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University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor. Michigan the UNIVERSITY of OKLAHOMA This dissertation has been 61—3022 microfilmed exactly as received FREEMAN, Sam Fields, 1929- THE POEMS OF STEPHEN HAWES. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1961 Language and Literature, general University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor. Michigan THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA. GRADUATE COLLEGE THE POEMS OF STEPHEN HAWES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY SAM FIELDS FREEMAN Norman, Oklahoma 1961 THE FOEKS OF STEPHEN HàWES D BY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Dr. Paul G. Rugglers, Professer of English, University of Oklahoma, the writer wishes to ex­ press his sincere appreciation for the guidance and help which have made this study possible. Additionally, the writer is indebted to the staff of the English department of the University of Oklahoma from whom he has gained many valuable insights and suggestions. Particularly does the writer thank Dr. Joseph H. Marshbum, whose inter­ est, advice, and encouragement have served as in­ spiration for the completion of this dissertation. Grateful acknowledgment is made also to the staff of the library, University of Oklahoma, to Mary Webb particularly, for the courteous assistance extended to the writer. iii TABLE OP CONTENTS -- - Chapter Page I. Introduction ................................ 1 II. The Example of Virtue ........................ 13 III. The Fastyme of Pleasure ...................... 64 IV. The Conversion of Swerers .................... 153 V. A Joy full Medytacyon......................... 16? VI. The Comforte of Louers ....................... 174 VII. Conclusion .................................. 198 BIBLIOŒtAPHY....................................... 219 iv THE rOEMg OF STEPHEN HAWES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Practically all that Is known of Stephen Hawes, and indeed it is very little, is contained in the Dictionary of National Biography. Subsequent research has, as a matter of fact, tended to put into question the information at hand rather than to add to facts already known. We cannot speak with any certainty of his terminal dates. Our only clue is to be found in Hawes's poems them^ selves. In three of the four sixteenth century editions of the "Pastime of Pleasure" appear the following lines after the table of contents: e This boke called y pastyme of pleasure was made and Compyled by Stephen hawes one of the gromes of the most honorable chambre of our souerayne lorde kynge Henry the seueth, CSeuenth in the edition of 1555J The xxl yere of his most noble reygne / chapytted and marked after the table here before sette. Since the twenty-first year of Henry's reign was I506, we naturally conclude that the "Pastime" was written In this year,^ LI, 3053-4 of the 1555 edition of "The Pastime," ^1506 is not altogether accepted as the year of com­ position, Friedrich Zander in Stephen Hawes' "Passetyme of Pleasure" verglichen mit Edmund Spenser^s "F&erie Queene" un- ter Beiycksichitlgung der allegorischen bichtung In !finglan<i (Rostock dissertation, 1905J takes the view that kawes has astrologically indicated that the poem was completed after the first of the year or 1507, 2 the edition reprinted by the Percy Society of 1845 read: 1 thought me past al chyldly ygnoraunce The ,xxri, yere of my yonge flourynge aege Bj simple subtraction, we arrive at the approximate date of birth, 1474 or 1475. However, in "The Example of Virtue" (1504) the speaker, associated with the poet, states "By this time, was I sixty years old," As Mead remarks in his intro­ duction to "The Pastime," "One account is obviously as trust- worthy as the other," Furthermore, in the remaining sixteen­ th century editions 1,3054 reads "The ,xxi, yere of my yonge flourynge aege." However, Hawes's insistence that he is young and ignorant compells us to assume that he was born sometime within the decade between 1474 and 1484, -J am but yonge it is to me obtuse Of these maters to presume to endyte (11, 2924-5, Pastime of Pleasure) Thomas? Feilde's "The Controversy Between a Lover and a Jay",^ written in 1530, speaks of 'Young Stephen Hawes, whose soul GOD pardon! / Treated of Love so clerkly and well,' Thus, Hawes was apparently dead by 1530, What additionally do we know about him? His first commentator was Bale, who wrote: 2 Hawes's Pastime of Pleasure, ed, W. E. Mead (London: E, E. T, S,, 0, S, 173, 19 2) 7 P. xiii, ^Thomas Feilde, "The Controversy Between a Lover and a Jay, " in Selections ^ o m The English Poets, The Dunbar Anthology, ed, Ëdward Arber (London: Henry Frowde, I90I), pp. 192-216, Stephanus Havnos, lllustris generis homo, ab ipsa adolescentla cupldus bonis studlls mentem excolendl, rellctls parentum aedlbus, ad diverses dlversarum reglonum scholas, pro literls haurlendls se oontullt. Dootrlnam uero, quam studiorum tempore Angllam, Scotia [mj & Gallam, accurate perdldlclt In sermone, In morlbus, & in omnl ultae suae consuetudlne exprlmebat. Ingenlum el foellclsslmuffl contlglt, & lingua ad omnem dlcendl ratlonem accomoda: totaq Cuel elus ulta, ut fertur, quasi lurtutls exemplum fult. Vnde saplentlsslmus princeps, Henri eus septlmus Anglorum rex, ad aulam ad Interiorem earneram, & ad secreturn cublculam tandem, sola ulrtutls commendatlone uocabat." The next account Is that of Anthony à Wood:^ Stephen Haves, or Hawys, originally descended as It seems, from the Haves, of Haves In the Bushes, In the county of Suffolk; vas Instructed In all such literature as this university could at that time afford, but vhether he took a degree, ve have no register to shov It. After­ wards, In his travels through England, Scotland and Prance, visiting the receptacles of good letters, did much advance the foundation of literature that he had laid In this place; so that after his return, he being esteemed a complete gentleman, a master of several lan­ guages, especially of the French, and above all, for his most excellent vein In poetry, he vas received In the court of king Henry 7; who being a great encourager of learning, and a judicious understander of men, was by him made at length one of the grooms of his chamber, and highly esteemed by him for his facetious discourse, and prodigious memory; which last did evidently appear In this, that he could repeat by heart most of our English poets; especially Jo, Lydgate, a monk of Bury, whom he made equal, in some respects with Geff, Chaucer, From the PNB we learn that In 1502 on the occasion of the funeral of Elizabeth of York, Henry VII’s wife, Hawes received an allowance of four yards of black cloth for ^Bale In Rhodenizer, Studies in Stephen Haves* 'T’estime of Pleasure" (unpublished Harvard dissertation, 1918), p, 1 • 5lbld,, pp, 3-4, mourning.^ On January 10, 1506, the King's private accounts show a payment to Hawes of 10 s. "for a ballet that he gave to the king's grace.His name, however, does not occur among the officers who received mourning on the occasion of O the funeral of Henry VII In 1509. On January 6, 1521, the household accounts of Henry VIII show a payment to "Mr. Hawse for his play" of 6l.l3s,4d.^ On January 16, 1523, In the archdeaconry Court of Suffolk, there "Is proved the will (made two years before) of one Stephen Hawes, whose property, all In Aldborough. Is left to his wife Katharine. It Is possible that the testator was the poet."^® Thomas Warton erroneously attributes to Bacon's "Life of King Henry VII" the following statement: "And [Hawes] Is said by Bacon to have confuted a Lollard In a public disputation at Canterbury, In recent years one last possible fact has been overturned. "G-. S. Humphreys has suggested that It was the poet who was presented by the king to the rectory of Wlthern (Lincs.), 9 Nov. 1507. If this be so, we leam the approxi­ mate date of Hawes's death, for Henry VII presented his ^Dlctlonai*y of National Biography. ed. Leslie Ste­ phen and Sidney Lee (Mew-York: MacMillan and Co.) XXV, p. 188. ^Ibld. ^Ibld. ^Ibld.. p. 189. ^°Ibld. ^^Thomas Warton. History of English Poetry, ed. W. Carew Hazlltt (London: Reeves and Turner, 1871), III, p. 169. 5 successor (10 Jan, I5IO-I5II) to the living of Withem, va­ cant according to the Bishop's Register, 'by the death of Steven Hawys.' Besides affecting several problems of dating [the play of 1521 and the will of 15231, this discovery would explain the reference of his eulogist, Thomas Feylde, to his youth: 'Yonge Stephen Hawes. In this dissertation, I shall be unable to introduce any new biographical information which can be accurately substantiated; however, I shall attempt to suggest hypothet­ ical biography, without which, I feel, Hawes's last poem "The Consolation of Lovers" cannot be read with clarity, and biography which will in some measure explain some of the problems in "The Pastime of Pleasure." Mystery also somewhat surrounds the attempts of biographers to compile the Hawes canon. Bale furnished the first list: Ubi inter amoena contemplationis ocia, in Anglico sermone composuit. Delectamentum spiritus Lib. 1. Amantium Consolamen Lib. 1. Yirtutis Exemplar Lib. 1. De ConiuKio principis Lib. 1. Alphabetarium auioularum Lib. 1. S. Humphreys, Years Work in English Studies. (1929), X, p. 159. 6 Templtua crystalllntua Lib. 1. Alla rtnieA nomilla metro ao proaa congeaelt. quae a multia in AnriLla cum voluptate leguntur.”^^ Hawea la alao mentioned In Bales' "Index Brltannlae Sclptorum* Stephanus Hawse vel Hawes, Henrico vl J ab Interlorl camera, acrlpalt Recreatorlum voluptatls, 11.1. Consolatorlum amantium, 11.1. Vlrtutls exemplar, 11.1. Conlugum Henrlcl principle, 11.1. Alphabetarium seu abcedarlum aulum, 11.1, Templum crlstalllnum, 11.1. The 'Index Brltannlae Scrlptorum' also contains extracts from 1C collectanea. Among them la the following: The Pastyme of pleasure 11.1. The comfort of louers 11.1.
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