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SKRIPSI Dede Rosidah KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI GHAZAN KHAN PADA MASA DINASTI ILKHAN DI PERSIA TAHUN 1295-1304 M SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga untuk Memenuhi Syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S. Hum) Oleh: Dede Rosidah NIM: 08120001 JURUSAN SEJARAH DAN KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA 2012 PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: Nama : Dede Rosidah NIM : 08120001 Jenjang/Jurusan : SI/Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini secara keseluruhan adalah hasil penelitian/karya saya sendiri, kecuali pada bagian-bagian yang dirujuk sumbernya. Yogyakarta, 22 Juni 2012 Saya yang menyatakan, Dede Rosidah NIM: 08120001 ii NOTA DINAS Kepada Yth., Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta Assalamu ‘alaikum wr. Wb. Setelah melakukan bimbingan, arahan, dan koreksi terhadap naskah skripsi berjudul: KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI GHAZAN KHAN PADA MASA DINASTI ILKHAN DI PERSIA TAHUN 1295-1304 M yang ditulis oleh: Nama : Dede Rosidah NIM : 08120001 Jurusan : Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam saya berpendapat bahwa skripsi tersebut sudah dapat diajukan kepada Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta untuk diujikan dalam sidang munaqasyah. Wassalamu ‘alaikum wr. wb. Yogyakarta , 22 Juni 2012 Dosen Pembimbing, Prof. Dr. M. Abdul Karim, M. A., M. A. NIP: 19550501 199812 1 002 iii MOTTO óóó===ó |||ÁÁÁ| ΡΡΡ$$$$ sssùùùs |||MMM| øøøîîîø tttt sssùùùs ###sssŒŒŒs ÎÎÎ***Î sssùùùs “Maka apabila kamu Telah selesai (dari sesuatu urusan), kerjakanlah dengan sungguh- sungguh (urusan) yang lain” (Q. S. al-Insyir āh ayat 8) . v PERSEMBAHAN Untuk: Almamater Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga; Ayah, Bunda, dan seluruh keluarga; yang selalu memberikan dukungan, serta do a hingga terselesaikannya skripsi ini. vi ABSTRAK Ghazan Khan adalah penguasa ke VII (1295-1304 M) dari Dinasti Ilkhan di Persia. Ia merupakan penguasa paling berbakat dibandingkan para penguasa lainnya. Pada masa awal kekuasaannya, kondisi negaranya dalam keadaan yang memprihatinkan terutama dalam bidang ekonomi. Hal itu disebabkan oleh praktik korupsi dan pemerasan terhadap petani oleh para pejabat, terutama dinas pajak. Akibatnya para petani meninggalkan ladang mereka dan berlindung ke hutan. Oleh karena itu, banyak ladang yang tidak digarap sehingga menyebabkan tanah tersebut mati. Keadaan seperti itu menyebabkan negara mengalami defisit anggaran, karena pertanian merupakan sumber utama pendapatan negara. Kebijakan ekonomi yang arif adalah salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki keadaan tersebut. Hal inilah yang dilakukan oleh Ghazan sebagai seorang pemimpin yang bertanggung jawab atas kesejahteraan rakyatnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk kebijakan ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh Ghazan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian historis yang bertujuan merekonstruksi masa lampau secara kronologis dan sistematis, serta seobjektif mungkin dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan tertulis, baik buku, jurnal, majalah, maupun artikel dari internet. Adapun untuk menganalisis kebijakan ekonomi Ghazan, penulis menelitinya dengan menggunakan pendekatan ekonomi dan teori Keynes mengenai kebijakan dan peranan pemerintah dalam perekonomian negara. Keynes mengatakan bahwa dalam kegiatan perekonomian negara, proses ekonomi dan pemecahan masalahnya ditentukan oleh kebijakan dan peranan pemerintah. Kebijakan tersebut berupa kebijakan riil (fiskal, moneter dan pembangunan) dan non-riil (regulasi dan sistem ekonominya). Kebijakan ekonomi Ghazan meliputi tiga hal, pertama memperbaiki sistem pertanian yang telah hancur dengan cara memberikan benih atau biji-bijian dan kawanan lembu jantan kepada para petani supaya kembali menggarap ladangnya. Kedua, membentuk petugas pajak dan menentukan secara pasti tingkat perpajakan. Ketiga, membuat tenda khusus untuk menyimpan uang negara dan Buku Penjaga untuk mencatat keperluan negar, serta memberlakukan kembali mata uang din ār (koin emas). Langkah-langkah tersebut dilakukan Ghazan dengan pertimbangan yang matang dan atas nasehat dari wazirnya, Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, keduanya memiliki pengetahuan perekonomian terutama masalah pertanian. vii PEDOMAN TRANSLITERASI ARAB-LATIN 1 1. Konsonan Huruf Nama Huruf Latin Nama Arab alif Tidak Tidak ا dilambangkan dilambangkan ba b be ب ta t te ت tsa ts Te dan es ث jim j je ج a ha (dengan ح garis di bawah) kha kh ka dan ha خ dal d de د dzal dz de dan z ذ ra r er ر za z zet ز sin s es س syin sy es dan ye ش shad sh es dan ha ص dlad dl de dan el ض tha th te dan ha ط dha dh de dan ha ظ ain ‘ koma terbalik‘ ع di atas ghain gh ge dan ha غ fa f ef ف qaf q qi ق kaf k ka ك lam l el ل mim m em م nun n en ن wau w we و ha h ha ه lam alif la el dan a hamzah ' apostrop ء ya y ye ي 1 Jurusan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam, Pedoman Akademik dan Penulisan Skripsi cet. 1 (Jurusan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam, Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya: Yogyakarta, 2010), hlm. 44-47. viii 2. Vokal: a. Vokal Tunggal Tanda Nama Huruf latin Nama .... fat ah a a .... kasrah i i dlammah u u ۥ .... b. Vokal Rangkap Tanda Nama Huruf Latin Nama .... fat ah dan ya ai a dan i .... fat ah dan wau au a dan u Contoh: : husain : haula 3. Maddah Tanda Nama Huruf Latin Nama fat ah dan alif â a dengan caping َ ـ di atas kasrah dan ya î i dengan caping di ِ ـ atas dlammah û u dengan caping ـُ di atas 4. Ta Marbuthah a. Ta Marbuthah yang dipakai di sisni dimatikan atu diberi harkat sukun , dan transliterasinya adalah /h/. b. Kalau kata yang berakhir dengan ta marbuthah diikuti oleh kata yang bersandang /al/, maka kedua kata itu dipisah dan ta marbuthah ditransliterasikan dengan /h/. Contoh: : Fâthimah Makkah al-Mukarramah : ا ّ ix 5. Syaddah Syaddah/tasydid dilambangkan dengan huruf, yaitu huruf yang sama dengan huruf yang bersaddah itu. Contoh: rabbanâ : ر nazzala : زّ 6. Kata Sandang dilambangkan dengan “al”, baik yang diikuti dengan ” ا “ Kata sandang huruf syamsiyah maupun yang diikuti dengan huruf qamariyah. Contoh: al-Syams : اس al-ikmah : ا آ x KATA PENGANTAR ا ا ا ا ا ر ب ا و ا ر ا و ا و ا ة و ا م ا ف ا ء و ا و ا و ا ا Segala puji dan syukur penulis haturkan kehadirat Allah swt., yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, karunia, hidayah, dan pertolongan-Nya. Shalawat dan salam semoga terlimpah curahkan kepada baginda Rasulullah saw., manusia pilihan pembawa rahmat bagi seluruh alam. Skripsi yang berjudul “Kebijakan Ekonomi Ghazan Khan Pada Masa Dinasti Ilkhan di Persia Tahun 1295-1304 M” penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa skrispsi ini tidak akan terwujud secara baik tanpa adanya bantuan, bimbingan, dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, dengan segala kerendahan hati penulis mengucapkan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada: 1. Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. 2. Ketua Jurusan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. 3. Prof. Dr. M. Abdul Karim, M. A., M. A., selaku pembimbing yang telah menyediakan waktu, pikiran, dan tenaga untuk mengarahkan dan memberi petunjuk kepada penulis. Semoga jerih payah dan pengorbanannya, dibalas yang setimpal oleh Allah swt. xi 4. Segenap dosen Jurusan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam yang telah memberikan ilmunya kepada penulis selama proses pembelajaran di kampus yang tercinta ini. 5. Bapak Juhili dan Ibu Rumsah; Ema Sawitri dan Abah Darman tercinta yang selalu membantu, memberikan semangat, motivasi, nasehat, do a, biaya dan kasih sayang dengan penuh keridhoan dan keikhlasan sehingga penyusunan skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan. 6. Aa Nurman Maulana tercinta yang selalu memberikan support dan menjadi energi tersendiri bagi penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 7. Guru ngaji (Ua Ubed Jubaedi, Ua Dedeh, Ua Enok, dan Ang Hudli), yang selalu memberikan, nasehat, semangat, dan do’a. Semua petuah yang yang disampaikan akan selalu penulis ingat. 8. Teman-teman jurusan SKI angkatan 2008; Rias, Cece, Rahma, Nisa, Nita, Erma, Anik, Mila, Hamli, Riza, Didin, Adib, Fadli, dan yang lainnya. Kekompakan kita dan saling mendukung yang selalu terjaga sampai saat ini, telah menjadi motivasi bagi penulis untuk meyelesaikan skripsi ini. 9. Teman-teman wisma Alamanda; Rahma, Nisa, Mba Ciot, Mba Cinung, Pera, Kiki. Semoga tali silaturahmi di antara kita langgeng selamanya. 10. Khusus kepada Mba Siska, Rizha, dan Imam terimaksih telah membantu penulis dalam menerjemahkan sumber-sumber bahasa Inggris. xii Kepada semua pihak tersebut, semoga amal baik yang telah diberikan dapat diterima di sisi Allah swt., dan mendapat limpah rahmat dari-Nya. Semoga skripsi ini memberikan manfa at, baik bagi penulis pribadi maupun bagi pembaca sekalian. Yogyakarta, 22 Juni 2012 Penulis Dede Rosidah NIM: 08120001 xiii DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................... i HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN .............................................................. ii HALAMAN NOTA DINAS ...................................................................................... iii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... iv HALAMAN MOTTO ................................................................................................ v HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ............................................................................... vi ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ vii PEDOMAN TRANSLITERASI ...........................................................................
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