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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting AMERICAN COCKROACH SURVIVAL AND CONTROL IN WOOD VOIDS By DALLIN ASHBY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Dallin Ashby To my wife and children ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Philip Koehler for his persistent support and ideas that helped to shape my research. I thank Dr. Roberto Pereira for his assistance in helping me develop the analytical and computational aspects of my findings, and the direction he offered in formatting the text within my thesis. I thank Dr. Rebecca Baldwin for being a source of encouragement and empathy throughout the process, as well as providing sound scientific viewpoints regarding the creation of this thesis. I thank my wife for her constant support and loving friendship despite my many days away from home. Her patience and understanding were invaluable to the process of completing this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 12 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 15 Origin ...................................................................................................................... 15 Distribution .............................................................................................................. 16 Biology .................................................................................................................... 17 Importance .............................................................................................................. 21 Control .................................................................................................................... 22 3 LONGEVITY OF STARVED, WATER-DEPRIVED AMERICAN COCKROACHES IN WOOD HARBORAGES AT VARIOUS WOOD MOISTURE LEVELS .................................................................................................................. 29 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 30 Insects .............................................................................................................. 30 Harborages ....................................................................................................... 31 Bioassay ........................................................................................................... 31 Analysis ............................................................................................................ 33 Results ............................................................................................................. 33 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 35 4 EFFICACY OF POSSIBLE PRECONSTRUCTION WALL VOID TREATMENTS AGAINST AMERICAN COCKROACHES, SILVERFISH AND CARPENTER ANTS ...................................................................................................................... 49 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 50 Insects .............................................................................................................. 50 Wood Blocks .................................................................................................... 52 Treatments ....................................................................................................... 53 Bioassays ......................................................................................................... 54 Analysis ............................................................................................................ 55 Results .................................................................................................................... 56 5 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 58 5 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 68 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 72 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 82 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Days to mortality for starved and water-deprived 1st-instar nymphs, 3rd-4th- instar nymphs and adult American cockroaches at 0-30% wood moisture and resulting relative humidities. ............................................................................... 43 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 3-1 Wood block harborage with acetate paper circle stapled over the top and a 1st-instar nymph inside. Four holes were used as wells for increasing wood moisture. ............................................................................................................. 44 3-2 Fecal pellets of an adult American cockroach, derived from standard cockroach diet (left) and white pine (collected from the wood harborage in which it lived while deprived of food and water. .................................................. 44 3-3 Mean longevity in days of 1st-instar nymphs, 3rd-4th-instar nymphs and adults of American cockroaches living in wood harborages at different moisture levels.. .................................................................................................. 45 3-4 Longevity of 1st-instar nymphs, 3rd-4th-instar nymphs, and adults of the American cockroach while starved and water-deprived in wood harborages of various wood moisture levels.............................................................................. 46 3-5 Linear regressions of fecal pellet (composed of wood) and body weights of starved and water-deprived 3rd-4th-instar nymphs and adults of the American cockroach. .......................................................................................... 48 3-6 Mean weight of wood-composed fecal pellets (feces weight at mortality/days lived) produced by starved, water-deprived male (M) and female (F) American cockroaches. ...................................................................................... 48 4-1 Experimental unit used to test the efficacy of insecticide treatments on wood against cockroaches, silverfish and carpenter ants. A 60-mL deli cup was secured to the treated surface of white pine with elastic bands. ......................... 62 4-2 Mortality rates of 3rd-4th-instar American cockroaches, silverfish and Florida carpenter ants combined, after seven days of exposure to seven pesticide treatments on wood. ........................................................................................... 63 4-3 Mortality rates of 3rd-4th-instar American cockroaches after 24 hours of exposure to CimeXa™, Totality™, or a combination of Totality™ and CimeXa™ , with treatments having been variably aged. .................................... 64 4-4 Mortality rates of 3rd-4th-instar American cockroaches after 7 days of exposure to CimeXa™ alone, Arilon® , Phantom® , or TalstarOne™ after aging. .................................................................................................................. 65 4-5 Mortality rates of silverfish after 7 days of exposure to CimeXa™ alone, CimeXa™ mixed with: Arilon®, Phantom®, or TalstarOne™, one day or accelerated aging of 1 year, 2 years or 5 years post treatment. ......................... 66 8 4-6 Mortality rates of Florida carpenter ants after 7 days of exposure to CimeXa™ alone, CimeXa™ mixed with: Arilon®, Phantom®, or TalstarOne™, after variable aging.. .................................................................... 67 9 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science AMERICAN COCKROACH SURVIVAL AND CONTROL IN WOOD VOIDS By Dallin Ashby August 2017 Chair: Philip Koehler Cochair: Rebecca Baldwin Major: Entomology and Nematology This is the first study to measure the longevity of starved, water-deprived American cockroaches in wood harborages and specifically measure the longevity of 1st-instar nymphs of the species. Longevity was correlated with wood moisture content and resulting relative humidity levels. Those cockroaches in blocks at higher wood moisture levels survived longest. Both 3rd-4th-instar nymphs and adults consumed wood in which they were kept during this research. Consumption of wood did not allow these otherwise starving cockroaches to thrive; therefore, though wood-feeding activity was prolonged by high wood moisture in wood voids, feeding did not sustain individuals. Maintenance of wall void humidity to control insects is not always feasible. Wood treated with CimeXa™ can kill three insect species known to infest wall voids though mortality rates never exceeded 80%
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