DOCSLIB.ORG

“Tatars” in 1252–1281 Relations Between the Mamluk State

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Tatars” in 1252–1281 Relations Between the Mamluk State Гісторыя 35 Весці БДПУ. Серыя 2. 2019. № 2. С. 35–40 УДК 94(620)“1252/1281” UDC 94(620)“1252/1281” RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAMLUK RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAMLUK STATE IN EGYPT AND “TATARS” STATE IN EGYPT AND “TATARS” IN 1252–1281 IN 1252–1281 A. Filipau, A. Filipau, PhD in Political Science PhD in Political Science, Academy of Public Administration under Academy of Public Administration У the Aegis of the President of the under the Aegis of the President Republic of Belarus of the Republic of Belarus Поступила в редакцию 17.04.19. Received on П17.04.19. The article deals with the relations between the Mamluk State in Egypt and various “Tatar” state (the Ulus of Jochi, the Ilkhanate and the Mongol Empire) in 1252–1281. The quantitative analysis is implemented to evaluate the relations activities. The article proves that in general the parties had the parity withД a small advantage in favor of the “Tatars”. Both parties were not able to infl ict a complete defeat upon each other or to conduct a campaign, which would submit their rivalry. As a result, the major efforts were implemented against rivalry’s allies. The peak of interaction between the “Tatars” and Mamluks was in 1257–1260, it is connected with the military campaign of Hulagu, capture of Baghdad, further penetrationБ into Syria and their defeat in the battle at Ayn Jalut. Keywords: Mamluks, Tatars, Egypt, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, foreign policy. В статье рассматриваются отношения между государством мамлюковй в Египте и различными «татарскими» государствами (Улус Джучи, Ильханат и Монгольская империя) в 1252–1281 гг. Применен количественный анализ для оценки отношений. В статье доказывается что, в целом, стороны имели паритет с небольшим преимуществом в пользу «татар». Обе стороны не могли нанести противнику решающее поражение или провестиы кампанию, в ходе которой противник был бы подчинен. В результате, основные усилия были направлены против союзников противника. Пик взаимодействия между «татарами» и мамлюкамир пришелся на 1257–1260 гг., что связано с военной кампанией Хулагу, захватом Багдада, дальнейшим проникновением в Сирию и их поражением в битве при Айн Джалуте. о Ключевые слова: мамлюки, татары, Египет, Золотая Орда, Ильханат, внешняя политика. he introduction. The relations between the Golden Horde remained beyond the fi eld of his TMamluk State in Egypt andт various Mongol study. states are discussed practicallyі in any research, The monography by Salih Zakirov “The which deals either with the foreign policy of the Diplomatic Relations between the Golden Horde Mamluk state or its comprehensiveз development. and Egypt (XIII-XIV c.)” [12] belongs to the number It is caused by the fact that in the discussed period of the most important researches on the history of it was the Mongols who represented the only the relations between the Mamluks State and the competing forceа in the Middle East, while the Ulus of Jochi. In spite of being rich in facts, the S. Ilkhanate state was the Mamluks’s main enemy. Zakirov’s monography needs some clarifi cations Ruevenп Amitai-Preiss, an Israeli scholar, is the in the light of the current achievements in the author of the most comprehensive and famous Mamluk studies. For example, the author claimed researchэ on the struggle between the Mamluks that mainly Egypt had initiated the diplomatic and the Ilkhanate – “Mongols and Mamluks: The relations (12, p. 4), while modern scholars doubt Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281” [3], where he in this thesis (for example, M. Favereau’s researches details discusses the military and political relations [7]). There is an opinion that such a perception Рbetween the two states. Besides this fundamental could be formed due to the fact that the Mamluk research, R. Amitai-Preiss published a number of sources had been for many years the primary academic articles on this issue [1-2; 4]. However, sources on the diplomatic relations between Egypt the relations between the Mamluks and the and the Golden Horde. S. Zakirov also hesitates 36 Весці БДПУ. Серыя 2. 2019. № 2 to date the year of the fi rst military clashes issue. One of the consequences of this between Berke and Hulagu – either in 1262 or in approach is a wide time range of processes 1266 (12, p. 7). discussed in academic papers. Narrow-time, The article by Marie Favereau “The Golden local issues remain insuffi ciently studied. Horde and the Mamluks” [7] is an interesting The selection of sources raises up questions research where the author focuses on the three as well. It is dubious that the authors who main reasons for rapprochement between the lived after 150-200 years after the described Mamluks and the Golden Horde: mutual interests events, had wider and more detailed in the struggle against the Ilkhanate; necessity to knowledge comparing to the witnesses of secure new trade routes for the stable supplies of those events. More likely, the later chroniclers new Mamluks when the previous trade routes via used certain examples from the alleged earlier Sivas and Anatolia appeared under the control of history of Mamluks to illustrate or confi rm У the Ilkhanate; strengthening the legitimacy of Berke necessary ideas [8], rather than to discuss the as a Muslim ruler [7, p. 96-98]. The article considers past impassionedly and objectively. the history of the relations between the Mamluks 3) The third important peculiarity is a practically and the Golden Horde from their establishment in full absence of any attempts toП make 1261 till the end of the14th century. a quantitative analysis of the Mamluk history, Besides the analysis of various stories related while the quantitative methods are widely to the development of the relations between used in the historical science.Д Mamluk Egypt and various Mongol states, the The chronological frames of the present article historiography has demonstrated attempts to encompass the period from the complete consider these relations on a deeper level. For Mamluks’s ascent to power in Egypt (1252) to the example, Anne F. Broadbridge tries to discuss major battle at Homs,Б which stopped the second these relations in the frames of the Mamluks’s large military campaign of the “Tatars” against the search to legitimize their power [6]. In scholar’s Mamluk State (1281). opinion, the main emphasis is made on legitimizing The main body. The main source for the the Mamluks with the superiority of their Yassa present researchй is the historical chronicle over the Yassa of Genghis Khan [6, p. 91-92]. One “Zubda(t) al-Fikra(t) fī Ta’rīch al-Hijra(t)” by should only welcome the attempts to reach a Baybars al-Mansuri al-Nasiri (d. 1325) [5]. The higher level of analysis of a traditional issue sourceы database is intentionally limited to one (Mamluks’ relations with any Mongol state). chronicle since the quantitative re-coding of However, in this case we face an apparent descriptive facts is implemented in the research. exaggeration of the role of external legitimizationр The mixture of information from various sources, for the Mamluks, as well as the role of religious which describe various events to different extent factor in formation of the foreign policy оof the risks to change artifi cially the quantitative Mamluk State [6, p. 105]. For example, the indicators to a wrong trend. Further verifi cation of Mamluks continued to maintain good relations the received data would be possible only after the with non-Muslim rulers of the Ulus Jochi as well processing the hole source database for the (as in the case with Mengu-Timur)т and were very described period. cautious towards peaceful initiativesі proposed by Taking into consideration the specifi cs of the Muslim Ilkhan Sultan Ahmad Tekuder-khan. state administration in that period, the term As a conclusion toз this brief historiographic “Mamluks” is understood in the research as review, we should point out the following: a political one rather than a name for a social 1) There is no strong comprehensive academic group. perception ofа the Mongols as a group by the Contrary to the term “Mongols”, widely used in Mamluks, while this very perception dominates historiography, we use the term “Tatars” based on in the пsources. Instead of that, the researchers the fact that this very term prevailed (more than 95 use state-focused approach to characterize the per cent cases of usage) in the considered sources foreignэ policy of Egypt as something separate towards the states established after the Genghis towards the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate Khan’s military campaigns. We believe that the State respectively. At the same time scholars usage of the term “Tatars” can contribute to better practically ignore the fact that the Mamluk understanding of the Mamluks’s policy, as well as Рsources mainly use the term “Tatars”. to avoid any mixture between the terms “Tatars” 2) An important peculiarity of the contemporary and “Mongols”, both of which are used by the Mamluk studies is a wide range of various sources. The historiography operates mainly with texts implemented to analyze a certain local the term “Mongols” what is clearly illustrated with Гісторыя 37 the following quotation by George Vernandsky: 3. The Mongol Empire (the Great Kaan). The “What concerns the term “Mongols”, it avoided rulers were Ogedei Khan [1227–1241], Guyuk oblivion due to an oddity of history – an occasional Khan [1246–1249], Monghe Khan [1251– kinship of the future emperor Genghis Khan with 1260], Kublai Khan [1260–1294]. The Great one of the Mongol families. After his ascending to Kaan sanctioned the war against Egypt and power all tribes of Mongolia had been united other “Islamic Kingdoms” [15]. under his command and a new “nation” was In 1253-1258 the military and political situation created known as Mongols.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Muhammad Uljaytu's Conversion to Islam Key Terms
    Muhammad Uljaytu’s Conversion to Islam Seyyedeh Samira Behzadi1 After the Mongols’ invasion of Iran, no one could ever imagine that the grand children of Genghis Khan would pave the context for the growth and dissemination of Islam in later periods. Genghis Khan, himself, was a shaman and his grandsons, such as Hulagu Khan and Abaqa Khan, and Abaqa Khan’s children were Buddhists. However, they always dealt with the followers of other religions and sects with respect. The court of Hulagu Khan in Iran was always frequented by the scholars of other religions. Some of the children and grandchildren of Hulagu Khan abandoned their ancestral religion because of the necessities of their time and converted to Islam or Christianity. In this regard, reference can be made to Ghazan Khan and Muhammad Uljaytu who, because of the penetration of Muslim scholars in their courts, paid attention to Islam and Shi’ism. Ghazan Khan chose the Hanafite religion but did not formally acknowledge his conversion to Shi’ism for certain political reasons. Muhammad Uljaytu, his brother, persuaded the king to follow Shi’ism more openly for several reasons including the penetration of some Muslim scholars and Shi’iteministers and rulers, such as Allamah al-Hilli, his son Fakhr ul- Muhaqqiqin, and Amir TarmTaz, in his court and their arguments as to the superiority of Shi’ism over Sunnism. Uljaytu chose the Twelver branch of Shi’ism and, at the sometime, issued the order of reading sermons in Friday prayers in the name of the Shi’ite Imams (a) and minting coins in their names.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongol Lawâ•Fla Concise Historical Survey
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by UW Law Digital Commons (University of Washington) Washington Law Review Volume 23 Number 2 5-1-1948 Mongol Law—A Concise Historical Survey V. A. Riasanovsky Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr Digital Par t of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons Commons Network Recommended Citation Logo V. A. Riasanovsky, Far Eastern Section, Mongol Law—A Concise Historical Survey, 23 Wash. L. Rev. & St. B.J. 166 (1948). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol23/iss2/9 This Far Eastern Section is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington Law Review by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW Soviet society is thought of as a moral or "moral-political" unity; its members are but youths and children, requiring training and educa- tion, Soviet law educates them to a Communist social-consciousness, "ingrafting upon them," in the words of a recent Soviet writer," "high, noble feelings." However repressive the Soviet legal system may ap- pear to the "reasonable man" of American tradition, the importance of the underlying conception of Law as a teacher should not be minimized. 14 Kareva, The Role of Soviet Law in the Education of Communist Conscsousness, BOLSHEVIK, No. 4 (in Russian) (1947). MONGOL LAW-A CONCISE HISTORICAL SURVEY V A. RiAsANOVSKY* Two basic systems of law, one Chinese, the other Mongol, co- existed in Eastern Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Protagonist of Qubilai Khan's Unsuccessful
    BUQA CHĪNGSĀNG: PROTAGONIST OF QUBILAI KHAN’S UNSUCCESSFUL COUP ATTEMPT AGAINST THE HÜLEGÜID DYNASTY MUSTAFA UYAR* It is generally accepted that the dissolution of the Mongol Empire began in 1259, following the death of Möngke the Great Khan (1251–59)1. Fierce conflicts were to arise between the khan candidates for the empty throne of the Great Khanate. Qubilai (1260–94), the brother of Möngke in China, was declared Great Khan on 5 May 1260 in the emergency qurultai assembled in K’ai-p’ing, which is quite far from Qara-Qorum, the principal capital of Mongolia2. This event started the conflicts within the Mongolian Khanate. The first person to object to the election of the Great Khan was his younger brother Ariq Böke (1259–64), another son of Qubilai’s mother Sorqoqtani Beki. Being Möngke’s brother, just as Qubilai was, he saw himself as the real owner of the Great Khanate, since he was the ruler of Qara-Qorum, the main capital of the Mongol Khanate. Shortly after Qubilai was declared Khan, Ariq Böke was also declared Great Khan in June of the same year3. Now something unprecedented happened: there were two competing Great Khans present in the Mongol Empire, and both received support from different parts of the family of the empire. The four Mongol khanates, which should theo- retically have owed obedience to the Great Khan, began to act completely in their own interests: the Khan of the Golden Horde, Barka (1257–66) supported Böke. * Assoc. Prof., Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Department of History, Ankara/TURKEY, [email protected] 1 For further information on the dissolution of the Mongol Empire, see D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: from Chinggis Khan to Timur
    ChapterChapter 14 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur (A.D. 500 – A.D. 1450) The Steppe How would you characterize this region? Where is this? Steppe Culture . Loyalty to kin/clan . Courage culture . Horsemanship . Mobile (pastoralists & hunters) . Animists . Raiding between tribes . Traded with sedentary peoples for manufactured goods . Invented stirrups Mongols . Declared themselves to be descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era. Called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: Mongols conquered steppe tribe Tartars, but because so many Tartars rose to prominence in the Mongol Empire, the name became synonymous with Mongols. The Mongols . The Mongols were well known for their ability to ride horses well and wage war. Skilled in shooting short composite bows and arrows from horseback. Organized troops effectively and readily adopted new technologies, like gunpowder from China. At a meeting of Mongol leaders in 1206, a man named Temujin was Mongol Conquests elected Genghis Khan, which means strong ruler. He united Mongol tribes and conquered a vast empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. Genghiz Khan imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty. His highly trained armies contained some of the most skilled horsemen in the world. In their conquest of China, the Mongol armies faced the problem of attacking walled cities. Mongol and Chinese armies used missile weapons against each other. Genghis Khan . Valued individual merit & loyalty . Fighting wasn’t honorable; winning was. So, used any means necessary to win (trickery, etc.) . Conscripted peasants: Mongols just didn’t understand peasants who seemed like grazing animals rather than real humans who ate meat.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomadic Incursion MMW 13, Lecture 3
    MMW 13, Lecture 3 Nomadic Incursion HOW and Why? The largest Empire before the British Empire What we talked about in last lecture 1) No pure originals 2) History is interrelated 3) Before Westernization (16th century) was southernization 4) Global integration happened because of human interaction: commerce, religion and war. Known by many names “Ruthless” “Bloodthirsty” “madman” “brilliant politician” “destroyer of civilizations” “The great conqueror” “Genghis Khan” Ruling through the saddle Helped the Eurasian Integration Euroasia in Fragments Afro-Eurasia Afro-Eurasian complex as interrelational societies Cultures circulated and accumulated in complex ways, but always interconnected. Contact Zones 1. Eurasia: (Hemispheric integration) a) Mediterranean-Mesopotamia b) Subcontinent 2) Euro-Africa a) Africa-Mesopotamia 3) By the late 15th century Transatlantic (Globalization) Africa-Americas 12th century Song and Jin dynasties Abbasids: fragmented: Fatimads in Egypt are overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty (Saladin) Africa: North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa Europe: in the periphery; Roman catholic is highly bureaucratic and society feudal How did these zones become connected? Nomadic incursions Xiongunu Huns (Romans) White Huns (Gupta state in India) Avars Slavs Bulgars Alans Uighur Turks ------------------------------------------------------- In Antiquity, nomads were known for: 1. War 2. Migration Who are the Nomads? Tribal clan-based people--at times formed into confederate forces-- organized based on pastoral or agricultural economies. 1) Migrate so to adapt to the ecological and changing climate conditions. 2) Highly competitive on a tribal basis. 3) Religion: Shamanistic & spirit-possession Two Types of Nomadic peoples 1. Pastoral: lifestyle revolves around living off the meat, milk and hides of animals that are domesticated as they travel through arid lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Survey) by Dr
    Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History, Archaeology & Anthropology Volume 21 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2021 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Azerbaijan on the Great Silk Road between China and Europe (Historical Survey) By Dr. Maryam Seyidbeyli Introduction- Since the end of Prehistoric times, there have been trading relations between the countries. For comprehensive and permanent trade, the country must have rich natural resources, raw materials, and favorable geographical conditions. Almost all of these are available in Azerbaijan. For this reason, Azerbaijan has always played an crucial role in the realization of trade relations, including China, one of the ancient trade centers. From time immemorial, China's trade relations with Western countries have passed through the territory of Azerbaijan. Since ancient China was the only country that produced silk, silk was considered the most important fabric in other countries. Therefore, it stood in the most significant place in trade. That is why this trade became known as the Silk Road. Silk Road trade became more widespread in the Middle Ages. This paper deals with the history of the Silk Rod in Azerbaijan. The author uses different primary and secondary sources for her academic analyzes. Keywords: azerbaijan, china, trade, silk road, relationship, history. GJHSS-D Classification: FOR Code: 430199 AzerbaijanontheGreatSilkRoadbetweenChinaandEuropeHistoricalSurvey Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2021. Dr. Maryam Seyidbeyli. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Il-Khanate Empire
    1 Il-Khanate Empire 1250s, after the new Great Khan, Möngke (r.1251–1259), sent his brother Hülegü to MICHAL BIRAN expand Mongol territories into western Asia, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel primarily against the Assassins, an extreme Isma‘ilite-Shi‘ite sect specializing in political The Il-Khanate was a Mongol state that ruled murder, and the Abbasid Caliphate. Hülegü in Western Asia c.1256–1335. It was known left Mongolia in 1253. In 1256, he defeated to the Mongols as ulus Hülegü, the people the Assassins at Alamut, next to the Caspian or state of Hülegü (1218–1265), the dynasty’s Sea, adding to his retinue Nasir al-Din al- founder and grandson of Chinggis Khan Tusi, one of the greatest polymaths of the (Genghis Khan). Centered in Iran and Muslim world, who became his astrologer Azerbaijan but ruling also over Iraq, Turkme- and trusted advisor. In 1258, with the help nistan, and parts of Afghanistan, Anatolia, of various Mongol tributaries, including and the southern Caucasus (Georgia, many Muslims, he brutally conquered Bagh- Armenia), the Il-Khanate was a highly cos- dad, eliminating the Abbasid Caliphate that mopolitan empire that had close connections had nominally led the Muslim world for more with China and Western Europe. It also had a than 500 years (750–1258). Hülegü continued composite administration and legacy that into Syria, but withdrew most of his troops combined Mongol, Iranian, and Muslim after hearing of Möngke’s death (1259). The elements, and produced some outstanding defeat of the remnants of his troops by the cultural achievements.
    [Show full text]
  • View a Copy of This Licence, Visit
    Ibrayeva et al. Herit Sci (2021) 9:90 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00564-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Interdisciplinary approach to studying written nomadic sources in the context of modern historiology Akmaral Ibrayeva1* , Assemgul Temirkhanova2, Zaure Kartova1, Tlegen Sadykov2, Nurbolat Abuov1 and Anatoliy Pleshakov1 Abstract This article uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze textual sources from nomadic civilization. Linguistic analysis has been increasingly used due to the emergence of a huge array of autochthonous and authentic written sources. It is impossible to extract the necessary historical information from those sources without using a new research method. This study aims to apply discourse analysis to medieval textual sources called edicts published in 1400–1635 by the leaders of the Central Asian states. This approach is expected to enable a detailed study of the structure of edicts, as well as speech patterns and terms used in the text. The results of the study revealed the structure of the examined edicts, as well as socio-cultural, economic, and communicative features of the nomadic society. First, the discourse repertoire of Edicts from Sygnak is rather unique, as evidenced by comparative analysis of patents from the cities of Sygnak, Sayram and Turkestan located in the Syr Darya basin. Second, edicts in this study refect the result of the mutual infuence of sedentary and mobile lifeways. Third, the arguments behind certain speech patterns used in the examined edicts emerged under the infuence of Turkic traditions. Keywords: Discourse analysis, Document structure, Edicts, Nomadic civilization, Oral historiology Introduction documents with the content and legal form characteristic One of the major challenges of nomadic research is the to contracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Majidi's 'Beyond the Clouds' Screened Worldwide
    Art & Culture April 21, 2018 3 This Day in History Majidi’s ‘Beyond the Clouds’ (April 21) Today is Saturday; 1st of the Iranian month of Ordibehesht 1397 solar hijri; corresponding to 4th of the Islamic month of Sha’ban 1439 lunar hijri; and April 21, 2018, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar. Screened Worldwide 1413 lunar years ago, on this day in 26 AH, the valiant Standard-Bearer of the Immortal Epic of Karbala, Hazrat Abu’l-Fazl al-Abbas (AS), was born in Medina to the Commander This year’s opening of the 36th Fajr In- of the Faithful, Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS). His mother was the virtuous lady Omm al- Baneen Fatema bint Hezaam of the al-Kilabiyya clan noted for its courage and bravery. ternational Film Festival began with the Imam Ali (AS) had married her several years after the passing away of his beloved wife, screening of Majidi’s Indian-set film on Hazrat Fatema Zahra (SA) the daughter of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). Hazrat Abbas (AS), who was over two decades younger than his older brothers, the Prophet’s grandsons, April 19.Festival Director Reza Mirk- Imam Hasan (AS) and Imam Husain (AS), was very much attached to them since childhood. Out of respect for their immaculate lineage, he never called them brothers, but would refer arimi, Deputy Director Mohammad to them as Lords and Masters. He was in Karbala like a shadow beside Imam Husain (AS), Salavatifard, Head of International Affairs and while trying to fetch water for the thirsty camp of the Imam, he sacrificed his life, by first losing both his hands, but never tasted a drop of water even when he succeeded in Amir Esfandiari, actor Habib Rezaei, and reaching the bank of the River Euphrates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mongol City of Ghazaniyya: Destruction, Spatial Reconstruction, and Preservation of the Urban Heritage1
    Atri Hatef Naiemi The Mongol City of Ghazaniyya: Destruction, Spatial Reconstruction, and Preservation of the Urban Heritage1 Hülegü Khan (r. 1256-1265), a grandson of Chinggis Khan, founded the Ilkhanate in Iran in 1256 as the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. Mongol campaigns in Iran in the thirteenth century caused extensive destruction in different aspects of the Iranians’ social life and built environment. However, the political stability after the arrival of Hülegü intensified the process of urban development. Along with the reconstruction of the cities that had been extensively destroyed during the Mongol attack, the Ilkhans founded a number of new settlements. Their architectural and urban projects were mostly conducted in the northwest of present-day Iran, with some exceptions, for instance the city of Khabushan in Khurasan which was largely rebuilt by Hülegü and the notables of his court.2 In western Iran, Hülegü firstly focused his attention on the reconstruction of Baghdad, but following the designation of Azerbaijan as the headquarters of the Mongols, his urban development activities extended to this region. Maragha was chosen as the first capital of the Mongols and the most 1 This article has been adapted from a lecture presented in November 2019 at the Aga Khan Program in MIT. The research for this project has been facilitated by fellowship held with the Aga Khan program of MIT. I would like to thank Professors Nasser Rabbat and James Wescoat for their hospitality during the four months I spent at MIT in 2019. 2 In addition to Hülegü, Ghazan Khan also erected magnificent buildings in Khabushan.
    [Show full text]
  • SKRIPSI Dede Rosidah
    KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI GHAZAN KHAN PADA MASA DINASTI ILKHAN DI PERSIA TAHUN 1295-1304 M SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga untuk Memenuhi Syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S. Hum) Oleh: Dede Rosidah NIM: 08120001 JURUSAN SEJARAH DAN KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA 2012 PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: Nama : Dede Rosidah NIM : 08120001 Jenjang/Jurusan : SI/Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini secara keseluruhan adalah hasil penelitian/karya saya sendiri, kecuali pada bagian-bagian yang dirujuk sumbernya. Yogyakarta, 22 Juni 2012 Saya yang menyatakan, Dede Rosidah NIM: 08120001 ii NOTA DINAS Kepada Yth., Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta Assalamu ‘alaikum wr. Wb. Setelah melakukan bimbingan, arahan, dan koreksi terhadap naskah skripsi berjudul: KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI GHAZAN KHAN PADA MASA DINASTI ILKHAN DI PERSIA TAHUN 1295-1304 M yang ditulis oleh: Nama : Dede Rosidah NIM : 08120001 Jurusan : Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam saya berpendapat bahwa skripsi tersebut sudah dapat diajukan kepada Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta untuk diujikan dalam sidang munaqasyah. Wassalamu ‘alaikum wr. wb. Yogyakarta , 22 Juni 2012 Dosen Pembimbing, Prof. Dr. M. Abdul Karim, M. A., M. A. NIP: 19550501 199812 1 002 iii MOTTO óóó===ó |||ÁÁÁ| ΡΡΡ$$$$ sssùùùs |||MMM| øøøîîîø tttt sssùùùs ###sssŒŒŒs ÎÎÎ***Î sssùùùs “Maka apabila kamu Telah selesai (dari sesuatu urusan), kerjakanlah dengan sungguh- sungguh (urusan) yang lain” (Q. S. al-Insyir āh ayat 8) . v PERSEMBAHAN Untuk: Almamater Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga; Ayah, Bunda, dan seluruh keluarga; yang selalu memberikan dukungan, serta do a hingga terselesaikannya skripsi ini.
    [Show full text]
  • Kli and the Swan Girl. Legitimising Elements in the Turkic Epic Edige
    Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 63 (2), 117–132 (2010) DOI: 10.1556/AOrient.63.2010.2.1 BABA TÜKLI AND THE SWAN GIRL. LEGITIMISING ELEMENTS IN THE TURKIC EPIC EDIGE DÁVID SOMFAI KARA Visiting Scholar, Department of CEUS, Indiana University, Bloomington Goodbody Hall 157, 1011 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005, USA Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences H-1014 Budapest, Országház u. 30, Hungary e-mail: [email protected] The present article deals with two legitimising elements to be found in the Turkic epic cycle Edige. According to oral tradition Edige’s genealogy goes back to Angšïbay who married a heavenly swan girl thus laying foundation to the Manghit clan. But in the same oral tradition Edige’s forefather is identified with a Muslim saint (walī or awliyā) called Baba Tükles. The article tries to analyse the process of linking the Muslim tradition of Baba Tükles, who in written sources appears as the Islam- iser of the Golden Horde, to a pre-Islamic tradition about the superiority of a clan originating form a heavenly swan girl. Similarly to folklore and oral tradition, modern religious traditions also dis- play the elements of Islamised folk belief and Central Asian Muslim (e.g. Sufi) traditions, where worshiping ancestor spirits is often intermingled with the respect for Muslim saints who were Islam- isers or Sufi practitioners. Some historical and ethnographical data are presented to elucidate the parallel processes that took place in folklore and religious traditions. Key words: Edige epic, Baba Tükli, oral tradition, religious traditions, Muslim saints, Sufism, heav- enly swan girl, legitimisation.
    [Show full text]