Гісторыя 35 Весці БДПУ. Серыя 2. 2019. № 2. С. 35–40 УДК 94(620)“1252/1281” UDC 94(620)“1252/1281” RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAMLUK RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAMLUK STATE IN EGYPT AND “TATARS” STATE IN EGYPT AND “TATARS” IN 1252–1281 IN 1252–1281 A. Filipau, A. Filipau, PhD in Political Science PhD in Political Science, Academy of Public Administration under Academy of Public Administration У the Aegis of the President of the under the Aegis of the President Republic of Belarus of the Republic of Belarus Поступила в редакцию 17.04.19. Received on П17.04.19. The article deals with the relations between the Mamluk State in Egypt and various “Tatar” state (the Ulus of Jochi, the Ilkhanate and the Mongol Empire) in 1252–1281. The quantitative analysis is implemented to evaluate the relations activities. The article proves that in general the parties had the parity withД a small advantage in favor of the “Tatars”. Both parties were not able to infl ict a complete defeat upon each other or to conduct a campaign, which would submit their rivalry. As a result, the major efforts were implemented against rivalry’s allies. The peak of interaction between the “Tatars” and Mamluks was in 1257–1260, it is connected with the military campaign of Hulagu, capture of Baghdad, further penetrationБ into Syria and their defeat in the battle at Ayn Jalut. Keywords: Mamluks, Tatars, Egypt, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, foreign policy. В статье рассматриваются отношения между государством мамлюковй в Египте и различными «татарскими» государствами (Улус Джучи, Ильханат и Монгольская империя) в 1252–1281 гг. Применен количественный анализ для оценки отношений. В статье доказывается что, в целом, стороны имели паритет с небольшим преимуществом в пользу «татар». Обе стороны не могли нанести противнику решающее поражение или провестиы кампанию, в ходе которой противник был бы подчинен. В результате, основные усилия были направлены против союзников противника. Пик взаимодействия между «татарами» и мамлюкамир пришелся на 1257–1260 гг., что связано с военной кампанией Хулагу, захватом Багдада, дальнейшим проникновением в Сирию и их поражением в битве при Айн Джалуте. о Ключевые слова: мамлюки, татары, Египет, Золотая Орда, Ильханат, внешняя политика. he introduction. The relations between the Golden Horde remained beyond the fi eld of his TMamluk State in Egypt andт various Mongol study. states are discussed practicallyі in any research, The monography by Salih Zakirov “The which deals either with the foreign policy of the Diplomatic Relations between the Golden Horde Mamluk state or its comprehensiveз development. and Egypt (XIII-XIV c.)” [12] belongs to the number It is caused by the fact that in the discussed period of the most important researches on the history of it was the Mongols who represented the only the relations between the Mamluks State and the competing forceа in the Middle East, while the Ulus of Jochi. In spite of being rich in facts, the S. Ilkhanate state was the Mamluks’s main enemy. Zakirov’s monography needs some clarifi cations Ruevenп Amitai-Preiss, an Israeli scholar, is the in the light of the current achievements in the author of the most comprehensive and famous Mamluk studies. For example, the author claimed researchэ on the struggle between the Mamluks that mainly Egypt had initiated the diplomatic and the Ilkhanate – “Mongols and Mamluks: The relations (12, p. 4), while modern scholars doubt Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281” [3], where he in this thesis (for example, M. Favereau’s researches details discusses the military and political relations [7]). There is an opinion that such a perception Рbetween the two states. Besides this fundamental could be formed due to the fact that the Mamluk research, R. Amitai-Preiss published a number of sources had been for many years the primary academic articles on this issue [1-2; 4]. However, sources on the diplomatic relations between Egypt the relations between the Mamluks and the and the Golden Horde. S. Zakirov also hesitates 36 Весці БДПУ. Серыя 2. 2019. № 2 to date the year of the fi rst military clashes issue. One of the consequences of this between Berke and Hulagu – either in 1262 or in approach is a wide time range of processes 1266 (12, p. 7). discussed in academic papers. Narrow-time, The article by Marie Favereau “The Golden local issues remain insuffi ciently studied. Horde and the Mamluks” [7] is an interesting The selection of sources raises up questions research where the author focuses on the three as well. It is dubious that the authors who main reasons for rapprochement between the lived after 150-200 years after the described Mamluks and the Golden Horde: mutual interests events, had wider and more detailed in the struggle against the Ilkhanate; necessity to knowledge comparing to the witnesses of secure new trade routes for the stable supplies of those events. More likely, the later chroniclers new Mamluks when the previous trade routes via used certain examples from the alleged earlier Sivas and Anatolia appeared under the control of history of Mamluks to illustrate or confi rm У the Ilkhanate; strengthening the legitimacy of Berke necessary ideas [8], rather than to discuss the as a Muslim ruler [7, p. 96-98]. The article considers past impassionedly and objectively. the history of the relations between the Mamluks 3) The third important peculiarity is a practically and the Golden Horde from their establishment in full absence of any attempts toП make 1261 till the end of the14th century. a quantitative analysis of the Mamluk history, Besides the analysis of various stories related while the quantitative methods are widely to the development of the relations between used in the historical science.Д Mamluk Egypt and various Mongol states, the The chronological frames of the present article historiography has demonstrated attempts to encompass the period from the complete consider these relations on a deeper level. For Mamluks’s ascent to power in Egypt (1252) to the example, Anne F. Broadbridge tries to discuss major battle at Homs,Б which stopped the second these relations in the frames of the Mamluks’s large military campaign of the “Tatars” against the search to legitimize their power [6]. In scholar’s Mamluk State (1281). opinion, the main emphasis is made on legitimizing The main body. The main source for the the Mamluks with the superiority of their Yassa present researchй is the historical chronicle over the Yassa of Genghis Khan [6, p. 91-92]. One “Zubda(t) al-Fikra(t) fī Ta’rīch al-Hijra(t)” by should only welcome the attempts to reach a Baybars al-Mansuri al-Nasiri (d. 1325) [5]. The higher level of analysis of a traditional issue sourceы database is intentionally limited to one (Mamluks’ relations with any Mongol state). chronicle since the quantitative re-coding of However, in this case we face an apparent descriptive facts is implemented in the research. exaggeration of the role of external legitimizationр The mixture of information from various sources, for the Mamluks, as well as the role of religious which describe various events to different extent factor in formation of the foreign policy оof the risks to change artifi cially the quantitative Mamluk State [6, p. 105]. For example, the indicators to a wrong trend. Further verifi cation of Mamluks continued to maintain good relations the received data would be possible only after the with non-Muslim rulers of the Ulus Jochi as well processing the hole source database for the (as in the case with Mengu-Timur)т and were very described period. cautious towards peaceful initiativesі proposed by Taking into consideration the specifi cs of the Muslim Ilkhan Sultan Ahmad Tekuder-khan. state administration in that period, the term As a conclusion toз this brief historiographic “Mamluks” is understood in the research as review, we should point out the following: a political one rather than a name for a social 1) There is no strong comprehensive academic group. perception ofа the Mongols as a group by the Contrary to the term “Mongols”, widely used in Mamluks, while this very perception dominates historiography, we use the term “Tatars” based on in the пsources. Instead of that, the researchers the fact that this very term prevailed (more than 95 use state-focused approach to characterize the per cent cases of usage) in the considered sources foreignэ policy of Egypt as something separate towards the states established after the Genghis towards the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate Khan’s military campaigns. We believe that the State respectively. At the same time scholars usage of the term “Tatars” can contribute to better practically ignore the fact that the Mamluk understanding of the Mamluks’s policy, as well as Рsources mainly use the term “Tatars”. to avoid any mixture between the terms “Tatars” 2) An important peculiarity of the contemporary and “Mongols”, both of which are used by the Mamluk studies is a wide range of various sources. The historiography operates mainly with texts implemented to analyze a certain local the term “Mongols” what is clearly illustrated with Гісторыя 37 the following quotation by George Vernandsky: 3. The Mongol Empire (the Great Kaan). The “What concerns the term “Mongols”, it avoided rulers were Ogedei Khan [1227–1241], Guyuk oblivion due to an oddity of history – an occasional Khan [1246–1249], Monghe Khan [1251– kinship of the future emperor Genghis Khan with 1260], Kublai Khan [1260–1294]. The Great one of the Mongol families. After his ascending to Kaan sanctioned the war against Egypt and power all tribes of Mongolia had been united other “Islamic Kingdoms” [15]. under his command and a new “nation” was In 1253-1258 the military and political situation created known as Mongols.