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5-1-1994 The evelopmeD nt of clues dealing with the contextual hints of the make-up of a document that will aid in the automatic application to a specific style sheet Karen L. Johnson
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Recommended Citation Johnson, Karen L., "The eD velopment of clues dealing with the contextual hints of the make-up of a document that will aid in the automatic application to a specific ts yle sheet" (1994). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Development of Clues Dealing with the Contextual Hints of the Make-up of a Document that will Aid in the Automatic Application to a Specific Style Sheet
by Karen L. Johnson
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Printing Management and Sciences in the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences of the Rochester Institute of Technology
May 1994
Thesis Advisor: Professor Provan School of Printing Management and Sciences Rochester Institute ofTechnology Rochester, New York
Certificate ofApproval
Master's Thesis
This is to certify that the Master's Thesis of
Karen L. Johnson
With a major in Graphic Arts Publishing has been approved by the Thesis Committee as satisfactory for the thesis requirement for the Master ofScience degree at the convocation of
zr date )
Thesis Committee:
Professor Provan Thesis Advisor
Marie Freckleton Graduate Program Coordinator
George H. Ryan Direcror or Designate Copyright
Copyright 1994, Karen Johnson
All Rights Reserved. This publication may not be reproduced in any form, in whole or in part, without the expressed permission from the author. Title: The Development of Clues Dealing with the Contextual Hints of the Makeup ofa Document that will Aid in Automatic Application to a Specific Style Sheet. I, , prefer to be contacted each time a request for reproduction is made. I can be reached at the following address:
Karen L. Johnson 1450 North Street Rochester, New York 14621 (716) 33 8-78u Acknowledgements
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Bill Jones, Director of the Lotus Development
Corporation, and David Zoller, Unit Product Manager, for giving me the opportunity to work with them on this project, and for taking on the responsibility of being my primary thesis advisors.
My appreciation is further extended to Professor Provan, my secondary thesis advisor at the
Rochester Institute of Technology, Marie Freckleton, and everyone else who has graciously contributed to mv education.
in Table of Contents
Abstract vi
Introduction 1
Background of the Study 1
Purpose of the Study 2
The Design of the Study 3
Scope 3
Audience 4
The Format 4
Reasons for Interest in the Study 4
Procedure 5
Methodology 6
Style Sheets 6
Clues 7
Design Information 8
Materials and Equipment 8
Summary and Conclusions 10
Recommendations for Further Investigation 10
Endnotes 11
iv Appendix A: Clues 12
Appendix B: Style Sheet Design Information 13
Appendix C: A Collection of Office Style Sheets 14
Bibliography 15 Abstract
Software programs have brought about significant changes in computer technology. There once was a time when most software programs were only capable of handling very few typo graphic styles and design applications. Graphic importation wasn't even heard of. But today, there are numerous software programs that are capable of handling unlimited design styles,
such color, text wrapping, rotation, and even graphic importation and exportation. Ami Pro is
one of those software programs.
"user-friendly" Ami Pro is a powerful and software program that was developed by the Lotus
Development Corporation for MS DOS Windows. It is primarily used to serve the people in the
professional work environment with clean and attractive office documents. Ami Pro has the designing capabilities of many of its software competitors, however, it is capable of something that it competition isn't; WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). This means that whatever
is seen on the computer screen is what is seen on the printed page.
Ami Pro is also one of the few software programs that provides style sheets of various office
documents. Style sheets are pre-defined styles or model templatess of several office documents.
Style sheets relieve the user from performing repetitive fomatting steps necessary for creating
multiple documents of the same type (e.g., memos). Encompassed within each style sheet are
and describe the various levels of each structure or clues that visually identify document's
vi makeup. Title, subhead, and body of text are a few examples of the different types of elements on a page in a document. These clues are also capable of identifying the many levels of type written office documents, given that each type-written document follows the general structure
of a specific office document.
The text formatting information (design information), integrated with the clues, is responsible for formatting the different levels of text by correcting improper spacing, punctuation, inden
"prettier." tion, etc. This information helps to make any Ami Pro office document look All
together, style sheets, clues, and design information saves the user valuable time, as well as,
improves the document's overall appearance and legibility.
This thesis report discussed the development and significance of the author's clues and design
information, and elaborated on the concept behind the three design styles that the author created for each office style sheet displayed in her collection. It also addressed any successes and failures
encountered in her thesis project.
vn Introduction
Background of the Study
The advent of software programs have brought about phenomenal advancements in computer
technology. Many of the early software programs were only capable of handling very few typo
graphic styles and design configurations. These limitations not only affected designers, but also
hindered creative design layouts. Today there are numerous software applications available that
are capable of handling unsurpassable amounts of typographic styles and design capabilities,
such as color, frames and borders, and even graphics.
One significant technological discovery was the development of style sheets. The Lotus
Development Corporation describes a style sheet as a file that a person utilizes as a template to
format documents. Style sheets are pre-defined styles or model templates of various office doc
uments, namely memos, proposals, letters, etc. They determine the initial appearance of these
documents. Each style sheet contains specific text formatting instructions or design information
which govern the way text and pages in a document should initially appear. This text format
ting information incorporated within each style sheet specifies appropriate paragraph align
ments, margins, line spacing, punctuation, etc., and helps to make the document look more
appealing. Also contained within each style sheet are clues. For the sake of clarity, the author defined clues as contextual hints in a document, either visual or machine-readable, that identify and describe various page elements comprised within various office documents. Each office document should be thought of as a hierarchy of many levels that define the document's struc ture. Titles and subheads are examples of the different types of elements on a page in a docu ment. These clues can also identify various levels or elements of type-written material.
1 Together, clues and design information, save the user a sufficient amount of time and effort by performing the repetitive formatting steps necessary for multiple documents of the same type.
For a course a example, secretary may have to write several letters over the of day. By utilizing a style sheet which contains text formatting instructions and clues designed specifically for let ters, she will have saved herself valuable time.
"user-friendly" Ami Pro is a powerful, yet software program that was developed by the Lotus
Development Corporation for MS DOS Windows. It is capable of endless amounts of designing capablities and typographic styles such as, color, text modification, and even graphics, which makes it a strong software contender. It is also capable of WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You
Get), which many other software programs aren't capable of. WYSIWYG means what you see on
the screen is what you get on the printed page. Ami Pro is a program that offers office style sheets aimed for the business environment, but can be used in virtually any other environment.
Its clues aid in the visual recognition of specific document levels contained within various office documents, and their design information supplies the text formatting information which deter mines the appropriate placement of text and pages within each style sheet template, thereby
attractive documents. producing stylish and
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the author's thesis project was to help Lotus with their office documents that
environment. This included not a list were specifically aimed for the business only enhancing
created for their Ami Pro but also new of clues that Lotus had originally software, developing
contained within the clues for their office documents. The hints author's clues further
described and identified specific document elements for their office documents. Enclosed with
information that provided specific text the clues was a list of design formatting information.
This information included instructions on proper punctuation, alignment, indention, etc., and
office document "look The clues and design information would make any Ami Pro were shown in Appendix A and Appendix B, respectively in the thesis report.
The author also designed a collection of office style sheets for the Ami Pro software program.
The collection of style sheets were of office documents only. Each style sheet depicted the three
design styles that the author developed for her collection. They were traditional, modern, and
cutting-edge. The reason for the three design styles was because the author wanted to give each
and every user the opportunity of selecting a style that was more suitable for their work envi
ronment. The collection of style sheets were diplayed in Appendix C.
The Design of the Study
With the endless amounts ofword processing software applications available today and their
infinite design capabilities, it would appear that even the most inept user could design an
appealing document within a given period of time. However, in the professional work environ
ment, time is of the essence, and designing attractive business letters, memos, and proposals
would be tedious and time-consuming. Style sheets could be a valuable asset to any work envi
ronment because their template already dictates what the structure of the office document
would like in advance, and in return, could save the user precious time, as well as, improve the
office document's appearance and legibility.
Scope
when the term algorithms is most people Often in the printing industry, mentioned,
Generalized Language or of some automatically think of Standard Markup (SGML) tagging sort. However, what they failed to realize was that there were other types of algorithms.
For that reason, and for the sake of clarity, the author changed the term from algorithms to
change would more people have a of clues. The author felt this help better understanding what
what and the purpose served in the to a she meant by her clues, they were, they makeup
specific document. Audience
This thesis project was designed primarily for the people in the professional work
environment. The author's intent was to provide the audience with an attractive, yet suitable
collection of office document style sheets that would conserve them valuable time. Tedious and
repetitive formatting steps were no longer necessary because of the clues and design informa
tion incorporated into the Ami Pro software program.
The Format
The final format for this thesis project was a collection of office document style sheets that were
electronically designed and printed at 90% reproduction. This was done so that each of the
office style sheets could be previewed in their entirety. A set of clues and design information
were also included as part of the final format for this thesis project.
Reasonsfor Interest in the Study
The Author has always been interested in design and aspires to have a career as a creative con
sultant. She discovered that she enjoyed challenging design projects, as well as, finding the
solution to various design problems. The author realized that by consulting Lotus on their
collection of style sheets for their Ami Pro software program was a problem and by designing a
technical and creative experience for perfect opportunity to gain both necessary attaining her
goals. Procedure
This part of the report discusses the step-by-step procedure that the author utilized in complet ing her thesis project. It also discloses the concept behind the three design styles (traditional, modern, and cutting edge) that were created for each of her style sheets, and reports the significance for the development of the clues and their relationship in regards to the author's style sheets. The following is the outline the author used in completing her thesis project:
established concept for the three design styles for the collection of style sheets
sketched style sheet thumbnails
reproduced style sheets on the macintosh computer
researched document recognition resources
wrote rough draft of clues
sent Lotus a copy of thumbnail sketches and a rough draft of her clues for feedback
developed style sheet design information for making documents "look
revised clues and design information
sent final copies of clues and design information to Lotus for their approval and docu
mentation
macintosh computer finished reproducing style sheets on the
sent final thumbnails to Lotus for approval and documentation
wrote rough draft of thesis report
documented information in thesis report
revised report
printed final copy of thesis report
5 Methodology
The author chose to create three design styles for her collection of office document style sheets because she wanted to give her audience the opportunity of having a wider range of office document styles from which to choose from. The tides traditional, modern, and cutting-edge were chosen as the names for the three design styles because the author felt that each of her styles would more suitably meet the needs of a particular work environment, as well, as reflect the overall image of that work environment. The order for each style sheet displayed in
Appendix C is: (1) traditional, (2) modern, and (3) cutting-edge.
Style Sheets
The concept behind the traditional design style was that of simplicity and symmetry. It was
conservative and reserved office environment. establish the foun created mainly for a more To
dation for her traditional design style, the author employed initial swash capitals, ornaments,
traditional design style clean and basic. and mostly serif typefaces. This kept her very very
The author's modern style bordered between her traditional and cutting-edge design styles. It
environment mind. The author borrowed was designed with a more contemporary office in
use ofwhite space coupled the concept of simplicity from her traditional style, and adopted the
combination of these ideas and with sans serif typefaces from her cutting-edge design style. The
an asymmetrical grid kept her modern design style clean.
wanted to use a name that would be The name cutting-edge came about because the author
design style perfectly. It was designed catchy, and at the same time, represent her artistic, trendy
author used a lot ofwhite space, sans serif type for a more trendy office environment. The
establish her cutting-edge format. She also used a faces, strong rules, and square ornaments to
to set her cutting-edge design combination of serif and sans serif typefaces together completely
style apart from her other two styles. The style sheets designed by the author were the following:
Monthly calender
Envelope
Fax Cover Sheet
Index
Label
Letter
Memorandum
Overhead
Press Release
Newsletter
2-column with frame and graphics ( Traditional) 3-column with frame and graphics (Modern) 4-column with frame and graphics ( Cutting-Edge)
The following parts of a Dissertation/ book Tide Page
Table of Contents Chapter Opening Page or Text
Clues
The clues that that the author developed for the Ami Pro software program not only contained written hints that aided in the visual recognition ofvarious page elements, but also contained clues that could be considered as machine-readable (MR). Every document is made up of visible and invisible clues. Visible clues are clues in which the human eye can see, or that will not dis appear from the the page. Invisible clues are clues that the human eye can not see or detect, and that will disappear from the page. These invisible clues are what are known as machine- readable clues. They are literally, clues that only the machine is capable of reading. All possible machine-readable clues and visual clues aid in the automatic application to specific style sheets to create their documents "hands Each document should also be thought of as a hierarchy 8 of levels that could be visually recognized by both of these types of clues. This holds true for type-written material as well, as long as a specific office document's structure.
Ami a new Pro is relatively program aimed for the people in the professional work environ
ment. Because Lotus did not contain a general list of clues for the various page elements con tained in their office the documents, author, along with Lotus, extracted several elements used primarily in 95% of their documents and assigned written, visual hints to each of them.
Design Information
This segment of the author's thesis report listed important text formatting information that prevented the user from performing repetitive formatting steps which were necessary when creating multiple documents of the same type (e.g., proposals). The design information rules provided specific typographic styles, paragraph styles, and page layout guidelines. For example, the author stated that no more than a single space should be used after a period, a colon, or any other mark of punctuation, or that a space should always be inserted before and after a set of ellipses points. These rules helped to make any ofAmi Pro's office documents
"look
Materials and Equipment
The author's collection of style sheets, algorithms, and design information rules were printed
available at is a of using the equipment, software, and lab facilities RIT The following list equipment that the author utilized in completing her thesis:
Laboratories:
Integrated Electronic Prepress Laboratory (IEPL)
Design and Typography Lab Computers:
Macintosh 3IDC
Macintosh Quadra 700
Software:
Adobe Illustrator 3.2
Adobe Photoshop 2.5
QuarkXPress 3. 11
QuarkXPress 3.2
Laser Writers:
LaserMaster 1000
Laser Writer f-g
Variryper 600W Summary and Conclusions
In the professional work environment time is of the essence, and style sheets are quickly
becoming an important and valuable asset to the office environment. Style sheets not only
provide the user with model templates of various office documents (letters, proposals,
memos, etc.), but they also conserve the user valuable time. The user will no longer have the
cumbersome task of performing tedious and repetitive formatting steps that are necessary for
creating multiple documents of the same type. This is due to the clues and design informa
tion that was specifically developed for each style sheet, and that was highlighted in this
report.
The author feels that her thesis project was a success, and that each objective was successfully
met. Her clues, design information, and collection of office style sheets are proving useful to
the Lotus Development Corporation, and will soon be implemented into their Ami Pro soft
ware program.
Recommendations for Further Investigation
the topics addressed in The author recommends that for further investigation regarding her
thesis report to research the list of sources that she used for her report. These sources are list
ed in the bibliography.
10 Endnotes
Geoffrey, Dowdling, Finer Points in Spacing andArrangement of Type (Canada: Hartley and Marks Publishers, 1992), 23.
2Ibid., 51.
3Ibid., 24.
4Ibid., 34.
11 Appendix A
Clues
12 LUES ^ARTS OF A DISSERTATION/BOOK
A. Title Page
B. Table of Contents C. Chapter Opening D. Page of Text A. fflTLE PAGE CONTENTS
1 . Title/Chapter Title 2. By 3. Author's Name 4. Author's Title 5. For 6. Recipient's Name ' Recipient's Title 8. Company Name 9. Address 10. City, State, Zip
1 1 . Date j^ITLE (1)
more It . is likely to be the Title if. .
it is a relatively short line (30^45 characters) it starts at the top of the page it has a page break above it
it is centered or flush left (MR) it is on a line by itself the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".")
it is all caps, initial caps, or the first letter of the paragraph is capitalized
it is not set to full justification it is followed by 2 or more short lines it never follows a body of text it is followed by an ornament (MR) it has a ruling line below it (MR) the word By is used after a short line and before another short line (MR) there are many no character returns or blank lines between it and the next short line (MR) it is bold or italic (MR)
a short line of 12 characters or the word Introduction follows after it
it is bigger than most elements contained within the document (MR) Y(2)
It is more likely to be the word By if. ..
it is a very short line (2 characters) it starts relatively at the middle of the page it is centered (mr) the short line contains the word By in it (MR) the Author's name follows it
the Title precedes it
there are many no character returns or blank lines before it (MR) there is a return at the end of the line ? (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g., ".") the first word is capitalized
it is not set to full justification
there are no extra returns after it (MR) j/lUTHOR'S NAME (3)
It is more likely to be the Author's Name if. . .
it is a relatively short line (30 45 characters) it starts relatively at the middle of the page it is centered (MR) the word By comes before it (MR) it follows the Title the Author's title follows immediately after it there are no extra returns after it (MR)
it is the same font as the rest of the document
the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. it is set in initial caps or all caps
it is not set to full justification Author's Title (4)
It is more likely to be the Author's Title if. ..
it is a relatively short line (3045 characters) it starts relatively at the middle of the page it is centered (mr)
another short line (the Author's name) always precedes it
it immediately follows the Author's name the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR)
there are no extra returns or blank lines after it (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".")
it is set in all caps
it is not set to full justification /OR (5)
It is more likely to be the word For if ...
it is a very short line (3 characters)
it starts at the middle of the page
it is centered (MR) the short line contains the word For in it (MR) the Recipient's name immediately follows after the short line there are many no character returns or blank lines before it (MR) an ornament precedes it (MR) there are no extra returns after it (MR) it has a ruling line below it (MR) there is a return at the end of the line ? (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g., ".")
the first word is capitalized
it is set in the same font as the rest of the document
it is not set to full justification Recipient's name (6)
It is more likely to be the Recipient's Name if. . .
it is a relatively short line (30-45 characters) it starts relatively at the bottom of the page it is centered (MR) the line ends with a return ? (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. it is followed by the Author's title the word For comes before it (MR)
another short line (Recipient's title) follows it it is followed by the Company name it is set in all caps or initial caps
there are no extra returns after it (MR)
it is not set to full justification k^ECIPIENT'S TITLE (7)
It is more likely to be the Recipient's Title if. . .
it is a relatively short line (30-45 characters) it starts relatively at the bottom of the page it is centered (MR) the line ends with a return 5 (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g., ", it follows the Recipient's name
another short line (Date) follows it (mr) it is followed by an ornament (mr) it is set in all caps
there are no extra returns before it (mr) there are many returns or blank lines after it (MR)
it is not set to full justification I^OMPANY NAME (8)
It is more likely to be the Company Name if. ..
it is a relatively short line (3045 characters)
it starts at the bottom of the page
it is centered (MR)
the Sender/Recipient name precedes it it is always followed by the address or a short line that begins with no more than 6 digits and ends with the word(s) St, Blvd, Pkwy, Dr, Rd, Ave, PI, Cir, and Ct (abbreviations may also be spelled out) (mr) there are no extra returns or blank lines after it (MR)
it is set in initial caps or all caps
it is set in the same font as the rest of the document
the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".")
it is not set to full justification J/4DDRESS (9)
It is more likely to be the Address if. ..
it is a relatively short line (3045 characters)
it starts at the bottom of the page
it is centered (mr)
another short line always precedes it
the company name precedes it
the sender/recipient name precedes it it is followed by a short line that ends with 5 digits followed by a dash and four more digits (MR) it is followed by a short line that contains the name of a city and a state (may be abbreviated)
it is a short line that begins with no more than 6 digits and ends with the word(s) St, Blvd, Pkwy, Dr, Rd, Ave, PI, Cir, and Ct (abbreviations may also be spelled out) (MR)
it is set in initial caps
the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR) it has a ruling line below it (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".") it is not set to full justification giTY, STATE, ZIP (10)
It is more likely to be the City, State, Zip if . ..
it is a relatively short line (30 45 characters)
it starts at the bottom of the page it is a short line that ends with 5 digits followed by a dash and four more digits (MR) it is a short line that contains the name of a city and a state (may be abbreviated) (MR) it is centered (MR) it is pteceded by a short line that begins with no more than 6 digits and ends with the word(s) St, Blvd, Pkwy, Dr, Rd, Ave, PI, Cir, and Ct (these abbreviations may also be spelled out) (MR) there are no extra returns or blank lines before it (MR)
there are many no character returns or blank lines after it (MR) it is followed by an ornament it is set in initial caps
it is set in the same font as the rest of the document
the line ends with a return 5 (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".")
it is not set to full justification rATE (li;
It is more likely to be the Date if. ..
it is a relatively short line (10-20 characters)
it starts at the bottom of the page
it is centered (MR) it has many no character returns or blank lines before it (MR) it is a short line that ends with no more than 6 digits (2 digits followed by a comma, a character space, and four digits) (MR)
it has a page break below it
an ornament precedes it (MR)
it is set in arabic numeral form
the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR)
the line begins with the name of a month
it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".")
it is not set to full justification TITLE ? 1
By ? 2 Author Name ? 3
Author s Title ? 4
For ? 5 Recipient Name ? 6
Recipient's Title ? 7
Company ? 8 Address ? 9 City State Zip ? 10
Date ?!!
(SAMPLE) fflTLE PAGE FOR A DISSERTATION & BOOK B. STABLE OF CONTENTS
1 . Contents Title 2. Chapter Title 3. Subsection 4. Folio*
* See under Section D: Page of Text Elements Contents title (1)
It is more likely to be the Contents Title if.
it is a very short line (8-17 characters) it is a short line that contains the word Contents in it (MR) it starts at the top of the page t has a page break above it
t is centered, flushed left, or flushed right (MR) it is on a line by itself it has four no character returns or 2 blank lines after it (mr)
the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".") it has a ruling line below it (MR) it is set initial caps or all caps
it is set in bold or italic (mr)
it is not set to full justification Chapter title (2)
It is more likely to be the Chapter Title if. . .
it is a relatively short line (30-45 characters) it starts at the top of the page it has a page break above it
it is centered or flush left (MR) it is on a page by itself it is on a line by itself the line ends with a hard return 5 (MR) it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ".") it is all caps, initial caps, or the first letter of the paragraph is capitalized
it is not set to full justification it is followed by a body of text it never follows a body of text it is followed by an ornament (MR) it has a ruling line below it (MR) there are many no character returns or blank lines after it is bold or italic (MR)
a row of ornaments precedes it
it is bigger than most elements contained within the document (mr)
it is a short line that contains word Chapter in it it is followed by a long line that contains leaders and ends with no
more than two digits at the end of each line Subsection (3)
It is more likely to be the Subsection if. ..
it is a relatively long line (5065 characters) or short line (30^5 characters) there are many lines like it on the page
a short line that contains the word Introduction precedes it
each line is indented from the left (mr) the line is made up of many leaders or periods (MR) each line within the multi-line setting ends with a return 5 (MR) each line ends with no more than two numbers
" it does not have usual ending punctuation (e.g. ")
it is set in upper and lowercase
it is set to right justification (MR) C. Chapter opening
* 1 . Chapter Title 2. Main Body Text 3. Subhead 4. Folio **
* See under Section B: Table of Contents ** See under Section D: Page of Text Elements AIN BODY OF TEXT (2)
It is more likely to be the Main Body of Text if. ..
it is 95% of the document (MR) it is a relatively long string of text (50-65 characters) it is single spaced or double spaced (MR) it is set flush left and ragged-right (mr)
it has usual capitalization (the first word and all proper nouns are capitalized)
"." "!" it has usual punctuation at the end (e.g., "?") (MR)
it is set in the same font as the rest of the document (roman) the first line begins with a raised or drop initial it is preceded by the word Introduction it doesn't have leading bullets or numbers (mr) it is not centered or flush right (MR) Subhead (3)
It is more likely to be a Subhead if. ..
it is a relatively short line (30 45 characters) it has four no character returns or 2 blank lines before the short line (MR) it has one blank line or two no character returns after the short line (MR) it is on a line by itself it is centered or flushed left (MR) it is followed or preceded by a long string of text it is set in bold or italic (MR)
it is set in caps and small caps ot upper and lowercase
it has a ruling line below it (mr) it has more space than usual above a body of text there are other lines like it in the document every once in a while it is not set to a hanging indent the paragraph is not set to full justification D./?AGE OF TEXT ELEMENTS
1. Subhead*
* 2. Main Body of Text 3. Block Quotation 4. Bulleted Item List 5. Numbered Item List 6. Table 7. Endnote/Footnote 8. Running Head 9. Folio
* See under Section C. Chapter Opening (^LOCK QUOTATION (3)
It is more likely to be a Block Quotation if. . .
it is a relatively short line (35-40 characters) it is made up of more than two lines it is indented from the left (MR) it is set flush left and ragged-right (MR) it has one blank line or two no character returns before and after it (mr) it is single spaced (MR) the type and leading is two points smaller than the rest of the document "." "!" it has usual punctuation at the end (e.g., "?") (MR)
it is not set to full justification
the line before it ends with a colon (:) (MR) (^ULLETED ITEM LIST (4)
It is more likely to be a Bulleted Item list if. . .
it has a leading bullet, asterisk, hyphen, or ornament (MR) "bulleted" it is a row of short multiple lines that each leads with the same type
characteristics
it is made up of two or more lines it is indented from the left (MR) it is set flush left and ragged-right (MR) it has one blank line or two no character returns before and after it (mr) the type and the leading is two points smaller than the rest of the document it is roman or italic (MR)
the paragraph has unusual capitalization (either capitalized or not)
it is not set to full justification
the line before it ends with a colon (:) (MR) '?iUMBERED ITEM LIST (5)
It is more likely to be a Numbered Item List if. ..
it has a leading number or letter (e.g., "1.", "a.") (MR) "bulleted" it contains rows of short multiple lines that each leads with the same type
characteristics
it is indented from the left (MR) it is set flush left and ragged-right (MR)
it has one blank line or two no charactet returns before and after it (MR) it is set in type and leading two points smaller than the rest of the document it is roman or italic (MR)
it has unusual capitalization (either capitalized or not)
it has unusual punctuation (either no punctuation or commas)
it is not set to full justification
the line before it ends with a colon (:) (MR) STABLE (6)
It is more likely to be a Table if. ..
more than one item is spaced evenly out and aligned horizontally on the page the items are separated with tabs or two empty character spaces (mr) it is made up of many short lines
there are more than two horizontal rules
there are lots of numbers on the page
the word table is used before a short line (MR) the word total is used after a short line and is indented many spaces from the left (MR)
a column of figures align on a decimal point the type and leading is two sizes smaller than the rest of the document there are multiple short lines of bold and italic type (MR) ndnote/footnote (7)
It is more likely to be a Endnote!Footnote if. . .
it is a relatively long line (5065 characters) it has no more than four lines
there are four no character returns or blank lines before it (MR) the first line is not indented, but the successive lines are indented from the left it is set flush left (MR) there is a blank line between a set of long lines every now and then there is a 3-em dash or a dash at the beginning of the long line (MR) it is set in the same font as the rest of the document
the line leads with a superscript number or raised number (MR)
it has usual capitalization (the first word and all proper nouns are capitalized)
"." "!" it has usual punctuation at the end (e.g., "?") (MR)
there are other lines like it on the page Running head (8)
It is more likely to be a Running Head if. . .
it is a relatively short line (35-40 characters) it is a short line that is always at the top of a right or lefthand page there is space to the right and left of the short line (MR) it is on a line by itself the short line is always above another short or long line at the beginning of a page it is repetitive throughout the document (mr) the paragraph is always set flush left or flush right (MR) it is set in roman small caps or upper and lowercase italics (MR) the short line is followed by a blank line it has a page break above it
it has unusual punctuation (either no punctuation or commas)
it is two points smaller than the rest of the document jfOLIO (9)
It is more likely to be a Folio if. ..
it is a very short line (3 characters) it is a short line of no more than 3 digits (MR) it is always centered at the very bottom of the page (mr) it is always flush left or flush right at the very top of the page (mr) there are many no character returns or blank lines between it and the last line on the page (MR)
it has a page break above it
it has a page break below it
it is set in arabic numeral form
it has unusual punctuation (either no punctuation or commas) Appendix B
Style Sheet Design Information
13 ^- TYLE SHEET Design Information Style Sheet Design Information
Punctuation Etiquette
Period
Use of no more than a single space is required after a period that terminates a sentence, a colon, or any other mark of punctuation:
Last night was one ofthose nights. I dashed home only to discover it would be leftovers again for dinner.
Place a period after numerals or letters that are used to enumerate items in a list. Do not
use a closing parentheses after the period:
1. Cheesecake 2. Pizza
a. Strawberry candy b. Jolly Ranchers
Always place a period within quotation marks, except when single quotation marks are used
to set off special terms:
" Karen 's mom was annoyed by her "excessive shopping.
Place a period inside parentheses and brackets that enclose an independent sentence:
(Gwen had this problem Gene insisted on eating the last doughnut. before.)
Place a period on the outside of parentheses and brackets when the enclose material is part of an including sentence:
shirts (Calvin Klein and Ralph would look great with his madras shorts. Both ofKevin 's designer polo Lauren)
centered column headings in signa Omit the period after display lines, headings, tables, tures, date lines, and running heads:
LIFE"*4 ^THE SUNNY SIDE OF Omit the period if it appears after large or small capital abbreviations:
10:30 AM
320 bc New York, NY
Omit the period after metric units and bibliographical references:
4.8 m
360 cm
5'0"
Pp. 495-508
Exclamation Point
The exclamation point should always be be placed inside of quotation marks, brackets, and parentheses if it is part of the quoted or parenthetical material. Otherwise, place it on the
outside:
Ana cried. "I have no
Jackpot!" Jeffreplied - loudly - "I won the New York State Lottery
Use a thin space between the exclamation point and the last letter of the wotd that precedes
it.
Question Mark
The question mark should always be placed inside of quotation marks, parentheses, and
brackets; otherwise, place it on the outside:
Amber asked, "May Iplease have another piece of When Gary met his blind date Cindy {had he met her?), he knew it was love atfirst sight.
Use a thin space between the question mark and the last letter of the word that precedes it.
Use only one space after a question mark; omit any extra spaces.
Comma
In a compound sentence composed of a series of independent clauses, place a comma between the last clause and before the conjunction:
Andy went to the store, bought candy, and ate it on the way home.
Use a comma after exclamatory Oh or Ah, but not after the vocative O: Ah, what a precious baby!
Oh, what happened! 0 mighty king!
Omit the comma at the end of the display lines, center headlines, tides, date lines, and signa tures:
*>THE SUNNY SIDE OF LIFE^
Omit the comma when a series of elements are all joined by conjunctions:
/ don 't know ifL want the poet's blouse or the silk nolle tank or the cap-sleeved bodysuit.
Insert a comma after the expressions that is, namely, i.e., e.g., and such as.
Larry has many bestfiends, namely, Curly and Moe.
Use no space after a comma when it appears in numbers:
Ex. 80,000
Semicolon
The semicolon should always precede the following adverbs (then, however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides, therefore), when it is used transitionally between the clause of
a compound sentence:
she made no definite plans. Joyce says she she intended to go to Hawaiifor spring break; however, has
Do not capitalize the first word after a semicolon unless it is a proper noun.
extra spaces. Use only one space after the semicolon; omit any
Colon
a list or a series: Use a colon when introducing
chocolate: report discussed the differences between these two types Tom 's culinary of
a. milk chocolate
b. dark chocolate
speaker's remark addressed to the audience or A colon should always follow a introductory the chairman:
Ladies and Gentlemen: Always place a colon outside quotation marks and parentheses.
Use a hairspace between the colon and the letter that precedes. However, omit the space between letters f, k, r, t, v, w, x, y, z. Follow with normal spacing.
Use colon (:) before a bulleted item or number list.
Use only one space after a colon; omit extra spaces.
Introductory phrases such as, thefollowing or thus should be followed with a colon when introducing a quotation, bulleted item or number list.
Quotation Marks
Replace all prime marks with the proper quotation mark (single or double):
" Jack asked, "May I go outside to play.
Use single quotation marks to enclose quotations within quotations:
"Don't be exclaimedJohn. "When I said 'I love I really meant that I love spending time with " you.
Quoted material within a block quotation should always use double quotation marks,
regardless if the original piece used single quotations.
Dialogue, whether run into text or set offfrom text, should always be enclosed within double
quotation marks.
If quotation marks appear at the beginning or the end of a line, always set them on the out side of the measure. This prevents noticeable indentions or white breaks from occurring in
the text.
Quotation marks appearing in display matter should be set two sizes smaller than the body size of the words they enclose.
We'll (yes) We'll (no)
paragraph quoted from the same use quotation If there is more than one being source,
of the first paragraph, and at the end of the last paragraph. marks at the beginning very
-quotations that are used Omit quotation marks from display quotations for ornamental
of the text itself. purposes to the text, rather than as part Omit quotation marks appearing before a display initial letter which begins a paragraph text or chapter.
Omit the apostrophe from numerical plurals:
Terrible twos
The early 1800s
Omit excessive spacing inserted before an opening quote and after a closing quote. Use a hairspace after the opening quote and before the closing quote. However, omit this space if capital letters A, C, G, J, and all non-descending letters follow before and after the opening and closing quotes.
Ellipses
Ellipses are three periods separated from each other by a space. They are primarily used for the omission of a word, phrase, or paragraph(s) from quoted material. Always use ellipses
with a space before and after the set:
Jack be nimble ... Jackjumped over the candlestick.
Never use ellipsis points .. .
before and after a complete sentence.
before a block quotation that begins with a complete sentence.
before a block quotation that begins with an incomplete sentence that completes a sentence in the text.
Capitalize the first word of a sentence if it follows four dots (ellipses points and a period
from the previous sentence). But, if part of a block quotation, place brackets around the
capitalized letter so that the reader will be able to locate it in its original source.
When the ellipsis points occur at the end of a sentence, the fourth dot or period, is added,
and the space before the ellipses is omitted. This rule also applies to when ellipsis points are
used with a comma, exclamation point, and question mark.
Sic
The term sic should always placed within brackets:
[sic]
the period should be omitted if used The word sic is not an abbreviation, therefore, it is
afterwards.
Never use an exclamation point after sic. Parentheses and Brackets
All punctuation marks should be set or printed in the same font and type style as the letter, word, character, and symbol that precedes it:
Attention: John Doe
However, italic or bold parentheses and brackets should not be handled this way:
[continued] (see FIGURE A)
Dtop all punctuation, except terminal punctuation (period, question mark, and exclamation point) before a closing parenthesis. However, place a period inside of parentheses only if it is part of an abbreviation.
Omit space before and after opening and closing parentheses and brackets.
When parentheses and brackets are used with full capitals, lift them so that they appear to
be centered with the full capitals and not lower than the capitals:
[continued]
Parentheses and brackets should be placed on the outside of the line measure. This main
tains text alignment, and colot uniformity.
Do not enclose parentheses within parentheses. Use brackets as parentheses within parentheses.
Do not capitalize the first word after the parentheses (even if it is a complete sentence),
unless it is a proper noun.
Prime Marks
Single and double prime marks should only be used when abbreviating inches, feet, minutes, and seconds.
'2" Louis is 6 rail.
62'3" NW
Em-Dash
the sudden change in thought and that causes a The em-dash is used primarily to denote
structure. a thin space before and after the em-dash: sudden change in the sentence Use
I chocolate "Will Ishould eat the last Use no more than a single dash or single pair of dashes in one sentence.
Never use a dash of any sort and a colon together; it's typographically displeasing:
Never "
All dashes should be raised so that they are centered on the capital letter.
En-Dash
The en-dash is commonly used in continuing numbers dates, times, reference numbers, and future events:
1968-1969
11:00 pm-ILIO pm Pp. 8-19 1963-
Always insert a close-set space before and after an en-dash.
Change double hyphens (--) to either an em-dash or en-dash, depending on the context of the text.
2-Em Dash
Use this dash to indicate missing letters. Omit the space before and after the dash. If the
dash represents the end of a word, follow with a normal space:
J n [Johnson]
3-Em Dash
This dash is used in bibliographical matter when the same author's name is repeated, and
when a word is omitted or supplied:
Always use one space on each side of the dash.
Hyphen
Capitalize the first and second element of a hyphenated word in a title if the second element is a: noun
proper adjective
has equalforce as the first element
Ex. Twentieth-Century Poetry
Do not capitalize the second element if both elements constitute a single word:
Medium-sized Auditorium
Always leave at least two characters of a hyphenated word on the first line and carry at least three characters on the second line:
Fi-nally (accepted) Final-ly (not Accepted)
Avoid leaving the stub end of a hyphenated word, or any word less than four letters on the last line of a paragraph.
Hyphen should be raised so that it is centered on the x-height the capital letter:
TITLE- (yes) TITLE- (no)
Hyphens that appear on the right edge of the typed lines should always be placed outside of the measure.
A hyphen should always fall on the first line with the first hyphenated element.
Never end the last sentence on the page hyphenated. Carry the word onto the next page if more text follows, but if it is the last word of the last paragraph, fit it in the page.
Miscellaneous
Always use the correct ligature for fi and fl:
fi (yes) fi (no)
fl (yes) fl (no)
"x" of the serif when Always use the dimension sign instead giving dimensions.
set the same font and type style as the All punctuation marks should be in letter, word,
precedes it. character, and symbol that immediately Do not use a space before or after a decimal point.
When used a title or other in display matter, capitalize all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and subordinate. Lowercase all articles (a, an, the), coordinate conjunctions (and, or, for, nor), prepositions, and the infinitive to.
Design Etiquette
Margin
Leave at least a one inch margin on both sides of the page, as well as, the top and bottom of the page.
" Spacing" Horizontal Spacing Word
Words set for continuous text reading should always be "closely spaced". This rule holds true for lines of type set ragged-right or justified. With justified lines of type, close line spacing prevents rivers or white spaces from trickling down the page, and therefore, distract ing the reader.
Word spacing should always be the same for every line.
Never letter space lowercase type because it hampers legibility.
For titles, insert more space between letters M and E, and the like, and less space between
letters like V and A.
For display matter (titles, centered headings, etc.) using full caps and/or small caps, insert additional spacing between letters for visual appearance.
caps and Y. Omit extra spacing (en or em) after full A, J, T, V, W,
"leading" Vertical Spacing
Insert one blank line above and below block quotations, bulleted items lists, numbered lists,
text. and the like to separate them from the main body
the main text. Insert one blank line after a subhead(s) to separate it from
paragraphs the main text. Insert a blank line between in
after the title and other matter to separate Insert at least four no character returns display
a subhead that follows or the them from an introduction title, immediately afterwards, first paragraph of the main text.
Never use negative leading with continuous text. Always use positive leading of at least two points:
cyii, icAz. 11/13, 12A4
Increase leading for descending capitals such as, J, Q, and R.
Decrease the leading and the type size by 1-2 points than the main text for bulleted items, block quotations, numbered lists, table items, and endnotes/footnotes:
Main text 12A4
Block quotation ic/12
Increase leading for multi-line settings that have been letterspaced or wordspaced.
Increase leading for upper and lowercase letters in a multi-line setting.
Superscripts and subscripts and the frequent use of capitals require more leading.
Sans serif faces require more leading and a shorter measure than do most serif faces.
Measure
The line of text should ideally accommodate 50-65 characters, and should never exceed 30
picas.
For multiple column work, 40-50 characters per line is ideal.
To avoid an excessively ragged-right edge, establish a minimum and a maximum line length. The minimum line length should be 2-3 points less than the maximum line length.
this helps to produce a nice ripple down the righthand side of the text.
Type
Use upper and lowercase in all titles, regardless if it appears that way on the title page, when mentioned in the text.
the main text All underlined/underscored or boldface material printed in should be changed to italic type.
When italic small caps appear in a title, change them to regular (roman) small caps.
appear italic change them to full italic capitals If the abbreviations AD or BC in titles, instead
when appear in should be set in roman of small italic capitals. And they running text, they small capitals and not italic small capitals.
In the bibliography, when titles of long or short work appear within italicized titles, either set the other titles off by quotation marks, or set the other title in roman type without the quotation marks:
" Johnson, Peter. The Affair with "Good Design. Greenich: Yale University Press, 1993.
Capitalize all abbreviations that begin a note or a sentence:
19. Pp 118
In block quotations, the following items may be changed:
the initial letter of a direct quote may be changed from a capital letter to a lowercase letter. single quotations may be changed to double quotations. any typographical errors in the original may be corrected. any spellings from older works may be modernized and punctuated for clarity.
When centering headings, titles, etc., disregard the punctuation completely and center the lines in the setting as if the punctuation never existed.
Words or phrases emphasized should be done in italics.
Italicize such phrases as To be continued or continuedfrom. Reduce them in type two sizes smaller than the main text, and enclose them with regular brackets (i.e., roman):
[Continuedfrom 368]
The two words that follow after display initials (raised or drop) should be set in small caps regardless of what they are.
If display initials are used:
the head of the drop initial should align with the top of the opening words (usually set in small caps). the base of the drop initial should align with the base of the last line of text it is next to. letters with an apex (A, M, N) should project a little above the following letters to create optical
alignment.
letters with a pointed foot (V, W) should always project a little below the base of the adjacent letters to
create optical alignment.
next to the initial should be set as close as possible to the fitst line of the paragraph indented drop the initial letter, and the succeeding lines should align with the side of the drop initial. the foot of the raised initial should be set exactly on the base of the line.
shoulder of the capital letters sand so that the Recess or cut away part of the F, P, T, V, W, Y, as possible to the initial remainder of the word can fit as closely up letter.
with the edge of the paper. capital letters T, C, O, and A should align rest on to the bottom of round letters should project below the line they achieve optical alignment. Indention
MAIN BODY TEXT
Anytime a paragraph follows a major heading (first level), a minor heading (second, third, fourth), or a salutation, omit the indention on the first line of the paragraph; always set the
first line flush left. All successive paragraphs are ems (.25" indented 2-4 .5") from the left after the first paragraph.
Indent ems for a short relatively measure, and for a relatively long measure (50-65 characters).
Miscellaneous
Never begin a new page with the last line of a multi-line paragraph from the previous page (widow); always run rhe page long. Never end a page with an orphan (the last line of the page is the beginning of a new paragraph). Run the text page short if a subhead or only one line of an excerpt falls at the bottom.
OUTLINE
Each outline entry must contain at least two items; if there is an A, there is a B. If there is a 1, then there is a 2.
All divisional numerals or letters for the top three levels should be set off by periods, and the lower levels by single and double parentheses.
All roman numerals should align on the following period and parentheses:
I.
II.
A. 1. 2.
B. 1. 2.
a) (D (2)
Each level should be indented an extra 1-2 empty character spaces.
INDEX
Preferably, use the run-in-style where the sub-entries follow each other with no breaks in between. Set two sizes smaller in type and leading than the main body text (8^ is ideal).
Use one pica between each column. Set each column flush left, never justified.
Indent each sub-entry an extra empty character space.
Indent all run-over lines four em spaces or .5".
block quotation/bulleted item/numbered list
Block quotations, bulleted items, numbered items, etc. of more than four lines should be indented and set flush left. All runover lines should align with the first word following the numeral, bullet, ornament, or letter. Set one point smaller in type and leading than the main text.
A bulleted item and numbered list should never be left blank; if so, omit the line.
Indent from the left.
Set in smaller type and leading than the main body text; preferably two sizes smaller (e.g., icAz\
Use one blank line between each entry (double space).
Indent all run-over lines an extra from the left.
endnote/footnote
Set two sizes smaller in type and leading than the main text.
Double space between each entry.
End each endnote/footnote with a period.
Begin each with a note number or symbol (same size) followed with a period.
Indent all run-over lines .5".
TABLE
Should be horizontal.
right on the decimal. Columns of figures should align flush Always double space between separate items; single space between column headings and
each tabular entry.
Heading
"Table" The should heading be centered or flush left on a line by itself. Capitalize the first word and all proper nouns.
Always set the word table in full caps (e.g., TABLE 4).
Column Heading
Leave at least two character spaces between each column head.
Set in upper and lowercase.
All run-over lines are set flush left.
* The column head with the most lines sets the amount of vertical space available for all the other heads.
Always align the last line of the shortest column head with the last line of the longest column head.
Subheads
Subheads should begin only after the last line of the longest column head.
Stub
Always set flush left.
Sub-subheads should be indented two no character spaces and so on for successive subheads.
Run-over lines should be indented two or more spaces than the maximum indention.
Total
Indent two character spaces more than the greatest indention above it.
Always appear at the foot of a table.
Rule:
No vertical rules allowed.
Horizontal rules should onlv cut across the column's body and nothing else.
PUNCTUATION
No ditto marks.
No leaders after stub items.
Omit the period at the end of all items.
If no data is present in the cell, insert an en dash (-). TABLE SIZE
Maximum width is approximately 85 characters.
Minimum depth is approximately 65 characters. Appendix C
A Collection of Office Style Sheets
14 c^TYLE SHEETS tS3 NO Q to 'Ol Cyj -
U) to O U: o O to
to "- c '-C 'J\ t>. -- -L to o. C t\j 'Ji to to VJ o &o t^ to t*> *~ * Q >. > > GO < < < LU Q Q Q Q co CC z < Q Z CO cc Q Q Z o IU LU D D 3 I LT < co h- "> h- LL CO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q 14 u 9 10 1 1 12 13 oOOO 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 AUGUST ETTER Type your initials here Address City, State, Zip Phone Phone Fax Fax Date Recipient Name Title Company Address City, State, ZIP i Dear Dear: Type the text of your letter here. Sincerely, Sender Name Title JS Address City, State, Zip Phone Phone Fax Fax Date Recipient Name Title Company Address Citv, State, ZIP i Dear Dear: Type the text ot your letter here. Sincerely. Sender Name Title Type your initials here Date Recipient Name Address Title Company Address Citv, State, ZIP Citv, State i Dear Dear: Type the text of your letter here. Sincerelv, Sender Name Title ZIP Phone Phone Fax Fax Date Recipient Name Address Title Company Address City, State, ZIP City, State i Dear Dear: Type the text ofyour letter here. Sincerely, Sender Name Title ZIP Phone Phone Fax Fax Date Address Recipient Name Title Company Address City, State, ZIP City, State i Dear Dear: Type the text of your letter here. Sincerely. Sender Name ZIP Title Phone Number Fax Fax NVELOPE z Go ^ n oi ^ M "* y = n n > > u cr a a n] < a. a. g CO CD tD "5 rf en en CD ai en z: p^ " P ro -> N CD n 3 ABEL JcS Sender/ Recipient Name Address 1 Address 2 Citv, State, ZIP Sender/Recipient Name Address 1 Address 2 City, State, ZIP Sender/Recipie nt Name Address 1 Address 2 City, State. ZIP EMO To Recipient Name From Sender Name Date March 27, 1994 Subject Subject CMeEMORANDUM Type the text of vour letter here. To Recipient Name From Sender Name Date March 27, 1994 Subject Subject Type the text of your letter here. To Recipient Name From Sender Name **fflto Date March 27, 1994 Subject Subject Type the text of your letter here. AX COVER SHEET RANSMISSION To: Sender Name Company: Company Date: April 13, ipp4 Fax#: Fax From: Recipient Name Company: Company Time: 12:18 PM Fax#: Fax CA4ESSAGE Address City * State * ZIP Address, City, State, ZIP TRANSMISSION To: Sender Name Company: Company Date: April n, 1994 Fax #: Fax MESSAGE From: Recipient Name Company: Company Time: i:oz PM Fax #: Fax FAX Transmission From: Recipient Name To: Sender Name Company: Company Company: Company Time: 2:02 PM Date: Fax #: April n, 1994 Fax Fax #: Fax Address, City, State ZIP NDEX Index Begin Your Text Here, Pg. No. Begin Your Text Here, Pg, No. &ndw lA Begin Your Text Here, Pg. No. C - RESS RELEASE RELEASE Company Name Company Address. City, State, ZIP FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Contact Phone: Phone Fax: Fax Type The Headline Here City, State, March 28, 1994 PRESS Company Name Contact: Contact Phone: Phone Fax: Fax Tvpe The Headline Here Citv. State. March 31, 1994- - ZIP Companv Address City State PRESS RELEASE Type The Headline Here Citv, State, March 29. 1994- Contact: Contact Phone: Phone Fax: Fax Company Name 'Company Address -City, State, ZIP EWSLETTER <$/ttle here ^ ^ , ISSUE[SSIIF. No. APRILAPRn I994TOO/i Type The First Heading Here Start the text of vour article hete. Click on this frame to type text or insert a graphic into this area. ^s^^^^^^ MAY 1994 g^YPE FIRST HEADING HERE Start the text of your article here. Click on this frame to type text or to insert a graphic into this area. TITLE HE ISSUE No. T APRIL 1994 L ype The First Heading Here Start the text of your article here. VERHEAD X > 2 ST ^ DC ^ n> to CfQ X rt IT* n 03 ~ a crq 5' \$ *V a n c l-l r-t- n I & ' 3- p n in n (0ISSERTATION/BOOK Presentation Title By CCUTHOR CtfAME TITLE .-=5^ For 'RECIPIENT OtfAME TITLE COMPANY Address Citv State ZIP .-~&^ April 21, 1994 cONTENTS Introduction Subsection Folio Title Here Introduction Stan typing the text of your hrst paragraph here. Folio Folio Subhead Start typing the text of yout next paragraph here. Endnote/Footnote m-0^^i^f^^^0^m^0^^^ reservation /JL itle Bv Tl'UTHOR '"XAME TITLE For 'RECIPIENT CtfAME TITLE COMPANY Address City State ZIP April 21, 1994 Introduction ,-Subsection .Jfohc hapterrDX'itle gTART TYPING the text of your first patagtaph here. Folic i&unmng Head, Folio c-SlJBHEAD Start typing the text of your fitst paragraph here. Endnote/Footnote By _ {xitAo^-^ \ame TITLE For yteafMni . \ame Uamykiru^ Address City State ZIP X/>rtl2/, (C{p4 im&pf Ljantazt& Subsection Folio ,5wr<>ductum< Start typing the text of the first paragraph here. Folio Folio JuA/iead Start typing the text of your next patagtaph here. Endnote/Footnote %>& UAaMer- ^Jlt/e tart typing the text of your first paragraph here. Foli' 'jUn/ung< Juad: Folio cJ uhfiead paragraph here. Start typing the text of your first Endnote/Footnote ^/teseHtation zjltk By i Autlnok cAlamp. TITLE For -TWipiPnf [ Alnmp TITLE 5f flompantj .ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP AptiPPl. 1994 * Contents ^(itAorJuction Subsection, xJofoo Folio Start typing the text of your next paragraph here. Endnote/Footnote (jmpiM c rdk sTART TYPING the text or your first paragraph here. Folio Running -Siead. Folio _iiuhkhkad Starr typing the text of your first paragraph here. Endnote/Footnote Bibliography Allen, George R. Graduate Student's Guide to Theses and Dissertations: A Practical Manualfor Writing and Research. San Francisco: Josey-Bass Publishers, 1973. Berger, Arthur Asa. Improving Writing Skills: Memos, letters, Reports, and Proposals. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1993. Bringhurst, Robert. The Elements of Typographic Style. Canada: Hartley and Marks Publishers, 1992. Dowdling, Geoffrey. Finer points in Spacing andArrangement of Type. London: Wace and Company Limited, 1957. Loeffler, Robert H. A Guide to Preparing Cost-Effective Press Releases. New York: Haworth Press, 1993. Nesbitt, Alexander. 200 Decorative Title-Pages. New York: Dover Publications, 1964. R and D Proposals. New York: Orlich, Donald C. The Art of Writing Successful Pleasantville, Redgrave, 1977. Style Sheet Guide. Ami Pro for Windows Release 3.0. N.P. 1992. Chicago: of Chicago 198 2. The Chicago Manual ofStyle. 13th ed. University Press, A Treatise on Title-Pages. New York: Oswald The Practice of Typography; Publishing Company, 1914. View Type Design. Boston: David R Godine Publishers, Tracy, Walter. letters ofCredit: A of 1986. Quantitative Information. Connecticut: Tufte, Edward R The Visual Display of Cheshire, Graphic Press, 1983. for Writers Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Turabian, Kate L. 5 th ed. A Manual of Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. 15 16 Wilkinson, Antionette Miele. The Scientists Handbookfor Writing Papers and Dissertations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991. Williamson, Hugh. 3rd ed. Methods ofBook Design: The Practice ofan Industrial Craft. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.