relationship thesuperiority occident. Sorin Antohi to in radiography of on Romania 2004characterizesthe civilizational relationship, with a slight oritoccident-orient appears as judgments, a classic Romania of provinces South-Eastern the by personalized is which ‘other’ the from differentiation and especiallyThus, the most theimportant center. element In ofmany the Banatean cases identitythis differentiationbecomes its comparison andis clear value- 128 Sorin Antohi,“România în 2004: ‘marea evadare’ e în toi”[Romania in 2004:the ‘great escape’ in full Edward W. Said, Revista 22 Gavreliuc stays at the historical and cultural level, introducing most of the (self)- the of most introducing level, cultural and historical the at stays Gavreliuc Although imagethe of ‘other’the is animportant aspect of identitythe building the , XIV no. 757 (2004), Orientalism (New York : Vintage Books, 1979): 1 127 http://www.revista22.ro/ after the famous book W.of book InSaid’s afterthefamous Said. Edward 49 (accessed onMay 19, 2007) 128 CEU eTD Collection can be seen as an author who is strongly involved in the regional identity can bein whoisconstruction. involved seenasanregional identity the strongly author Gheo would theleading Thus, inwhichBanat role. take hierarchies field, creating imaginary social-economic in several strategies singularization introduces arguments, center-periphery pleads for. Gheo when describing Banat, besides the references to the cultural cleavage and some be regionalizing included those cannot claims, in forwhich general the trend Vighi withcontrast Vighi, speaksfrom Gheo an exclusive Banatean perspective. he Although has In claims. regionalist the of viability the legitimize to in order theme cleavage cultural most and (self)stereotyping the victimization, to importantly references strategies, discursive moredistinctions. on these emphasize even to strategy victimization use the they Furthermore, their peculiarities. with provinces historical are the The major difference between Vighi’s and Gheo’s discourse is thatVighi uses the discourse between and Gheo’s The majorVighi’s difference 50 CEU eTD Collection Strategies of victimization Strategies of singularization (Self)-stereotyping Deconstructing strategy Justifying strategies Strategies of victimization Deconstructing strategies (Self)-stereotyping Deconstructing strategy essay three the theof work in realizations linguistic and argumentations 2–Strategies, Table 2.1 –Alin Gavreliuc 2.3 –Radu Pavel Gheo 2.2 –Daniel Vighi writers and editorialists and writers Strategies – similarities with Hungary, in difference cultural – – questioning the regional clichés differences historical and cultural – policies centralizing the linking – – regional identities as homogenous – Bucharest as the centralizing and centralizing the as Bucharest – to capable region only the Banat – development, economic – high – Romanian identity as a – linking regionalization to Europe and centralizing the as Bucharest – – Romanian identity as a differences cultural and – historical – Romanian identity as a Romania differences with Eastern partsof West the and East the between administration provinces the between to the communist past identities do not exist discriminating other discriminating Bucharest with compete multiculturality freedom, diligence, exist not does identity homogenous Union European the and other discriminating exist not does identity homogenous provinces other and Banat from people between exist not does identity homogenous Arguments 51 – using linguistic generalizations – using the word ‘boyar’ to – using phrases such as – using ‘identities’ not ‘identity’ – using the terms ‘Europe’ or – using the term ‘Banatean’ as a represents of the center of the represents describe the prime-ministerwho ‘traditional’, ‘typical properties’ textual contexts ‘EuropeanUnion in several bounded group Linguistic realizations CEU eTD Collection around 60% of votes. 60%of around the this publication can be considered a reference to the past alone, because as one of issues asoneof the alone, because thepast to a reference beconsidered can this publication of free itischarge distributed December 2002and Timi Ciuhandu is one of the most central figures of the Banatean local politics. He is the Mayor of official gazette of mayor’s office, of the gazette official Having is selected saidthis, data the thefollowing. none ofthe other counties or cities make reference tothe history Banatof on their web-pages. http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ showed thatTimis County and the municipality Timi of pragmatic decision. Navigating the official web pagesof institutionsdifferent from region the 129 Timi and County Timis from are analysis in the included politicians the of Most media. written the by published interviews or version, written in found be can analysis.Withinfocused this category, I and on deliveredby speeches texts politicians that my in material primary only include to decided I statements, the of aspects some diminishing themediathat in manycases present politicalthe leaders’ biased, exaggeratingopinions or assumption the from Starting elites. political different the of discourse in the appear identity isanalyzeit leaders,regional to whenand opinion related topics to important how, why the “Alegeri locale 2004 – Rezultate” [Local elections 2004 – Results] – 2004 elections [Local –Rezultate” 2004 locale “Alegeri ú oara since 1996. In the 2004 local since1996. Inthe2004local hein oara elections won seatthe firstroundgathering the 1. Editorials signed by Ciuhandu, Dorel orAdrian inGheorghe Borza Orza, the After looking at the academic literature on the region and the discourse of some public VI. Politicalelites – usagesof the regionaldiscourse 129 The Monitorul Primariei is a gazette that first appeared in (accessedMay on 22, 2007) Monitorul Primariei 52 to every householdto inthecity.However, ú oara inheritedoara thehistory Banat, of Monitorul Primariei [The Mayor’s OfficeGazette]. Mayor’s [The ú oara. This is a result of a of is aresult This oara. , 19 (2004), CEU eTD Collection laws on the regional autonomy of the Szeklerland and the personal autonomy of the of autonomy personal the and Szeklerland the of autonomy regional the on laws draft two hesubmitted Moreover, regionalism. and of autonomy promoters the main of one is parliament, Romanian inthe deputy DAHR Tibor, Toro community, the of spokespersons of key the regional one Additionally, institution. or astate as arepresentative of DAHR, not leader of the speakasthe Hungarian In principlepoliticians Hungarianthe elites aswell. in inimportantpolitical Democratic the is caseof position 2004.Thespeaker’s Party People's http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ Timi and the audience. the and context or occasion the position, political speaker’s the factors: important two by influenced is speech the of content the identity, national Austrian the on analysis her in out points Wodak 130 Hungarian newspaper, published in Hungarian and newspapers Romanian thatappearin TheBanat. regional editorial signed by mayor,the or one of his deputies. useful informationmentions, on it theis a resurrectiondifferent of aspectsa one hundred of yearthe old city’s tradition life, in the city.in every number there is an %ăQăĠ journals leaders innewspaperspolitical of thatappeared such as well. as events socio-political different on opinions and communicates official entitled (DAHR) Romania insert paperpublishes the Moreover, monthly of a in Alliance DemocraticHungarians the of 131 Gheorghe Ciuhandu, “Bilan Ciuhandu, Gheorghe Wodak andcolleagues, 72–73 ú oara. Besides this he was the president and presidential candidate for theChristian- and presidential candidate he theBesides president was this oara. ean Crucial elements in the analysis of political discourse are the outside influences. As influences. outside the are discourse political of analysis in the elements Crucial 2. Opinions and interviews with regionalthe leaders of minority, Hungarian the 3. The third category of texts that I included are interviews or opinions of interviews opinions thatIincluded 3. The of thirdcategory texts regional of or are ă or the Western inserts of inserts Western the or 131 Gheorghe Ciuhandu in most of the cases speaks as the Mayor of Mayor the as speaks cases the of most in Ciuhandu Gheorghe Heti ÚjSzó Ġ sfâr de Keresztmetszet (accessedMay on 22, 2007) ú it de an” [End of year survey] ofyear [End an” it de , publishes several Hungarianpoliticians.interviews several with , publishes Evenimentul Zilei . In fourthis pagedinsert Alliancethe publishesits 53 and Ziua Monitorul Primariei . Revista 22 37 (2005) 130 , Besides the Rena ú terea CEU eTD Collection their actions. their of cases,the different(self)-stereotyping areused,in strategies tojustify viabilityorder the of Inmost isactors. social bythe filled alone,appear content their not do these terms However, http://www.cdep.ro 132 as the ‘spirit of Timi such concepts about talk speakers the forms, several take can These references achievements. Mayor’s the of presentation the and Romania, of regionalization the of question and future. present common past, the to references the with deals third part The mechanisms. ‘othering’ the on focus I Second, function. is their what and texts, the in appears consciousness in is Ipresentdiscourses how followingFirst, the way. structured Banateanidentity the and theregion’s whole population. directedtoward are that andthose the Hungarians only are directed toward messages what those between differentiate to has one elites, political theHungarian of in case the Therefore, readers. the of totality West. Agency for the of Regional the Development director the then, since issues administrative on Minister Prime the of advisor the and county council between 1992 andliberal 2000, parliamentary deputy between 2000 and2004, Hungarians from Romania. 133 Additional data can be found on the homepage of the Chamber of Deputies from Romania, from of Deputies Chamber ofthe homepage the on be found can data Additional http://www.cdep.ro There are two major contexts where references to the Banatean identity appear, the appear, identity Banatean the to wherereferences major contexts two There are 1. Banatean identity, Banatean consciousness importantHaving most setthe background information, analysis the of political the The second influential factor is the audience. Most of the speakers try to address the . ú oara ’, ‘mentality of the population’ or directly the Banatean identity. 132 Other important speakers are Viorel Coifan, head of Timis the headof Viorel speakers are Coifan, important Other 54 133 and Sorin Maxim Sorin and CEU eTD Collection argued that this choice They to this decision. leaders object minority local of the the decision council, Since the for the day of Timi city. The date commemorates the entrance of the Romanian troops into Timi into troops Romanian the of entrance the commemorates date city. The conflictual situation. In1999thelocal August councilapproved 3 strategy used in the gazette, is the parallel usage of the specific and abstract achievements. abstract and isspecific of the parallel the usage in gazette, used strategy the similar Another he isrunning. by office the taken action the links itto sametime the andat 4 (2003) 134 conclusions: following the Ciuhandu investors, presents foreign success the example, of talkingabout attracting finished For by textual the project ofapositive leadership. description setting city’s the with same andin the are usedtogether features distinguishing most these cases, of theme.the In Timi model, administrative exclusively about the talk achievements. Although authors inthese wherethey appear about talk passages city of Timi Monitorul Primariei mentality and diligence of the population, the presentation of Timi of presentation the population, the of diligence and mentality (self)-stereotypes used are references to the civilization of the city, the Central European open Themostimportant literature. the in found academic ones or the used bytheessay writers 135 Gheorghe Ciuhandu, “Modelul economic Timisoara” [Timisoara, the economic model] economic the [Timisoara, Timisoara” economic “Modelul Ciuhandu, Gheorghe Gheorghe Ciuhandu, “Timi Ciuhandu, Gheorghe A theusagethird for example is of (self)-stereotypingthe strategy theonein On one hand he reinforces some of the positive stereotypes that circulate in region, the circulate that stereotypes positive of the some he reinforces hand On one In the texts signed by Ciuhandu, Borza or Orza most of the enumerated characteristics mostof enumerated the Orza or Borza signed byCiuhandu, texts In the http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ festivals, which have become traditional. good as possible.and appreciated not only countryin the Webut abroad aswell. We tried to administertried the budget as to keep the spirit of Timi We made efforts to attract investors to our city […] the economic model of Timi infrastructure and economy Timi of economy and infrastructure their work and the openness of the local authorities in supporting the investments in the [T]he recipe of the success is simple: the mentality of the inhabitants of Timi , 1 (2002) ú http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ oara înseamn oara ú oara as ‘Small Vienna’ or the ethnic tolerance and understanding and tolerance ethnic the or Vienna’ ‘Small as oara ú oara, the used characterizations are the same as the one ă in primul rând oameni” [Timisoara first means the people] the means first [Timisoara oameni” rând primul in (accessed on May 2007)22, ú oara . oara 135 ú 134 oara is a nationalist decision, and excludes the 55 ú (accessed onMay 22, 2007) oara alive. All of us enjoyed this year’s rd ú as the official day of the oara as an economic and economic an as oara ú oara, the quality of Monitorul Primariei ú oara is known ú oara in1919. oara , CEU eTD Collection differenciation between the Banatean claims and the ones formulated by by andthe Szeklerland. formulated the ones claims between Banatean the differenciation for the national one. Another goal pursued alternative an as with the construction help identity of these regional legitimizing the on emphasize to and strategies claims regional their is the legitimize to order in characteristics these highlight politicians Romanian The speaker. the of the common history of the region, as a onBanat unity, these emphasize some speakers to Additionally mentality. entrepreneurial are the interculturality/multiculturality, economic development, high qualified labor power, viability of the regionalization of Romania. The most important characteristics that are evoked for the strategy legitimating as (self)-stereotypes different the present theme. speakers The them in conflicts. resolving using or success, administrative their own to consciousness Banatean the of (self)-stereotypes regional identity in toconsolidate their order by linking own position,political the positive http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ 136 characteristics. end tolerant multiethnic example, cohabiting nationalities from is celebration,the thus againsttheBanatean spirit. In for 2006, the Mayor’s office as a response to this criticism, emphasized on the city’s Romanian counties: Harghita, Covasna and some parts of Mures and Brasov. and ofMures parts some and Covasna Harghita, counties: Romanian 138 Toro Tibor, Toro 137 AdrianOrza, “Timisoara multi-ethnica” [Multiethnic Timisoara] The Szeklerland is a territory of Hungarian majority in Romania, which incorporates territories from four “Banatul nu are lider regional” [Banat does not have a regional leader] Interview with parliamentary deputy parliamentary with Interview leader] aregional have does not [Banat regional” lider are nu “Banatul An important aspect in the understanding of isaspect strategiesdiscursive theposition An important inthe these of understanding The second context in which aspects isin The second aspects identity of context Banatean regionalization which the appear Therefore, the political leaders of the city of Timi bands, groups from Germany, Serbia and Hungary will perform as well. We will keep the multiethnic spirit of the city in the prepared manifestations:[…] along the localunderstanding. good the and of tolerance spirit the in developing still is and developed city The […] tolerance. is here live who us of of those characteristic essential The Evenimentul Zilei , February 20 (2007) (accessedMay on 22, 2007) 137 http://www.evz.ro/ 56 Monitorul Primariei ú oara are evoking the elements of the (accessed onMay 15, 2007) 136 , 44 (2006) 138 CEU eTD Collection (2007) 141 Coifan, liberal politician, advisor of the Prime Minister on administrative issues 139 connotation” “passional the 140 The only approaching in-group. they the iton toward rare occasions evoke the Romanian out-groups, time when it isother. used isstrongly linked Finding together. Romanian forpartners legitimizes one of projectsthe the in the case of elections, andHungarian speakers do not exclude any types of autonomy only legitimizeits in in the claims. areused order to stereotypes context, However, a positive one element, mobilization. political local the and autonomy of problem arethe intheHungarian The texts themes Hungarianin-group. the otherthe toward dual strategies positioning different toward One result. and in-group, directed Banatean the member of the local community, and on the other hand as a Hungarian from Banat. From this out-group. nationalist the and boththeregional in-group strategy toward isalegitimizing different(self)-stereotypes the of evocation the Therefore, EU.” for the incorrect politically rights, collective discriminatory, interview Coifan disapproves autonomy the on ethnic criteria,it“enclaving, characterizing From “Banatul nu are lider regional” “Regionalismul la b From “Regionalismul la b http://www.evz.ro/ The discussion on decentralization and regionalization is regionalization and decentralization on The discussion Although Hungarian the politicians usethe (self)-stereotyping strategies, when Thus, for the Hungarian politicians the two types of autonomy or regionalization are (self)- Banatean the speakers Romanian the to similarly autonomy, the of case In the Most of the Hungarian politicians speak from a dual position, as Banatean, or as the to find discussion partners among the political elite. we tried elements, ethnic the on only emphasize to propose not We did […] agenda. DAHR’s the As Banatean, with aproclaimed Hungarian identity, Itried to introduce the idea of regionalism in composition [where] did not exist dominant nations, or major economic discrepancies, Banat is “traditionally a privileged area from the point of view of the ethnic, social and economic ăQăĠ (accessed on May 15 May on (accessed eni, de jos în sus” [Regionalism at the Banateans, from bellow] interview with Viorel ăQăĠ eni, de jos în sus” 140 of the ones in the Szeklerland. Moreover, later in later cited the Moreover, Szeklerland. of inthe ones the th , 2007) 57 141 pragmatic, they do not have not do they pragmatic, Evenimentul Zilei , February 17 139 th CEU eTD Collection 144 143 campaign begins] region/city. the of role’ ‘leading the on emphasizing well, as (self)-stereotypes time same the at are these 142 comparisons between Banat/Timi appear. in elements these and which situations contexts the regarding major are there differences with other provinces and Bucharest on cultural, economic or even on political level. However, comparison the content, same the with appear ‘others’ to references the elites political of the position todismiss or conquering other discourses. political own their consolidate to opinions, and actions their justify and legitimize to order in areused thesecharacteristics leaders.However, thepublic opinion sphereor academic legitimacy. This isaction usedfor political mobilization, tostrengthen thus their position political and nationalism. Romanian of examples out bringing stereotypes, these dismissing speakers the setting, textual innegative appear these references However, andtolerance. multiculturality Ciuhandu, “Modelul economic Timisoara” economic “Modelul Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, “Timi Ciuhandu, “Befejez Many of the politicians – most characteristicallymanifestations in the editorials, and essays andthe literature academic the to Similarly andthe 2. Banateans ‘others’ Ciuhandu and Orza – make The political elites use more or less the same (self)-stereotyping mechanisms as the Ę model of Timisoara. economic the We are well. as perspective economic from others the for point, areference We are country. the Our city is appreciated today forits civilization, being recognized as the most occidental city of dött az el az dött Heti Új Szó ú oara înseamn oara Ę választás, kezd választás, 143 , April 25 , April 144 ă in primul rând oameni” rând inprimul Ę rd dik a választási kampány” [The pre-elections finished, the electoral the finished, pre-elections [The kampány” választási a dik (2004): 4 ú oara and other parts of Romania or Bucharest. However, 58 142 CEU eTD Collection Monitorul Primariei 146 (accessed onMay 22, 2007) 145 147 Banat. which is andparticularly pressuring center provinces the the a hyper-centralization through relationship as Banat–Bucharest the present text the Many of is strategy. thevictimization one important as well.most The work at strategies other are there thetwo, between comparisons by made Bucharest, andreferences the relationship to Banat between the regarding in iscases strategy some used Although the singularization theme. periphery relationship and achievements. reinforces the regional identity, but associates these characteristics with his orher own actions imaginary hierarchy, in beliefcity`s creating aspecial of kind an group that position the highlighting only not is politician the Therefore, enumerated. are leadership local the collaborators. his and Mayor the of achievements the highlight in linguistic stereotyping these appear strategy, formulations positive textual which setting putting the city of Timisoara on the top of the hierarchy. Furthermore, similarly to the (self)- Gheorghe Ciuhandu, “Timi Ciuhandu, Gheorghe team] [The “Echipa” Orza, Adrian Orza, “Echipa” Another case when the political elites make allusions to the ‘others’, is center– the ‘others’, tothe makeallusions elites political casewhenthe Another of wherein accomplishments the is acontext embedded strategy The singularization The examples above show that the authors use the discursive singularization strategy, concerning the hyper-centralized ‘Dambovitean’ administration. ‘Dambovitean’ hyper-centralized the concerning In Banat the discussions ondecentralization […] derive from the frustrations of thecitizens teamwork. means This workplaces. new created that investments and children their for playgrounds new transportation, tram comfortable For the population of Timisoara this means improved public illumination, more frequent and cities of Romania, namely the Mayorlacks the support of the local council.big other in be seen can unfortunately what characteristic, not is it here Because Timisoara? Why [positive] example. Whenit comes to Romania in the international mass media, Timisoara is always used asan cities of Romania, namely the Mayorlacks the support of the local council.big other in be seen can unfortunately what characteristic, not is it here Because Timisoara? Why , 34 (2005) ú 146 oara mereu în avagarda avagarda în mereu oara http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ Monitorul Primariei 147 59 Ġă rii” [Timisoara always in the vanguards of the country] of the vanguards the in always [Timisoara rii” , 15 , (2004) (accessed onMay 22, 2007) http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ 148 145 CEU eTD Collection http://www.evz.ro/ strategies are used to create both discontent among the audition, and to underline thepositive underline to and audition, the among discontent both create to used are strategies victimization the perspective, this In claims. or achievements own their strengthen politicians of region. the development economic the (self)-stereotypes, the of one he repeats Moreover, well. as regionalization of claims his legitimizes but center, the the centralization with the positive outcome of a future regionalization. future of a outcome positive with the centralization the regionalization. Similarly to the previous topic,reinforcing their position.the speaker contrasts administration, local the of qualities positive the underlines but light, negative in thepolicies negative image of 149 name of the river which crosscuts it. 148 situation they are contrasted with the successful actions taken by the local administrations. first Inthe kindsin ofcontexts. mostly two appear of kinds these statements However, http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ 150 151 “Turismul din Timi din “Turismul From “Regionalismul lab “Regionalismul From Gheorghe Ciuhandu, “Timi Ciuhandu, Gheorghe From “Regionalismul la b In both of the cases, by emphasizing on the centre–periphery relationships, the relationships, centre–periphery the on emphasizing by cases, the of both In By using this kind of contrast, Coifan not only strengthens the dissatisfaction toward Coifan not onlystrengthens dissatisfaction contrast, the By using of thiskind The second usage of the victimization strategies appear on subject of the appearon strategies victimization of the The second usage not only the centralization The usedbyCiuhanduincontrast presents thisparagraph With the help of the victimization strategies, the audition is reinforced in his beliefs. his in isreinforced audition the strategies, victimization the of help the With redistribution of the money which they pay to the central correct budget.the for solution a case, first the in means, Banateans the for Regionalization counties. last the of one became money-repartition of the moment the at Bucharest, after sum, largest Remember yearthat by year,Timis although [county] contributed to Roadthe with[the Fund] consideration we have chosen to attract external funds. external to attract chosen we have consideration need funds. The Timisoara of tomorrow cannot be built without financial resources. From this Yet, inorder to develop the community in whichwe live,we most make new investments, which Bucharest. to budget central the goto funds special and One of the problems of any local administration is[that] the money gathered from taxes, duties government are Brasov, Bucovina, Moldova and the Romanian coastline. Romanian the and Moldova Bucovina, Brasov, are government We do not get anything, the only regions, who get promotional tourist material from the (accessed on May 15 ú oara, revigorat de prim de revigorat oara, ăQăĠ ăQăĠ ú oara de mâine” [Tomorrow’s Timisoara] [Tomorrow’s mâine” de oara eni, de jos în sus”. Dambovitean is a common reference to Bucharest, after the after Bucharest, to reference common a is Dambovitean sus”. josîn de eni, eni, de jos în sus” (accessedMay on 22, 2007) th , 2007) ă rie” Evenimentul Zilei 60 150 , Novemeber22 Monitorul Primariei 151 149 nd (2006) , 9(2003) CEU eTD Collection following way: following in the formulated is itself festival the to invitation the name, the Besides Timisoara. and Austria of between capital the association an city, creating the pastof Austro-Hungarian the festival entitled ‘Littleanalogy for future the A projects. examplegood of kindthis is the promotion of springthe Vienna’. On one hand the chosen name itself guidesknown fame’, orreferring to tradition, whichneeds tobe kept. the audience to ‘once city’s tothe theachievements or projects the connecting is these Oneof strategies. of belongingness andcontinuity.is This linguistic byusage of achieved the different of embedding projects presentandfuture the city the in creating ahistorical asense context, canbe with usedin ‘other’ the context. this relationship the of andtheconstruction strategies (self)-stereotyping future.the Both presentand the past, the instrumentalize politicians way is the the discourses elites’ cultural andthe literature areinterlocked. (self)-stereotypes presented message is formulated in contrast with the strategy,in the latter situation the message and the are usedwith isThe only samepurpose. the whilein that, formerdifference casethe the strategies The singularization project. regionalization the legitimacy of the or administration connotation achievements formulatedmessagethe in –own and of decision-making Another strategy is the evocation of past events or triumphs of realization as model or andmostFirst, importantly Ciuhandu, politiciansthe and –ex. Borza Orza–are A peculiarity of the political3. References to past, present andfuture discourses compared to the one from the academic 61 CEU eTD Collection emphasizes on the continuity of the developments, and on the other hand legitimizes the legitimizes hand other the on and developments, the of continuity the on emphasizes the reconstruction project, but as a group cohesion process. the city to conform to it. Consequently, the reference to the past is used not only to legitimize about beginning the of reconstructionthe major of of parts the tramlines in Timisoara. by both singularizingthe using strategy and (self)-stereotyping. the http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/ 152 to Europe or European the Union. strategies of the state. However, this is not the only case when political actors make references –whichperiod is very in a common –,orthe allthepost-socialist homogenizing countries by either cleavages created be communist the to literature this could reference the academic the to similarly in However, found itself. thecity which states socio-cultural different the on ‘again’ by isemphasizing word the region. Europeanismthe Orza to the of connected using 153 Adrian Orza, “Timi Orza, Adrian Ciuhandu, “Bilan Ciuhandu, Therefore, the connection of the past with the present and future, on on hand one future, and present the with ofthepast connection the Therefore, In this perspective the investment is reevaluated, it becomes a duty becomes a foris it leaders the reevaluated, of duty theIn investment this perspective A further example of linking the past with the present and theIn futurethis second example,is in Ciuhanduthe article clearly emphasizes on the Europeanism of the city, Therefore, ‘Little Vienna’ is not only a reference of the glorious past, but it is needs to be kept. to needs transportationsystem […] contributing to the development of the city to continue a tradition that followingthe in way. andmodernizing […] Investing infrastructure the of public the celebrate to want we which anniversary, an from interval weeks few a we are Therefore, horses. On July 9 country. and mentalities, but inevery aspectwhich isimplied by the European integration of our At the end of yearthe 2006 […] Timisoara will become a European city onlynot in discussions (again). I can only invite you, once more, beginning with May 8 152 153 Ġ de sfâr de th ú oara European oara , 1867 Timisoara became the first city from Romania, which had trams pulled by ú it de de an” it (accessedMay on 22, 2007) ă ” [European Timisoara] ” [European 62 Monitorul Primariei th at Unirii Square to become European become to Square Unirii at , 17 (2004) CEU eTD Collection tolerance, which appears only a few times and contexts. Most importantly appears as oneof as appears importantly Most contexts. and afewtimes only appears tolerance, which toward both regionalthe in-group and the national in-group. Romanian political elitespolitical want partners to detach for otherthedifferentgoals.While Hungarian political useelites the regionalizingin project findorder to two similar projects projects in order – suchWithin the context, this political of Hungariansthe representatives andRomanians pursue toas legitimizethe process. autonomylegitimating abovementioned the strengthens hand other the ofon themselves and thecharacteristics, Szeklerland – the function. On one hand hasadouble usageof the (self)-stereotypes Inthis the context projects. for their political it creates a kind of group centerin tomobilizethe frustrations they the toward population strategies order the channel cohesionvictimization using By claims. regionalizing the bylegitimize to in order emphasizing relationship periphery on the common thefuturemeaning developments. to givelegitimizefuture to projects the or ongoing thein pastareusedto and references order to literature academic the in used are which – identity regional the of symbols the connect they andThus, by some of center–periphery highlight inadministratingtheir to competence relationship future. the city’s the essay writersSimilarly, butas notwell in linkan accentuated– to thehold way(self)-stereotypes thetheymajor such asCiuhandu,Orzaand Borza political actors identity themes. intwoFirst, appear usepower. victimization Moreover, strategies in thetopresenting their the positive past. the achievements of periods glorious of the for aplace thecommemoration itcreates Moreover, projects. future as political leaders of the city. A aspectimportantthird in politicalthe isdiscourse the usage multiculturalityof and Second, regional leaders such as Coifan, Maxim or Toro emphasize on the center– regional the of aspects the to references different the sphere political studied In the * 63 CEU eTD Collection terms in conflictual situations, in order to dismiss nationalist suspicions. nationalist dismiss to in order situations, in conflictual terms political mobilization among the Hungarians. In contrast, the Romanian political elites use the timesthe looking By they innegative this are context. for dismissing (self)-stereotype Hungarian spokespersons make reference toittoward Hungarianthe in-group, andmost of the (self)-stereotypes that is used in the legitimizing process mentioned above. In addition, the 64 CEU eTD Collection Justifying strategies strategies Dismissing Strategies of victimization Justifying strategies Strategies of singularization (Self)-stereotyping (Self)-stereotyping Strategies of victimization Justifying strategies Table 3 – Strategies, argumentations and linguistic realizations in the work of the political elite 3.1 –In the regionalization theme 3.3 – Hungarian political elites toward theHungarian in-group 3.2 –In the discourse of Ciunandu and his collegues Strategies – cultural and economic continuity – discrimination on economic level – possibility of bettereconomic – supranational common history of –regionalization as means for means as –regionalization and tolerance the against arguing – hypercentralization – past the achievements to the realizations of projects, own connecting – other for model as Timisoara – – multiculturality, economic – multiculturality, economic hypercentralization – differences cultural and – historical period and the present the and period Austro-Hungarian the between situation region the minority rights peaceful cohabitation model administrational level cities on cultural, economic, mentality, civilization entrepreneurial development, mentality entrepreneurial development, provinces other and Banat from people between Arguments 65 – ‘little Vienna’ theme – positive textual context – negative textual context, at the – ‘the economic model Timisoara’ – ‘mentality of the population’, – ‘mentality of the population’, – in context with the enumeration the with context in – – negative textual context in – negative textual context in enumeration the with context in – time of elections Timisoara of ‘spirit the to references identity Banatean to reference Mayor’s office Mayor’s of the achievements of the of the other strategies contrast with the positive context presentation of ownachievements contrast with the positive office Mayor’s of the achievements of the Linguistic realizations CEU eTD Collection characteristic for the region or the people who live there. The most important are thehigh important most The live there. who thepeople region or for the characteristic are that peculiarities some and introduce reinforce actors and political cultural academic, this, the to According strategy. of isthe(self)-stereotyping important these The most identity. regional the illustrate to strategies discursive same usenearly field, the discursive field. social part thatare of different actors between be can traced cases, similarities in many However, pursuedby and actors. the strategies betweenthe goals major differences in which all the actors can be placed. What is more, even within the same social field there are and structures discursive motifs behindthe discourses. the both on study the from drawn be can that conclusions important are there topic, specific this can beon found material that of the the nottotality do represent included texts the Although leaders. political local and regional important some of texts and statements political the and from region the of editorialists three work the Banat, on literature academic the find to in fields, the answers,Ianalyzed presentdiscourses theregional three different social there is one single discursive structure that all the regional actors can be integrated in. In order not or andwhether identity, theregional of and existence characteristics the to references make elites of these members understand whythe to I wanted Moreover, identity. Banatean construct aregional in to by elites and political order used mainstrategies academic, cultural The main identify, research the goal of was to reveal, describeanddeconstruct the Despite the differences, most of the actors, who speak in or about the regional the about in or who speak actors, of mostthe differences, the Despite important is findingThe most of thatthereis paper the discursivestructure nosingle VII. Conclusions 66 CEU eTD Collection fields, commentis one important besaid.When needed to strategies using the described most importantly Banat. and level excessively holds centralizing back on politico-administrative and provinces, the level oncultural center byhomogenizing the these, According to strategies. victimization the of target is the Bucharest hand other the On center. the with competing of capable is which reinforcement of singularizationthe strategy,by claiming province the that is only the one is usedasa Bucharest with On by handthecomparison one occupiedBucharest. concept. Said’s to reference making orientalism, to mechanism’ ‘othering Sorin Antohi,in anarticle in journalpublished socio-political the ‘Revista 22’linked these underline evenmore in these to differences. order socio-cultural arguments historical and emphasizeon actors Many of the theme. cleavage is cultural the relationship ‘others’ Banateans– aspectof the Another Neumann. Buzarnescuor fieldJianu,Bodo, academic fields as well, while the mostimportant authors who are using itare Ciuhandu, Gheo orin the Similarlyof be theBanat. previously mentioned can this foundto strategy, inallof three the These incontexts in areinhabitants. strategies their tounderline role’ used the ‘leading order regionsand and between other Banat imagined hierarchies in form, creating acomparative them multiculturality – and puts and democratization areeconomic development, accentuated This on one hand makes references to some of mostand who of speakfrom authors mentionthe perspective a regional them. the above mentionedfields, three the inall of appear These region. the of population the of cohabitation peaceful characteristics – mostpeople, multiculturality, the highlevel of civilization and the related ethnic tolerance and economic development of the region, the specific work-ethics, diligence and openness of the Before describing the discursive differences and similarities within the three social three the within similarities and differences discursive the describing Before isfield central position the analyzed appears inevery which characteristic Another A isstrategy which to(self)-stereotyping closely related is singularization the strategy. 67 CEU eTD Collection homogenizing discourse rooted fromhomogenizing rooted discourse butcommunism,are not two the in conflict. While direct national hegemony of the the asan against alternative canbeunderstood second perspective in Coifan political andToro This the one. or in thecultural by sphere represented Vighi agenda, ina regionalist couldbe integrated authors presentedby these Thearguments events. similarly many regionalizingthe of theories evolved asaneed for understanding the 1989 and–, forneed democratization and solidarity of –because ethnic the theories regionalist infor and is started revolution the this starting themainevidenceand point Timisoara has a issignificance.regional which The revolution, the1989Romanian dual perspectives result of the a region the of as emphasizing uniqueness perspective, the aCentral on European introduce different of perspective(Neumann,this Vultur) adepts one. The perspective was thepureregional national A andlegitimizing strategies. second parallel usage of Banatean (self)-stereotyping and religiousBanat, butframingin it a national unified narrative. Romanian This by was achieved the influences.larger nationalizing one, emphasizing on distinctthe socio-cultural andhistorical features of A central argued theBanat, singularity many their integrated in and uniqueness of them of work the element Although space for historiography majority regional debate,thus the of appeared. authors the in the purelyliberalized a more hadbecame field academic the changes, the of asaresult early the 90s which history could havebeen studied,namely a homogenizing Romanian national one. In from perspective one only therewas communism In fields. major discursive three between of in. contextsandpositionsthe involved they thatare On academic level one can distinguish isTimisoara included. Banat while about tothe talking Banat, totality of the city are extrapolated about narratives Moreover, withsame characteristics. –, the are usedinterchangeably two cases the in some above many of the actors make references to Banat as the province, or Timisoara as the city – The most important differences between the discourses of the actors comeasaresult of actors the discourses the between differences important most The 68 CEU eTD Collection academic and cultural spheres, the most important difference between between discourses important differencethe most spheres, the academic cultural and uniqueness and leading of role Banat, positioning himself in the same discursive field. for the literature in academic the perspective of regional purely as the arguments adepts the national identity and similar the homogenous Banatean Hequestions delivers perspective. authors, from Gheoa pure two writes with the other contrast uniquenessBanat. In of viability of the group’s regionalist the legitimize which elements are center the of actions the regarding strategies victimization claims. He did not use strategiesgroup, his allusions to regional identity, the cultural differences between the provincesthat and the emphasize only questioningevery identity. Provincia speaksasamemberof collective of Vighi kind thick the the emphasizes on the flaws Gavreliuc authors. three the between differences major are there similarity, this Despite of national homogenizing amore have approach. dynamic it took essay disregarded–the writers or narrative national discourse, but the integrated it– engagenot critical inthis deconstruction on Banat did literature academic the regional one as mainstream While academic one.sphere the and main the the between cultural the difference well, is this Moreover, discourse. national homogenizing the to – wastheGheo critical approach own definition, by which references to minority rights can be made. Hungarian authors try deconstructto multiculturality the and tolerance stereotype delivering an The one. Hungarian is the perspective A third period. the of realities social the on impact contrast purely the regional perspective not focus thenational does on movements and their 20 dealing with modernitythe nationalizingthe perspectivehighlights the importance of 18 the century, pure regional the focuses onthemodernhistoryone of region.the Moreover, in the national narrative emphasizes on the Romanian presence in the region from the 2 th century national movements, disregarding the multicultural aspects of the region. In region. the of aspects multicultural the disregarding movements, national century The fieldthirdwas included that inthis study politicalwas the one.Compared the to The common element in the works of the three essay writers – Gavreliuc, Vighi and 69 th nd – CEU eTD Collection discourses of the population. the of discourses the control that beliefs and attitudes the analyzing by level, grassroots on elements discursive these of measurement be would the research this of a possible continuation Therefore, individual. in every asocial identity creates which asense of collectivity, can generate function, which hasalatent through in they they which are of orcontexts pursued the goals regardless elements regional tothe references the Moreover, achievements. actions or goals, pursued legitimize the to usedinorder pastare the to The references discourses. use similar fromfrom independent fields Actors each social different whopursuethe sameother. goals, accusations. the nationalist strategy,integrating which dismisses Hungarians. By the same token, the Romanian elites are usingitin conflictual situations as an arguing against Romanianthe nationalism, looking they are for political mobilization among By model and the literature. deconstructing intheacademic intelligentsia Hungarian the in wayas same it in-group the Hungarian the toward to make reference Hungarian politicians the hand, one On tolerance. and multiculturality to isrelated discourse of political the element important third The decentralization. and regionalization of claim legitimize their to in andstrategies victimization cleavage theperiphery cultural argument order the relationship, Maxim and Toro asCoifan, such casespeakers this In is framed regionalization. be can – regional references the in the same way belongingnessmaincohesion. secondand The a senseof in andgroup creating which theme as Vighi from theTherefore, they try to reinforcecultural their positionsin. involved is of office power,Mayor’s by the emphasizing which in projects and on regionalachievements the of sphere symbolslegitimization – use the center-strategies and of In Ciuhandu,past the the casecommemorations Orza andBorza’s identity appear. of regional theBanatean to where references the is context the political one the and above mentioned (self)-stereotyping, singularization or the victimization appear as a The three discursive fields are neither a homogenous discursive structure, nor discursive structure, a homogenous neither are fields The discursive three 70 CEU eTD Collection Muntean, Vasile V. Muntean, Marosi, Emeric Miki. Jianu, Cristina. Jianu, Greffner, Otto. Greffner, Gaga, Lidia Maria. Lidia Gaga, Cre Dragomir, Silviu. Dragomir, Bodó Barna. “A Bánság és az etnikai diskurzus” [Banat and ethnic discourse] the [Banat Barna. “A ésazetnikai diskurzus” Bodó Bánság Bodó Barna. “Tolerancia, szabadság, modernitás” [Tolerance, freedom, modernity]freedom, modernitás” [Tolerance, szabadság, “Tolerancia, Barna. Bodó Achim,introduction Valeriu, to Buz Barna. “Banat Bodó Buz Ġ ă ă an, Remus. rnescu rnescu Timisoara: Editura mitropolitana,Timisoara: Editura 1990. Jewish community from manuscript,Resita]. 2005. 2002. in reflected Waldpress, Timisoara: minorities pressfrom Timisoara]. the short history)].Arad:?, 1994. Banat Banat –summaty]. PhD Diss., University of Bucuresti, 1997. electoral electoral behaviorin Timisoara:Banat]. Editurade 1999. Vest, 2002. 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Universitara Napoca: Presan Clujeana, 2002. , , ù ù ă – rezumat tefan. tefan. ri ù Imaginea minorit Etnie, confesiune Etnie, sicomportament electoral înBanat vabii (germanii)din Banat (o scurt ú http://bodo.adatbank.transindex.ro/belso.php?k=16&p=1462 Banatulromânesc i perspective române i perspective Norme sociale “ Unmodeldeinterculturalitate activ Contribu ú i interculturalitate” [Banat and interculturality] in [Banatandinterculturality] i interculturalitate” Sursele istorico-antropologice ale interculturalit ale istorico-antropologice Sursele Pagini dinistoria evreilor Resita la [Social norms and individual attitudes in the customs of family life in life family of customs in the attitudes individual and norms [Social http://bodo.adatbank.transindex.ro/belso.php?k=16&p=929 Ġ ă ii laistoriaBanatului lin Rus 164–177. Cluj Presan Napoca: Universitara Clujeana, Granita devest ăĠ ă ri ú ilor reflectat i atitudiniindividuale înobiceiurile vie [The Romanian 1999.Banat]. Timisoara:Augusta, ú i perspective române i perspective ú ti Appendixes , edited by Rudolf Poledna, Francois Ruegg and 71 ă , by Stefan Manciulea. Baia Mare: Gutinul, în presa timi ă [Contributions to the History of Banat]. istorie) ă : Banatulromânesc [Pages from the history of the ú ti [The Germans from Banat (a , edited by Rudolf Poledna, ú orean ă [Ethnie, religion and ăĠ [The image of ii interactive din ii interactive Interculturalitate – Interculturalitate Ġ ii de familie din [A model of (accessed on (accessed Korunk Távlatok 2 CEU eTD Collection From the online version of Evenimentul Zilei, Vultur, Smaranda. Vultur, Vultur, Smaranda. “Memorie Smaranda.Vultur, Vultur, Smaranda. Vultur, Smaranda. Vultur, ù 3ă Neumann, Victor. “Multikulturális identitás a régiók Európájában – a Bánát mintája” Negru, Andrei. Neumann, Victor. Neumann, Victor. ora, Mihai,foreword to iu Gavreliuc, Alin. “Despre tacerile asurzitoare” [About silences] June29 deafening the [About “Despre Alin. tacerileGavreliuc, asurzitoare” Gavreliuc, Alin. “Despre individualismul „romanului”” [About the individualism of the of individualism the [About „romanului”” individualismul “Despre Alin. Gavreliuc, Gavreliuc, Alin.“Cine suntem? (4)” [Who are we? (4)] May 25 Gavreliuc, Alin.“Cine suntem? (2)” [Who are we? (2)] May 11 Gavreliuc, Alin.“Cine suntem? (1)” [Who are we? (1)] May 4 mea!”ismy beautiful January 25 eratara “Ce[How frumoasa Alin.country] Gavreliuc, [Towards January Europe!] Europa!” 11 “Catre Alin.Gavreliuc, Gavreliuc, Alin.“Cartierul meu” [My neighborhood] November 16 Gavreliuc, Alin. “Banatul si „centrul”” [Banat a Gavreliuc, Alin. “A treia Timisoara - un teritoriu parallel” [The thi –aparallel thi [The Timisoara un teritoriu parallel” - Timisoara “A Alin.treia Gavreliuc, ú an, Radu. 2. Newspaper andjournal articles studied inPart V &ă – cercet [Memory and identity in an intercultural space (the case of Banat] in Banat, then and now]. Iasi: Polirom, 2002. 1918]. Timisoara: Vest, 2003. 1918]. Timisoara:Vest, 1918 social research]. Cluj 1999. Argonaut, social Napoca: research]. kisebbség,társadalom politika, [Multicultural identity in the Europe of regions – the model of Banat] 2001. (accessed on (accessedMay on 12, 2007) 1997. of Hestia, regions]. Timisoara: (2006) “Romanian”] January “Romanian”] January 12 (2007) territory] November 29 linCluj Rus,188–193. Universitara Napoca: Presan Clujeana, 2002. [Banatean participants atthe battle forindependence andnational unity 1830– ă Participan Din istoriacercet ri Ideologie Identitati multipleîn Europa regiunilor Scene devia ú Memoria salvat Germanii dinBanat i perspective române i perspective Testament politic Ġ i b ú ăQăĠ i fantasmagorie ú i identitate într-un i spa identitate Ġă ă [Stages life].of Iasi: Polirom, 2001. (2006) eni la luptapentru independen rii sociale române ă (2006) . Evreii dinBanat, . Evreii ieri 8no. 3-4(1997), [The Germans from Bucuresti:Banat]. Paideia, 2000. ú ti , by Avram Imbroane. Timisoara: Marineasa, 2003. , edited by Rudolf Poledna, Francois Ruegg and [Ideology and phantasmagoria]. Iasi: Polirom, 72 http://evz.ro/ the “center”] March 22 Ġ ú iu intercultural iu intercultural (cazul Banatului)” ti [From the history of the Romanian http://www.regiofolyoirat.hu/ [Multiple identities in Europe the ú (accessed onMay 19, 2007) i azi [Saved memory. Jews in Ġă (2006) siunitatenational (2006) (2006) (2007) (2006) (2007) Interculturalitate Regio – ă 1830– CEU eTD Collection From the cultural journal Orizont journal cultural the From Gheo, RaduPavel.Gheo, “Timi Gheo, Radu Pavel. “Printr-o “Printr-o Radu Pavel. Gheo, Gheo, Radu Pavel.“Ora Gheo, Radu Pavel.“O trecere prin Tîrgu Mure Gheo, Radu Pavel. “Mul Radu Pavel.Gheo, Gheo, RaduPavel.“Mîndrumi-s c Gheo, Radu Pavel.“Mitica printre noi” [‘Mitica’ among us], Gheo, Radu Pavel. “Mimozele din curtea USR” [The mimosas from the RWU’s courtyard] Gheo, Radu Pavel. “AcasRadu Pavel. Gheo, Gavreliuc, Alin.“Relatia cu celalalt si calitatea democratiei” [The relation wi the other a Gavreliuc, Alin. “Povestea noastra (?)” [Our story (?)]Augu 31 February 2 [The“newman” exista!” exists] nou” “„Omul Alin.Gavreliuc, Gavreliuc, Alin.“O Romanie noua” [A new Romania] January 4 1 December Romania], [Another “O Romanie” Alin. alta Gavreliuc, Gheo, RaduPavel.Gheo, “Dup literele“Argument RaduPavel.Gheo, pentru ie Gheo, Radu Pavel. “Dreptul “Dreptul RaduPavel.Gheo, la [Right uitare” toforget] Gavreliuc, Alin. “„Noi” si „ei”” a “„Noi” Alin.Gavreliuc, [“Us” Gavreliuc, Alin.“Nimic nu e ceea ce pare a fi” [Nothing is what it seems to be] Augu 17 majorities] 8 June [Minoritarian minoritare” “Majoritatile Alin.Gavreliuc, offrustration- [Aspects recenta” siRomania frustrare-agresiune “Ipoteza Alin.Gavreliuc, Gavreliuc, Alin.“Iertare fara uitare” [Forgiveness without forgetting] April 6 a [Goffman noi” si “Goffman Alin. Gavreliuc, a [Bitterness “Fierea simierea” Alin.Gavreliuc, Gavreliuc, Alin.“Europa noastra (?)” [Our Europe (?)] April 19 Gavreliuc, Alin.“..."E bine"...” [It is good] Augu 3 Gheo, Radu Pavel.“Administra somewhere in somewhere Europe] (2006) Orizont Targu Mures, Marosvasarhely] Mures, Targu (2005) 4 (2005) Orizont the qualitythe democracy]of 7 September (2005) (2006) in agression July Romania] contemporary 27 Iasi] Orizont 4 (2006) 5 (2005) 4 (2004) ú Ġ ă ul rozelor cel (mai ú umim, boier T boier umim, ă aniversar oara cultural oara la [Home atthePhoenix] Phoenix” Ġ ar Orizont ă Ġ ie nel ă ú ă i unire (II)” [Administration and Union] -s b ă ” [After anniversary] murit 1 (2007) Orizont ă ăQăĠ ă undeva în Europa” [Cultural undeva [Cultural în Europa” Timisoara “them”] 15 December riceanu” [Thank you boyar Tariceanu] [Thank riceanu” ă 73 ean…” [Proud ean…” [Proud I am beto Banatean…], ” [Within an uncertain country] anuncertain ” [Within ú i) mor” [The city of roses (which) die] (2006) ú us] July 6 5 (2006) , prin Marosvasarhely” [A passage through ú ene” [Arguments fortheliterature [Arguments from ene” honey] March 23 (2006) (2006) Orizont (2006) Orizont Orizont Orizont (2005) (2006) 12 (2006) (2007) (2007) 2006) 9 (2005) (2005) 8 (2002) 3 (2006) (2006) (2006) Orizont Orizont (2006) Orizont Orizont 6 11 5 CEU eTD Collection From the online version of version of From Provincia, online the 19, 2007) Gheo, Radu Pavel. “Un RaduPavel.Gheo, kindaltfel geografie” [Another of de geography] Gheo, Radu Pavel.“Vörös, sárga, kék – este-al nostru tricolor” [Red, yellow, blue – is our Gheo, Radu Pavel. “Un cîine cu identitate” [A dog with identity], Vighi, Daniel. “Temesvári hírek” [News from from hírek” [News Timisoara] “Temesvári Vighi, Daniel. Gheo, Radu Pavel. “Timi Pavel. Radu Gheo, Vighi, “Tájképvonattal” train] [Landscapewith Daniel. Vighi, Daniel. “Memorandum – a történelemt Vighi, Daniel. “Megjegyzések és zárójelek. Balázsfalva” [Observations and brackets. Blaj] és azeurópai Vighi, “Bátorság stagnálás között jöv Daniel. “Azépítést Vighi, Daniel. “Timi Radu Pavel.Gheo, Vighi, Daniel. “Az államellenes összeesküvés mítosza” [The myth an anti-state amonad] monász becomes lesz a másság”[When “Amikor difference Vighi, Daniel. Vighi, Daniel. “A történelem lényegét kell megragadni” [The essence history of needs to [Thequestion of the kérdésköre” meghatározásainak “Aregionalitás Vighi, Daniel. Vighi, Daniel. “A Provincia eszméi vidéken” [The ideas of Provincia in the country] Vighi, Daniel. “A Nemzeti Liberális Párt kongresszusa – elvek és távlatok között” [The Vighi, Daniel. “Iorga Lincolnja avagy ki az úr a házban” [Iorga’s Lincoln or who is the Vighi, Daniel. “Egy alternatív politikai néhány konstrukció alapvet Vighi, Daniel. “A közéleti elkötelezettség decentralizálása” [The decentralization of of decentralizálása”public [Thedecentralization Vighi, “A elkötelezettség közéleti Daniel. flag] despicable Timisoara] despicable Provincia Provincia history to psychology] construction] political alternative an of questions bravery stagnation] and between conspiracy] Provincia be apprehended] regionality] of definition Provincia Provincia congress of the National Liberal Party – between principles and perspectives] boss in house] boss the commitment] Orizont III no.5(2002) III Ino. 5 (2000) Ino. 3 (2000) Ino. 7 (2000) IIno.3(2001) Provincia 12 (2005) Provincia Provincia Provincia ú ú Ę oara mirabil oara oara eBelissima!” oara l a leépítésig és vissza” [From construction back] l torestrain and [From construction a leépítésig és vissza” II no. 12 (2001) II Orizont Provincia II no. 5 IIno. (2001) Provincia Ino. 4 (2000) http://www.provincia.ro/mindex.html I no. 2 Ino. (2000) 10 (2006) ă , Timi , IIno.12 (2001) Provincia III no. III3-4(2002) 74 Orizont ú Ę oara mizerabil oara l a pszichológiáig” [Memorandum – from I no. 6 I (2000) 8 (2005) Provincia Provincia Provincia Ę ” [The European future ” [TheEuropean ă (I)” [Admirable Timisoara, [Admirable (I)” Orizont Ino. 1 (2000) I no. 8 I (2000) Ę IIno.6 (2001) kérdése” [The basic (accessed on May Orizont 1 (2006) 2 (2006) CEU eTD Collection http://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul/arhiva.php From the online version of the of version online the From Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Timi Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Timi Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Veni Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Timi Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Timi Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Modelul economic Timi economic “Modelul Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, “O Gheorghe. nou Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Mica Vien “Mica Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “La mul Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, “La Gheorghe. în Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Investi Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Colaborare în folosul cet folosul în “Colaborare Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Ciuhandu, “Gânduri Gheorghe. la începutdean” [Thought at beginningthe of year]the Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Împreun Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Bilan Borza, Dorel “ReBorza, Borza, Dorel “Timi Dorel Borza, 3. Articles studied in Part VI vanguards of the country] the of vanguards allowed forget] to (2004) people]the 9 (2003) 43 (2006) Monitorul Primariei Primariei Primariei Primariei Primariei Monitorul Primariei 37 (2005) Monitorul Primariei Monitorul Primariei Ġ 24 (2004) 49 (2006) 45 (2006) 48 (2006) eaua de transport în detransport public network] eaua [The comun” transportation ú Monitorul Primariei oara Ecologic oara Monitorul Primariei ú ú Ġ ú ú Monitorul Primariei 4 (2003) 33 (2005) 50 (2007) 6 (2003) ăOĠ Ġ i la vot!” [Come to the elections] orenii nu au voie s oara, mereu în avangarda oara înseamn oara oara de mâine” [Tomorrow’s Timisoara] mâine” [Tomorrow’s de oara de sfâr ă Ġ Ġ emisiune de obliga ii pentru Timi ii pentru imea a i Timi ani, ă !” [Together!] Monitorul Primariei ă ă în haine noi” [Little Vienna in new clothes] in new Vienna [Little noi” haine în ” [Ecologic Timisoara] ” [Ecologic ú ú it dean” [End of year survey] tept 1 (2002) ú ă ă oara!” [Happy newyear [Happy Timisoara] oara!” 75 în primul rând oameni” [Timisoara first means first [Timisoara oameni” rând înprimul rilor” fulfill [To expectations] the ú (accessed on (accessedMay on 22, 2007) oara” [Investments for Timisoara] for [Investments oara” 25 (2004) ă ú Monitorul Primariei ăĠ oara” [Timisoara, the economic model] economic the [Timisoara, oara” uite!” [The people of Timisoara are not gazette, eanului” [Colaboration for the citizen] the for [Colaboration eanului” Ġ iuni” [Anew bond] 34 (2005) Ġă rii” [Timisoara always in the Monitorul Primariei Monitorul Primariei Monitorul Primariei 19 (2004) Monitorul Primariei Monitorul Primariei Monitorul Monitorul Monitorul 3 (2003) Monitorul 18 CEU eTD Collection From the online version of Evenimentul Zilei, From the online version of version of From Ziua, online the Orza, Adrian “Timi Adrian Orza, Orza, Adrian “Timi Adrian Orza, “SondajeOrza, Adrian deopinie” [Opinion polls] Orza, Adrian “Nevoia de descentralizare fiscal “NevoiaAdrian dedescentralizare Orza, Orza, Adrian “MicaAdrian Orza, Vien Orza, Adrian “Sistemul “Sistemul Adrian salveaz Orza, care Orza, Adrian “Echipa” [The team]Orza, Orza, Adrian “Despre corup “Turismul din Timisoara, revigorat de Primarie.” [The tourism in Timisoara reanimated by Orza, Adrian “De la electrificare la dela “DeAdrian la IT, Revolu electrificare Orza, “Regionalismul la banateni, de jos in sus.” [Regionalism at the Banateans, from from in bellow] dejos Banateans, atthe la banateni, sus.” [Regionalism “Regionalismul Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Ziua Timi Orza, Adrian “AfiAdrian Orza, timi “Banatul va deveni regiune pana in anul 2012.” [Banat will become a region until 2012] Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Un Ciuhandu, finalizat” obiectiv Gheorghe. [Anou new finalized objective] “Banatul, euroregiune cu teritoriu in tarile vecine.” [Banat, euroregion with territory in the “Banatul nu are un lider regional.” [Banat does not havearegional does leader] nuregional.” [Banat “Banatul areunlider “Birocratia si mita, obstacole in calea afacerilor in Romania" [Birocracy, bribe, obstacles in bribe, [Birocracy, Romania" in afacerilor simita,calea obstacole “Birocratia Ciuhandu, Gheorghe. “Un an de la alegeri” [One year from the elections] Petrescu, Maria. [Afew politicieni “Putini Petrescu, Revolutia” au comemorat politicians finantata “Autostrada in proportie de1%.”[The highway financed in a proportion of 1%] (2006) Primariei Monitorul Primariei responsibility] from Revolution to e-volution] to Revolution from the mayor’s office] the Evenimentul Zilei Evenimentul (2004) Evenimentul Zilei Evenimentul Primariei neighboring countries]neighboring Zilei in the way of business in Romania] business of way in the Primariei commemorated the Revolution] the commemorated Zilei Evenimentul February 20 (2007) 47 (2006) 46 (2006) 31 (2005) ú ú oara multi-etnic oara oara european oara Monitorul Primariei ú orean!” [To be from [To orean!” Timisoara] ă February 17 (2007) February 22 (2007) October 31(2006) ” [Little Vienna] ” [Little Evenimentul Zilei Evenimentul Ġ 2 (2003) ie http://ziua.ro/ Evenimentul Zilei ú i [Aboutcorruptiondespre responsabilitate” and ú oarei” [The day of Timisoara] ă Monitorul Primariei ” [European Timisoara] ” [European ă ă vie ” [Multiethnic Timisoara] ” [Multiethnic Monitorul Primariei Ziua Ġ i” system life] [The saves which Ziua 76 36 (2005) http://evz.ro/ (accessed onMay22,2007) Monitorul Primariei 2285,December 17(2001) November (2006) 22 ă 2223,October 5 (2001) ” [The need of fiscal need” [The of descentralization] March 3 (2007) Monitorul Primariei Ġ iela e-volu 15 (2004) (accessed onMay 22, 2007) Monitorul Primariei 7 (2003) Monitorul Primariei Ġ Monitorul Primariei ie” [From electricity IT, ie” to [From electricity 42 (2006) Monitorul Primariei 35 (2005) Monitorul Monitorul Evenimentul 32 (2005) Monitorul 17 (2004) 44 20 CEU eTD Collection From From Heti newspaper aregional the weekly Új Szó, “Románoknak és magyaroknak más missziója is van, minthogy is missziója ésmagyaroknak más harcban “Románoknak van, minthogy egymással “Bánság az otthonunk ésigazi er “Bánság autonómiája, meddig vágyálom és honnan valóság” [Autonomy of Banat, dream “Közös cél és sokszín Decemebr of Új 16 Szó apoliticianism] Heti traps csapdái”[The “A politikamentesség wasnamedafter [Aparkin Timisoara el Temesváron” neveztek parkot “Székely Lászlóról “Befejez “Obligatiunile Timisoara finanteaza modernizarea infrastructurii [The orasului” bonds of Heti Heti October 8(2004) Új other] Szó each fighting then missions other have Hungarians and [Romanians álljanak” community] Új November Heti Szó 26(2004) 27 (2005) until until from when, reality where] Heti Új January Szó 30 (2004) electoral the campaign begins] Heti Új April Szó (2004) 23 (2005) Szekely Laszlo] Heti Új July Szó 8 (2005) Timisoarafinancing themodernization of city’sthe infrastructure] Ę dött azel Ę választás, kezd választás, Ħ ség” [Joint aims and variegation] Heti Új Szó May 21 (2004) Ę nk a közösség” [Our home is Banat and our power is the Ę dik finished, aválasztási [The pre-elections kampány” 77 Ziua 3385, July CEU eTD Collection C Brubaker, Rogers. Borsi-Kálmán Béla. Borovszky Samu. Boia, Lucian. Boia,Lucian. Blommaert, Jan, and Chris Bulcaen. “Critical Discourse Analysis” Barth, Frederik.“Introduction” in Barth, Frederic. “Enduring and emerging issues in the analysis of ethnicity” in Bar-Tal, Daniel. “Group beliefs as an expression of social identity” in Fairclogh, Norman and Ruth Wodak. “Critical Discourse Analysis” in Jakob. Johan Ehrler, Gabriel. Andreescu, Antohi, Sorin. “România în 2004: ‘marea evadare’ eîn [Romaniatoi” in 2004: the‘great omisia Preziden http://www.presidency.ro/static/ordine/RAPORT_FINAL_CADCR.pdfDictatorship], and (2006), Communism Romanian the Analyzing for Commission Presidential the of Report Press, 2004. or nobleor bourgeois].Pécs: Jelenkor, 2002. 1912. counties of Hungary – TemesBudapest: county]. Országos Monográfiai Társaság, Bucure consciousness]. Bucure Anthropology Culture Difference 1994. Spinhuis, Het Amsterdam: Govers, 11–32. andboundaries groups Beyond ethnic ethnicity. of Publications, 1998. by S. Worchel, J.F. Morales, D. Paez, J.C. Deschamps, 93–123. London: Sage (accessedMay on 19, 2007) Teun A. vanDijk,258–284.London: Sage,1997 Interaction. Discourse Studies: AMultidisciplinary Introduction,volume 2, now (1774)]. Timisoara:Facla, 1982 May 10, 2007) escape’ in full swing] Polirom, 1996. România Istorie ú ti: Humanitas,ti: 2005. Ġ Magyarország vármegyéi és városai – Temes vármegye –Temes Magyarország vármegyéiés városai ial Ethnicity without groups. Polgárosodott nemesavagy(meg)nemesedett polgár Nationalisti sianti-nationalisti ú Banatul delaorigini pân ă 29(2000):447–466 i mitîncon Pentru AnalizaDictaturii Comuniste dinRomânia: Raport Final Ġ ar , 9–39.Boston: Little,and Brown Company, 1969. ă de frontier Revista 22 ú ti: Humanitas, 1997. ú tiin Ethnic groupsandboundaries. 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