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MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department Of MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department of International Relations and European Studies Ph.D. Dissertation Brno 2015 Jan Polišenský MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department of International Relations and European Studies Mgr. Jan Polišenský CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS EUROPEAN UNION SINCE 2001: STRATEGIC THINKING AND DECISSION-MAKING Ph.D. Dissertation Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Zdeněk Kříž, Ph.D. Brno 2015 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Department of International Relations and European Studies of Faculty of Social Studies at the Masaryk University for providing me an excellent intellectual environment and support for my doctoral studies, and particularly to my advisor doc. PhDr. Zdeněk Kříž, Ph.D., for his guidance throughout my research and my professional development. Secondly, I would like to thank my family for their continuous support in my study efforts, especially during the final years of my studies. 3 Declaration I hereby declare that this PhD dissertation is my own work, that it has been written on the basis of the sources listed here, and that these listed sources have been referred to and acknowledged in the text. 4 Table of Contents 1. CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 3 1.1. AIM AND THE GOAL OF THE THESIS ................................................................................ 5 1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................ 7 1.3. CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY ............................................ 8 1.4. METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................................. 12 1.5. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS......................................................................................... 18 1.6. SCOPE, LIMITATION AND IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS ................................................... 19 1.7. TRANSLITERATION METHOD OF CHINESE NAMES AND TERMS ........................................... 19 2. CHAPTER: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: THE STRATEGIC CULTURE CONCEPT ... 21 2.1. FROM CONSTRUCTIVISM TO THE CONCEPT OF THE STRATEGIC CULTURE ............................. 21 2.2. EVOLUTION AND DEFINITIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF STRATEGIC CULTURE ............................ 26 2.2.1. The First Generation of Strategic Culture ....................................................... 29 2.2.2. The Second Generation of Strategic Culture .................................................. 31 2.2.3. Third Generation of Strategic Culture ............................................................ 32 2.2.4. The Fourth Generation of Strategic Culture ................................................... 34 2.3. CONCEPT OF THE STRATEGIC CULTURE ......................................................................... 36 2.4. FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS - COMPONENTS OF STRATEGIC CULTURE .................................. 39 2.4.1. Identity ........................................................................................................... 40 2.4.2. Values ............................................................................................................. 40 2.4.3. Norms ............................................................................................................. 41 2.4.4. Perceptive Lens ............................................................................................... 41 3. CHAPTER: THE STRATEGIC CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ............ 42 3.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STRATEGIC CULTURE ................................................... 42 3.2. STUDY OF THE CHINESE STRATEGIC CULTURE ................................................................. 43 3.3. SOURCES OF CHINESE STRATEGIC CULTURE ................................................................... 48 3.3.1. Physical Sources of Chinese Strategic Culture ................................................ 48 3.3.2. Political Sources of Chinese Strategic Culture ................................................ 48 3.3.3. Social and Cultural Heritage as a of Chinese Strategic Culture ...................... 50 3.4. CONFUCIANISM AS A STATE’S PHILOSOPHY ................................................................... 51 3.4.1. Revival of Confucianism ................................................................................. 58 3.4.2. Chinese Nationalism ....................................................................................... 61 3.4.3. Sinocentrism ................................................................................................... 65 3.4.4. The Promotion of Common “Asian Values” .................................................... 66 3.5. CHINESE LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL THINKING .............................................................. 69 3.5.1. 1st Generation – Marxism-Leninism and the Mao Zedong Thoughts ............. 71 3.5.2. 2nd Generation – Socialist Market Economy ................................................... 73 3.5.3. 3rd Generation – Three Represents ................................................................. 74 3.5.4. 4th Generation – Scientific Outlook on Development ..................................... 75 3.5.5. 5th Generation – Xi Jinping Administration ..................................................... 77 3.6. SUMMARY OF THE VARIABLES OF THE CHINESE STRATEGIC CULTURE .................................. 78 3.6.1. Identity ........................................................................................................... 79 3.6.2. Values ............................................................................................................. 79 3.6.3. Norms ............................................................................................................. 80 3.6.4. Perceptive Lens ............................................................................................... 80 4. CHAPTER: CHINESE STRATEGIC CULTURE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION ................... 82 ST 4.1. CHINESE – EUROPEAN RELATIONS IN THE 21 CENTURY .................................................. 85 4.2. CHINA – EU RELATIONS THROUGH THE PRISM OF STRATEGIC CULTURE .............................. 99 4.2.1. China -EU Security Cooperation ................................................................... 100 Strategic Partnership Cooperation ........................................................................ 103 European Arms Embargo ....................................................................................... 107 China – EU Security Cooperation ........................................................................... 119 Sovereignty issues .................................................................................................. 122 Summary of the Strategic Culture.......................................................................... 127 4.2.2. China – EU Economic and Commercial Relations ......................................... 127 Chinese Economic Reforms.................................................................................... 128 EU – China Trade .................................................................................................... 133 Chinese Foreign Direct Investments to the EU ...................................................... 139 Market Economy Status ......................................................................................... 143 Summary of the Strategic Culture.......................................................................... 145 4.2.3. China – EU Cultural Relations ....................................................................... 146 Cultural Exchanges ................................................................................................. 148 People to People Exchanges .................................................................................. 149 Summary of the Strategic Culture.......................................................................... 150 4.3. CONCLUSION OF THE CHINESE STRATEGIC CULTURE IN CHINA-EU RELATIONS .................... 150 4.3.1. Identity ......................................................................................................... 151 4.3.2. Values ........................................................................................................... 152 4.3.3. Norms ........................................................................................................... 155 4.3.4. The Perceptive Lens ...................................................................................... 158 5. CHAPTER: CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 161 6. CHAPTER: BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 176 PRIMARY SOURCES ............................................................................................................... 176 SECONDARY SOURCES ........................................................................................................... 181 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... 198 2 1. Chapter: Introduction The miracle of the Chinese rise is perhaps the most discussed phenomenon in international relations since the end of the Cold War. The Chinese rise is commonly associated with the Chinese economics that, due to the economic reforms
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