Peranan Jengis Khan Terhadap Kehancuran

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Peranan Jengis Khan Terhadap Kehancuran JENGISKAN DAN HANCURNYA SEBUAH PERADABAN (Sebuah Analisis Sejarah) DRS. BAHRUM SALEH, M.AG. Fakultas Sastra Program Studi Bahasa Arab Universitas Sumatera Utara BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.Latar Belakang. Ratusan ribu mayat tanpa kepala berserakan dan tumpang tindih memenuhi jalan-jalan, parit-parit dan lapangan-lapangan. Disekitarnya bangunan-bangunan megah dan indah banyak yang tinggal puing-puing dan rerontokan. Asap masih mengepul dari bangunan-bangunan yang dibakar. Tentara dari pangkat rendah sampai tinggi sibuk memenggal kepala ribuan manusia dan kemudian memisahkan kepala yang terpisah dari tubuhnya itu menurut kelompok: kepala wanita, anak-anak, orang tua, dipisahkan satu dari yang lain. Sungai Dajlah atau Tigris berubah menjadi hitam disebabkan tinta ribuan manuskrip yang dilempar ke dalamnya. Perpustakaan, rumah sakit, mesjid, madrasah, tempat pemandian dan rumah para bangsawan, toko dan rumah makan – semuanya dihancurkan. Demikianlah, kota yang selama beberapa abad menjadi pusat terbesar peradaban Islam itupun musnah dalam sekejap mata. Setelah puas, pasukan penakluk itupun bersiap-siap pergi tanpa penyesalan sedikitpun. Mereka kini hanya sibuk mengumpulkan barang-barang jarahan yang berharga: timbunan perhiasan yang tak ternilai harganya, berkilo-kilo batangan emas dan uang dinar, batu permata, intan berlian – semua dimasukkan ke dalam ratusan karung dan kemudian diangkut dalam iringan gerobak dan kereta yang sangat panjang. Penyair Sa’idi (1184 – 1291) pernah menyaksikan peristiwa serupa sebelumnya, yaitu di kota Shiraz. Dia berhasil menyelamatkan diri dan merekam peristiwa yang dia saksikan dalam sajaknya: Maka langit pun mencurahkan Hujan lebat darah ke atas bumi Dan kebinasaan menyapu bersih Kerajaan al-Mu’tasim, khalifah orang mukmin Ya Muhammad ! Apabila hari pengadilan datang Angkutlah kepala tuan dan lihat Kesengsaraan umatmu ini ! Saksi lain menulis para musisi dan penyanyi dipanggil agar bernyanyi dengan riang gembira, sementara bangsawan-bangsawan kota diperintahkan merawat kuda-kuda mereka. Kitab salinan al-Qur’an yang tidak ternilai harganya dilempar dan diinjak-injak. Juwa1yni , ©2003 Digitized by USU digital library 1 seorang sejarawan abad ke-13, yang berhasil melarikan diri dari Bukhara ketika kota itu diserang beberapa tahun sebelumnya, melihat bagaimana kota kelahiran Imam Bukhari ahli hadis yang masyhur itu diratakan dengan tanah. Tulis Juwayni: “Mereka datang, merusak, menghancurkan, membunuh, memperkosa wanita muda, dan tua, menjarah harta, dan akhirnya pergi dengan tenang dan puas hati.” Demikian gambaran sekilas kebengisan dan teror yang dilakukan tentara Mongol di lebih separo daratan Asia dan Eropa Timur sejak awal hingga pertengahn abad ke-13 M. Baghdad, Ibukota kekhalifahan Abbasiyah, mendapat giliran agak akhir, pada bulan Februari 1258 M. Serbuan kali ini dirancang dari Transoxania di Asia Tengah dan dipimpin salah seorang cucu Jengis Khan yang tidak kalah bengis dari kakeknya. Di antara catatan sejarah mengenai kebiadaban orang-orang Mongol ialah catatan sejarawan terkemuka Ibnu ‘Athir (w. 1231 M) dan ahli Geografi Yaqut al-Hamawi (w.1229 ). Menurut mereka, tokoh- tokoh muslim terkemuka, amir, panglima perang, tabib, ulama, budayawan, ilmuan, cendekiawan, ahli ekonomi dan politik, serta saudagar kaya – tewas dalam keadaan mengenaskan. Kepala mereka dipenggal, dipisahkan dari badan, karena khawatir ada yang masih hidup dan berpura-pura mati. Timbul pertanyaan: jenis manusia dan bangsa macam apakah orang-orang Mongol pada abad ke-13 itu ? Mengapa mereka tiba-tiba muncul menjadi kekuatan yang menggemparkan dunia beradab dan dapat menaklukkan wilayah yang sangat luas. Dari ujung timur negeri Cina sampai ujung barat Polandia, dari batas utara Rusia hingga batas selatan teluk Parsi – semua ditundukkan dan dikuasai hanya dalam waktu kurang lebih 40 tahun ? 2. Masalah Latar belakang sebagaimana yang dikemukakan di atas, maka dapat dirumuskan beberapa masalah pokok dalam karya ilmiah ini yaitu: 1. Bagaimanakah sejarah kepribadian Jengis Khan dan bangsa Mongol pada umumnya. 2. Bagaimanakah hubungan Jengis Khan dengan Baghdad hingga ia berambisi menguasainya. 3. Apakah akibat-akibat yang ditimbulkan dalam sebuah peradaban tatkala Jengis Khan menguasai Baghdad. 4. Tujuan Penulisan. 1. Untuk mengetahui sejarah kepribadian Jengis Khan dan bangsa Mongol pada umumnya. 2. Untuk mengetahui hubungan Jengis Khan dengan Baghdad hingga ia berambisi menguasainya. 3. Untuk dapat mengertahui dan memahami akibat-akibat yang ditimbulkan dalam sebuah peradaban tatkala Jengis Khan menguasai Baghdad. ©2003 Digitized by USU digital library 2 4. Metode Penulisan. Dalam penulisan ini yang menjadi obyek penulisan adalah bidang sejarah dengan pendekatan sejarah dan pendekatan budaya. Adapun langkah-langkah yang dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Mengumpulkan data-data yang berhubungan dengan pokok permasalahan 2. Setelah data-data terkumpul maka penulis mendeskripsikan manurut klasifikasi. 3. Selanjutnya melakukan analisis terhadap data-data kemudian diseleksi dan ditarik kesimpulan atas kecenderungan yang dianggap lebih benar dal;am bentuk laporan. BAB II PEMBAHASAN 1. Riwayar Jengis Khan Untuk mengenal watak suatu bangsa, dan kekuatan bangsa tersebut dalam kurun sejarah tertentu, kita dapat bercermin pada pemimpinnya dan bagaimana pemimpin tersebut menempa serta mengorganisasi bangsanya. Tokoh sentral bangsa Mongol pada abad ke-13 M adalah Jengis Khan serta anak cucunya yang perkasa seperti Ogotai, Batu, Hulagu dan Kubilai Khan. Jengis telah berhasil mempimpin bangsa Mongol menaklukkan daratan Asia yang menyebabkan keturunannya memerintah dan menguasai negeri-negeri yang ditaklukkannya itu selama berabad-abad. Dialah yang menempa bangsa Mongol menjadi bangsa yang tangguh, berani dan nekad. Namanya ketika kecil adalah Temujin. Ayahnya Yasugei, adalah seorang Khan (raja) yang mengepalai 13 kelompok suku Borjigin, salah satu suku utama Mongol – Turk yang paling berapi dan gagah perkasa. Sebagai Khan kecil, Yasugei tunduk kepada Khan yang lebih tinggi, Utaq Khan. Ketika Temujin berusia 13 tahun terjadilah perebutan kekuasaan dalam suku Borjigin. Ayahnya mati terbunuh disebabkan panah beracun Dario salah seorang lawan politiknya. Karena masih muda, Temujin tidak diakui sebagai penggantinya. Malahan keselamatan dirinya serta ibu dan adik-adiknya terancam. Keluarga Yasugei melarikan diri dan mendapat perlindungan salah seorang saudaranya dari suku Nainan. Pada tahun 1182 Temujin menjadi remaja yang tangkas serta berani, dan berhasil mempersunting salah seorang putri keluarga terkemuka suku itu, yaitu Bortai. Bortai mendampingi Temujin sampai akhir hayat dan setia mengikuti suaminya ke daerah-daerah peperangan. Bakat Temujin sebagai pemimpin telah kelihatan pada waktu berusia 20 tahun. Segala beluk ilmu perang dia pelajari, begitu pula ketangkasan menunggang kuda dan penggunaan segala jenis senjata perang. Secara diam-diam mengumpulkan para pengikut ayahnya dan melatih mereka dengan disiplin keras. Pada waktu yang tepat diapun ©2003 Digitized by USU digital library 3 menyerang bekas lawan politik ayahnya dan berhasil merebut kembali kedudukannya sebagai khan suku Borjigin. Tidak berapa lama setelah itu dia berhasil pula menyatukan suku-suku Mongol dan Turk yang terpencar-pencar di wilayah luas antara sungai Dzungaria dan Irtish. Pada tahun 1202 huraltai, majlis besar suku-suku Mongol, memberi pengakuan kepada Temujin sebagai khan seluruh orang Mongol dengan gelar Jengis Khan. Artinya raja diraja dan dalam bahasa Arab disebut Sayyid al-Mutlaq. Salah satu faktor keberhasilan Jengis Khan ialah kebengisan dan kekejamannya dalam memperlakukan lawan-lawan politik yang dikalahkannya. Apabila pihak lawan telah ditundukkan, para pemimpinnya lantas ditangkap dan kemudian direbus hidup-hidup dalam air panas yang sedang mendidih dalam belanga besar. Pengangkatannya sebagai khan besar seluruh orang Mongol semakin memperkuat keyakinan dirinya dan keyakinan bahwa pasukan tentaranya sangat kuat. Inilah yang mendorong Jengis mulai berpikir bagaimana menaklukkan negeri-negeri disekitarnya yang wilayahnya sangat luas dan makmur, seperti Cina, Khwarizmi di Asia tengah, Persia, India, India utara serta Eropa Timur. Jengis mulai melatih lebih keras pasukan tentaranya, dia merekrut sebanyak-banyaknya orang Mongol dari berbagai suku dan mengorganisasikannya menjadi kekuatan militer yang besar. Tentaranya dilatih dengan disiplin keras. Teknik-teknik teror dan kekejaman yang canggih juga diajarkan kepada mereka. Percobaan pertama untuk menguji keunggulan tentaranya ialah dengan menyerbu Cina Utara yang dikuasai bangsa Kin. Alasan penyerbuan cukup kuat: Bangsa Kin sering menyerang Mongol (Tartar) karena menganggap mereka bangsa biadab. Dalam serangan itu sudah banyak pemimpin Mongol dibunuh dengan cara yang kejam. Ratusan tahun orang Mongol menyimpan dendam itu. Dalam serbuan yang dipimpin Temujin tentara Mongol dengan mudah sekali dapat menundukkan Cina Utara. Penduduk dan pemimpin mereka dibunuh, kecuali orang cerdik pandai, seniman, perajin, sastrawan, guru, ahli bahasa, rohaniawan, dokter, ahli sejarah, dan pakar strategi perang. Mereka sangat penting untuk melatih dan mendidik orang Mongol sehingga menjadi bangsa yang beradab. Sebagai tokoh besar lain, Jengis Khan mempunyai idola yang ikut membentuk kepribadian dan arah cita-citanya. Idolanya ialah tokoh utama sebuah cerita rakyat Mongol yang populer bernama Kutula Khan. Menurut cerita tersebut Kutula Khan bertubuh besar. Suaranya bagaikan bunyi guruh dan guntur menyambar puncak gunung. Tangannya
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