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Critical Discourse Analysis: As an Empirical and Rational Foundation CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: AS AN EMPIRICAL AND RATIONAL FOUNDATION Dewi Suriany Ali, Wendy Pandapotan Sahat [email protected], [email protected] Department of English Education Lancang Kuning University Abstract Critical discourse analysis is not related to a particular linguistic school or Discourse analysis. Discourse analysis can be used as an empirical and rational foundation to analyze it. It seeks to endorse awareness of the aspect of language implementation and to argue explicitly for change on the origin of its finding. Critical discourse analysts realize that their own work is also driven by social, economic, and political issues, but they argue that this applies to all academics of work. The traditional division of social work ensures that scientists and other academics do not have to face their workplace in a scheme of better things and conditions that make their continued work possible. Critical discourse analysts at least make their position explicit and feel they do not need to apologize for the critical attitude of their work. By contrast, by contributing to the debate on issues of great importance to society, they continue the tradition of groundless debate that has been fundamental to democratic societies since antiquity, feeling that their work as scientists requires greater responsibility than giving facts to others interpret and use. KeyTerm: Critical Discourse Analysis; Discourse-Historical Approach; Feminist Poststructural Discourse Analysis; Social Semiotics; Systemic Functional Linguistics Introduction are based on Fairclough (1989) in broad, though not necessarily entirely, drawings The nature of Critical discouse on Halliday's functional systemic analysis ( henceforth; CDA ) designed to linguistics (1985). In principle language study the role of text andtalk in creating, simultaneously builds demonstrations maintain, as well as legitimating around the world, recognizes social inequality, injustice, including oppression interaction, and scrambles these in community. According to Hamuddin representations and relationships into text (2012) ”The term “discourse” is a complex and communicative events according to and mammoth-like interpretation. Many Halliday's grammar. This is in accordance previous studies mention the term with the purpose of critical discourse discourse as very ambiguous since its analysis, which involves both with the introduction to modern science and the system language used. to create and various broad interpretations of discourse. publish ideological specific representations ”Discourse analysis can be used as an from different parts of the world and with empirical and rational foundation to specific behaviors using language to ratify analyze it. It seeks to endorse awareness of power and social domination. For both of the aspect of language implementation and these important points Fairclough (1993) to argue explicitly for change on the origin adds style - the use of language to build of its finding. and ratify social identity. Critical discourse analysis is not related to However many critical discourse analysts a particular linguistic school or Discourse use other methods, such as argumentation analysis. Many critical discourse analysts linguistic corpus theory, or a type of conversational analysis that goes beyond Pelikan, 1990), by van Dijk, and by their the boundaries defined by Schlegoff and colleagues - has focused on racism and others and connecting conversation data anti-Semitism, and more recently about with their wider audience immigration and asylum (eg, van Leeuwen social context. While Fairclough and & Wodak, 1999). According to others (eg, van Leeuwen, 2008) have been Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1997; van adjusted and describes functional systemic Leeuwen, 2013 The discourse of linguistics for purposes of critical neoliberalism and their role in discourse analysis, according tovan Dijk contemporary government policies and and others have shown that a broader practices, companies and other institutions method can perform anduse for critical has becomeanother important focus. But discourse analysis and argue for a multi on the Discourse & Society page there disciplinary approaches that "select and have been many issues discussed by describe theory, methods and empirical critical discourse analysts that showcase a work as a function their relevance to collection of other critical discourse realizing socio-political goals "(van Dijk, studies that mention only a few such as: 1993, p.252). Methodological diversity of gender, education, doctor-patient critical discourse analysis is well communication, war and terrorism, and demonstrated on the Discourse & Society welfare and unemployment. Where the page, which has become an important data used by critical discourse analysts is journal for critical discourse analysis over also different. While there is a tendency to the last 25 years. focus on speeches by politicians, Critical discourse analysts are not only parliamentary debates, and media and involved with various analytical discourses editorial reports, critical discourse analysts paradigm, but also with critical social also analyze school textbooks, theory. Fairclough has specifically been advertisements, management teacher consistent in books, doctor-patient interaction transects how to explore the foundations of critical and workplace encounters, television discourse analysis in critical social theory series, comics, and even music. And major (see Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1997). journals like Discourse & Society events, Strongly influenced by Marx and Gramsci, works that always come from all corners his work of the world. also involved with Foucault, Bourdieu, Criticallinguistics Habermas, Harvey, and Giddens, and more The immediate pioneer of critical but there is no theoretical orthodoxy in discourse analysis is critical linguistics, critical discourse analysis. according to (Fowler et al., 1979), a Van Dijk (1993, p. 258), for example, sees movement that began at the University of "ideology" as "a relationship between East Anglia in the 1970s.Halliday's representation and attitude with certain functional systemic linguistics provides aspects of a complex, systematically fundamental insight into existing ones that organized world.From the above make it possible to move linguistic explanation it can be concluded that analyzes beyond formal descriptions and ideology is an inherent principle in a use them as a basis for social criticism person who is formed from various aspects Grammar goes beyond formal rules of that are strongly believed, so that the correctness. It is a means of representing ideology is very difficult to be influenced. patterns of experience. It enables human The issues that critical discourse analysts beings to build a mental picture of reality, have explored over the past 25 years have to make sense of their experience of what also varied widely. Much of the work - goes on around them and inside them. mainly by Wodak (eg, Wodak, Novak, & (Halliday, 1985, p. 101). The critical language expert adds two on.Without their work, critical discourse further steps. The first one is inspired by analysis would not have been possible. Marx. "The pattern of experience Critical discourse analysis "Halliday argues, should not be The critical discourse analysis began in the neutral.how they fit the needs and interests mid-1980s, as a new direction in the work of the people who use them understand Fairclough, van Dijk, Wodak, and others. and enforce reality, if that interest includes As a movement, it began in 1992, at a their ideological dominance. The second meeting in Amsterdam, with presentations step was inspired by Benjamin Whorf. If by van Dijk, Fairclough, Wodak, Kress, different languages can setting aside and van Leeuwen which was later various "patterns of experience" (and published as a special edition of the different ideologies), so can also use the Discourse & Society. The group gradually same language. In a true classical study, expanded and continued to meet annually Tony Trew (in Fowler et al, 1979, pp. 106- from 1992 onward. Another early 107) describes how,police fired on a crowd collection of influential papers was of unarmed men and shot 13 of them (in published a few years later, in 1996, by 1975), Rhodesia Herald wrote "Political Caldas- Coulthard and Coulthard. Since clashes have caused death and injury, then, critical discourse analysis, now "while the Tanzanian Daily News wrote usually referred to as CDA, has been a "white Rhodesia suprematic police... fast-growing and increasingly killing thirteen unarmed Africans." nterdisciplinarymovement. Afirst larger By analyzing this text, Trew demonstrates scale international conference was held in itthat political views are encoded not only 2004, in Valencia, and was followed by through different vocabularies famous others. Two new journals started in the "freedom fighters" versus "terrorists", but same year, Critical Discourse Studies and also through different grammatical the Journal of Language and Politics. structures, for example through coding the Critical discourse analysis moved beyond same event as a noun ("Death"), or a verb critical linguistics in a number of ways. ("kill"), because the grammatical solution The first has already been mentioned: the requires action active subject ("police") attempt to ground critical discourse and objects ("Africans"), so either the analysis in critical social theory and to offender or the victim referenced articulate the
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