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NOTES AND QUERIES. 2. THE CHINESE IMPERIAL FAMILY. We have the pleasure to reprint here for the benefit of our subscribers a very important paper, quite out of print, by the late F. MAYERS,which was at first published as an Appendix of the translation of the Peking gazette (M of 4875 in the "North China Herald and Supreme Court and Con- sular Gazette" of January 4875. As a newspaper article, it has had only an ephemerical existence and the few reprints made from it and distributed by the author, to whom we have also been indebted for the copy we reproduce, are now very difficult to be obtained. G. S. THE CHINESE IMPERIAL FAMILY BY W. F. MAYERS. The following particulars respecting the Imperial family of China, in con- nection with the order of succession to the throne, may be found not without ' interest. As is well known, the reigning Sovereign is eighth in direct line of descent from his ancestor the emperor She Tsu Chang Hwang Ti (Shun Che), who ascended the throne at the age of five in 1643, his reign being reckoned, however, according to the invariable Chinese usage, from the beginning of the following year, or Feb. 8th, 164?4. The legendary progenitor of the Manchu chieftains who advanced, by successive steps, to the assumption of the imperial crown of China, bore, according to tradition, the surname Aisin Gioro, repres- 334 ented the Chinese characters of the by §f The signification word A.isiJ1is the same as that of the Chinese kin gold (or metal), and an identification is thus suggested with the dynastic title of the reputed an- cestors of the Manchus, the Nii-chih Tartars, who reigned in northern China during the 42t.h and 43th centuries. The surname of their Imperial house was, The word Gi01'o is said to be to the however, Wan-yen ./u r equivalent Chinese J% or family-stem. It is borne as a distinctive surname by every descendant of the founder of the present Imperial line, and it serves in parti- cular as an appellation, prefixed to the personal name, for the more remote scions oi' the original stock. Actual descendants of Hien Tsu, the acknowledged founder of the family, are designated in conformity with the usage adopted by earlier Chinese dynasties. In order to make the observations which are to follow, with reference to the various branches of the imperial lineage, more easily understood, it is necessary here to explain the further system of family nomenclature which has been adopted by the existing line. The foundations of this system were laid in the reign of the second ernperor of the dynasty, Shcng Tsu Jtm (K'ang-Hi), who gave to each of lois twenty-four sons a personal name consisting of two characters, the first of which was Yin subsequently exchanged in writing, as a token of respect, for Yun and the second compounded with the radical she as and so on. His K'ien ex- throll-lioiit, )TI grandson, Lung, tended this practice into a system for perpetual application, ordaining that future generations deriving their descent from K'ang-Hi should be successively ' designated by the following four characters, viz: 1. Yung. 2. §£j Mien. _ 3. Yih. $§ 4. Tsai. !K Minute regulations were drawn up, and incorporated with the fundamental institutes of the dynasty. setting forth the manner in which both these characters and those employed for the second or individual half of each name, should be bestowed. In the 49tb year of his reign (A.D. 4784) , on the birth of a great-great-grandson, to whom the character Tsai consequently appert- ained, K'ien Lung decreed the addition of the character Feng as the next in succession; but this character was dismissed from use by order of the emperor Tao Kwang. In the sixth year of the reign of this sovereign (1826), an addition to the number of characters appears to have been thought advis- able (probably in order to avoid repetition as the list became exhausted), and ten characters were proposed for his Majesty's selection, out of which the fol- lowing four were approved for future use, viz: 335 The Emperor Ilien Feng, again, saw fit to increase the list by the addition of four more characters. The Pelcing Gazette of the 9th June, contains a copy of a decree directing the chief officers of Government to draw up a list of four characters, to be submitted, together with the six remaining on record since 1826, when they were put on one side after the four above enumerated were chosen, for approval by his Ma,jesty. A short time afterwards a further decree announced the fact that the following additional characters had been adopted from the list drawn up: So much for the first of the two characters forming the compound name. The complementary part of the system of nomenclature is well illustrated by Dr. S. W. Williams, in his "Middle Kingdom" (vol. I, p. 310), in the following terms: "The members [of the imperial family] most nearly allied in blood, as sons, nephews, etc., are still further distinguished by having the second sylla- bles of their names written in compound Chinese characters, whose radicals are alike; thus Kia K'ing and his brothers wrote their names with Yung (the first syllable in the above list) and under the radical gem ; Tau K wang and his brothers and cousins with Mien, and under the radical lteart. This pecu- liarity is easily represented in the Chinese characters, but a comparison can be made in English with the supposed names of a family of sons, as Louis Edward. Louis Edwin, Louis Edwy, Louis and so on". The personal names, thus compounded, will be traced in the following list of the Sovereigns who have successively occupied the throne, whose historical or titles and the titles of whose are posthumous £§t ) reigns likewise given:» 336 The characters Ti rendered Hwang fi $$* (commonly Emperor) follow, in practice, the three characters constituting the historical title, and a deceased sovereign, when not spoken of, colloquially though incorrectly, by the title of his reign, is designated by the last of the three characters in combination with the words Hwang Ti - e, g. Ch'6ng Hwang Ti for the Emperor who reigned with the designation Tao Kwang. Up to the period of the late Emperor (Hien Hwang Ti or Hien Feng), no difficulty in regard to the succession presented itself in the Imperial line. Shun Che was the ninth son of his father, K'ang Hi the third of Shun Che; Yung Ch6ng the fourth of K'ang Hi; K'ien Lung the fourth of Yung Cb6ng; Kia K'ing the fifteenth of K'ien Lung; Tao Kwang the second of Kia K'ing; and Hien Feng the fourth of the nine sons who were, in all, born to the Emperor Tao Kwang. The Emperor Hien Feng, however, was without male issue for some years after he succeeded to the throne; and it was probably with a view to securing the dynastic succession that, about five years after his accession, an adoptive heir was provided, in conformity with the national usage, to the eldest son of the late emperor, a prince who had died at an early age many years before. On the 21st January 1855 it was decreed that Tsai or member of the be Chung 41 a ?MM?-?/?/t imperial clan, adopted son to the Prince above-mentioned, whose personal name was 337 Yih Wei, and whose title was that of Prince of Yin Che (undeveloped wisdom). The adopted heir was a son of the tsung-shih Yih Ki, a great grandson oi the emperor K'ien Lung. By a subsequent decree, the second name of the was from to Che it into youth thus adopted changed Chung *4 bringing accord, as regards its radical (t<e) with that prescribed for the line which, by adoption, he had entered. As, however, the birth of a son (the present Emperor) to Hien Feng, on the 27th April 1856, apparently assured the suc- cession in the direct line, any prospects that may have been connected with Tsai Che were for the time being at an end. The heir apparent received, by decree dated the 13th June 1856, the name Tsai Ch'un and by his father's decease on the 17th Aug. 4861 , he became successor to the throne. His marriage on the 45th October 1872 and his assumption of the reins of government on the 23rd February ?873, are events fresh within the recollec- tion of the public. In view of the fact that, up to the present time, no issue has been vouch- safed to the young sovereign, attention has naturally been turned toward the condition of the imperial lineage; and the state of affairs in this respect can best be made clear by means of a genealogical table such as the following, commencing with the Emperor Kia K'ing. (The table will be found on page 340.) The point of first importance to be noted in the above Table is the fact that, in default of issue to the reigning sovereign, the direct line of Imperial devo- lution terminates with his person. His father, Ilien Feng, was one of nine brothers, however, of whom four are still living; and to a mind accustomed to the European order of succession, it might seem natural that in the event of the nephew's decease without issue, the uncles would inherit in the order of their seniority. This is inadmissible according to Chinese ideas.
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