Scientific Instrument Society

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 7 1985 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society (Price: £4 per issue including back numbers where available)

Mailing Address for Editorial Matters

Dr. Jon Darius c/o Science Museum London SW7 2DD United Kingdom

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Mr. Howard Dawes Neville House 42/46 Hagley Road Birmingham BI6 8PZ United Kingdom

Executive Committee

Gerard Turner, Chairman Alan Stimson, Vice-Chairman Howard Dawes, Executive Secretary Trevor Waterman, Meetings Secretary Bnan Brass, Treasurer Jeremy Collins Jon Darius John Dennett Alan Miller Carole Stott David Weston

Editor of the Bulletin Jon Darius

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Peter Delehar Alan Stimson Typesetting and Printing

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The Scientific Instrument Society is a ReKisterecl Charity No. 326733.

For Table of Contents, see inside back cover. Editor's Page

Science Museums and boils down to'when is a museum not a building in B]ythe Road in west Sacred Cows museum', as Neff Cossons discussed London for the benefits of in an article in the Listener fifteen instrumental research and related months ago. (Neff Cossons is currently studies. One eventual by-product of Museums are fertile breeding grounds Director of the National Maritime this project, it is hoped, will be to for sacred cows, and those which Museum, Greenwich but assumes the quench the ire of those who claim, harbour scientific instruments are no directorship of the Science Museum in with justice, that it is at best exception. The way in which museums South Kensington on the retirement of disingenuous and at worst collect, conserve and display their Dame Margaret Weston next March.) It hypocritical to spend taxpayers' wares owes much more to the is safe to predict that no irrefutable money on objects which they cannot workings of tradition than to the answer will ever emerge to Nell ever expect to see. dictates of either logic or curatorial Cossons' rhetorical question. conviction. Without purporting to Another sacred bull challenged by the explore the subject in any depth, let me In the context of scientific instruments, well-known torero (if not indeed corral some of the revered cattle for nevertheless, the issue becomes much matador) Sir Roy Strong, Director of inspection. more straightforward. The the Victoria k Albert Museum since instruments themselves are the sine 1974, is what might be called There is something of an identity crisis qua non; all the rest is either compulsive acquisition on the part of in the realm of museums at present. In supererogstion or persiflage. museums and art galleries. The the Victorian/Edwardian heyday of Explanations without instruments compulsion is voiced in several ways: museums in Britain, their function was may work when the focus is social or "We have examples of sectors by Bion, readily grasped. To take the case of my historical, but an account of Canivet, Delure and Le Maire, so we own museum, I could cite the Bell almucantars in the absence of an simply must acquire this one signed Report of 22 March 1911: "By means of astrolabe must be pretty stultifying. by Chapotot." "It would be a tragedy of exhibited scientific instruments and Instruments without explanations, on this masterpiece by Duccio were lost to apparatus, machines and other objects, the other hand -- at least without the the nation, and we must raise £1.8 the Collections in the Science Museum multimedia calisthenics in which million forthwith to keep it from ought to afford illustrations and latter-day curators (myself included) emigrating to America." (As most exposition of the various branches of are often tempted to indulge -- is in readers will know, this is not an Science within its field and of their some instances not quite so absurd. imaginary example.) "If we do not applications in the Arts and Industries. "Indeed," writes Neff Cossons, "the acquire this three-draw telescope said The museum ought also to be a worthy concept of the high-volume, short-stay to have been used by Wellington, it and suitable house for the preservation day-visit will in some cases be will vanish into some private of appliances which hold honoured replaced by the semi-residential collection, surfacing not for decades place in the progress of Science or in museum in which a relatively small and perhaps neverf the history of invention..." number of users will get a very high This unquestioning compulsion to But increasingly a different trend is quality of service, engaging in research collect, collect, collect is called manifesting itself, albeit one for which or learning skills." "museum imperialism" by Roy Strong some have claimed an equally in another Listener article last July. He Those of you who have read this far venerable tradition -- that of the questions the premises on which it is may have been nonplussed to find that museum as a fun-fair, a peep-show, a implicitly founded: the "unasaailed the target is not what you surmised. theatre of entertainment along with dogma [of] the constant flow of works The old sacred cow may have been the (sometimes, claim critics, even at the of art from the private sector to the museum in its role of historical expense of) instruction. To what extent public sector', a practice nurtured by guardian, complacent in its fusty these approaches are supposed to be powerful tax incentives; the "doctrine scholarship and unresponsive to complementary or else symptomatic of of comprehensiveness', applied most public needs. But the new sacred calf is institutional schizophrenia is as relentlessly by national collections the museum that feels obliged to trot controversial an issue as any in the without regard to the presence of the out only so much of its material as will museum world. candidate for acquisition in some local illustrate an easily digestible story and collection; and of course the hierarchy The argument usually runs along one consigns the rest to inaccessible of funding priorities according to of several well-rutted tracks. Either storage vaults. Surely there is no point which acquisition of objects easily museums ought not to be so narrow- in waiting for the judgement of Paris outstrips in importance the ability of minded as to define themselves by -- the only defensible course is to do the museum property to conserve and rows of objects on parade in glass cases both, to provide thematic galleries to display them. and should be open to fresh winds, where the emphasis is laid upon the from the hands-on free-for-all to video evolution, purpose and products of With more mischief than malice, Roy games and any tomfoolery the curator any given species of instrumentation, Strong also questions "the virtually as jester can devise. Or these tactics are and in addition to set out the near uncontrolled spawning of new acceptable insofar as they fulfil the duplicates, the lesser examples, the museums". Wanton proliferation of canons of education but must be variants, the false starts and dead ends, museums must be curtailed, without a eschewed if they titillate but do not if such they be, in a quite different type doubt, but then market forces can instruct. Or else there is nothing in the of gallery, well documented but devoid usually be counted upon to apply the slightest reprehensible in this of unifying verbiage. If one may be Malthusian doctrine. But it is approach so long as we recognize that excused for blowing the trumpet museums of local history which form it does not coincide with that of a closest to hand, it is precisely to satisfy the majority, and ! doubt whether any museum -- the same argument is used the latter need that the Science of the national museums including by oenophiles who have nothing Museum (in conjunction with the that which Sir Roy directs would want against parsnip wine so long as it is not Victoria & Albert Museum and the to take up the gauntlet of running misconstrued as wine. The question British Museum) is converting a them. Let them spawn if their councils L can atford them! desirable for joining a roomful of it is a cow so sacred as to be dangerous In an era when funds in many sectors Rodin or other bronzes, predecessors for well-meaning curators to touch of public spending threaten drought, it or successors. It can stand perfectly is the question of funding priorities. Is is essential to question collection well on its own. A galvanometer, quite acquisition such a desirable end in policy at national and at local level. But the contrary, signifies precious little itself that it must be pursued even if it must be borne in mind that the very out of context. It cries out for display the object stands no chance of display diversity of character amongst among its fellow mirror and tangent in an already overcrowded gallery, museums and collections will preclude galvanometers and other electrical even if the museum itself is falling into a blanket solution. [n the context of apparatus of the period. serious disrepair, even if resources for scientific instruments, the charge of Setting aside that small percentage of conservation are utterly overstretched "museum imperialism" takes on quite instruments, usually but not or, worse still, non-existent? There a different cast. For one thing, a Duccio necessarily early, which may indeed may be no simple answer to all these is worth an awful lot of Chapotot be one of a kind, we are dealing with questions, but failure to put them sectors; it is even worth, strictly in objects manufactured in some would be tantamont to dereliction of market terms, rather a lot of Cole numbers to satisfy a perceived market duty by museum administrators. quadrants. Thus there are virtually no demand. Thus the question "private Economics now militates against scientific instruments, not even clocks collection or public museum" complacency and a retreat to Victorian and watches, which can compete with crucial to, say, the Leicester Codex of ideals, to "an atmosphere of old- canvases from the "old masters'. da Vinci -- tends to arise less fashioned gloom and undue solemnity" in the words of a For another thing, there is such a frequently in the instrumental field. government White Paper last year. fundamental contrast in character There are Amsler planimeters enough between instruments and objets d'art for museums and for personal Regardless of whether a museum is or that it would be fatuous to judge their collections. is not a museum, it must still decide where it is going. It must look to its acquisition by the same criteria. So instrumental curators need not Rodin's Burghers of Calais has not sacred cows before they all become tremble at all the charges levelled at mincemeat. simply an originality but a uniqueness museums generally. The one which Ion Darius which does not render it more or less ought to concern them the most -- and

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Forty members of the Scientific sea-lions as underwater ears and only is the distinction between pure Instrument Society congregated at the training seagulls to recognize and applied science increasingly National Maritime Museum on periscopes; but to no avail, Civilian difficult to make, especially in the Saturday, 30th March, for "Science and scientists were drafted into naval context of military research, but the the Sea", a one-day meeting on largely research to apply contemporary development of such technicaldevices but not exclusively maritime topics. physics to the problem. The most as sonar is governed by national After the welcoming remarks of promising approach turned out to be operational requirements and a host of organizer Trevor Waterman and Stuart underwater acoustic detection since other non-scientificfactors, including Malin (Head of the Department of electromagnetic waves such as those bureaucratic and political ones. Astronomy and Navigation), Alan used by radar attenuate too rapidly in Germany concentrated on complex Stimson, WilIem Hackmann and the sea. By the end of the war, hydrophone systems for her surface Stephen Edell presented papers which hydrophones, or underwater navy because she was forbidden to re- incited lively discussion. In addition, microphones, based on contemporary arm with submarines until 1935. By the Head of Conservation GilIian telephone technology, were being this time British politicianshad given Lewis briefly described a four-year used in large numbers, but were only up fighting for the abolition of this conservation training scheme at the responsible for four "kills" (Fig. 1). Of craft, partly because of an inflated National Maritime Museum, for the greater tactical importance for the confidence in the asdic anti- present aimed at scientific future was the work begun in France in submarine measures. The US Navy instruments. 1915 on ultrasonic echo-ranging, in took sonar development less seriously which sound waves were reflected off because they did not have the The Trustees of the Museum then the submarine. If the war had Admiralty's preoccupation with what kindly hosted a sherry reception prior continued for only another few naval strategistscalled defending sea- to a pleasant buffet lunch at the months, this device would have lines of communication against Greenwich Theatre. In the afternoon become operational. submarines. Although this attitude the assembled company split into two was responsible for developing an groups, one led by Alan Stimson to the In late 1918 submarines were detected integrated sonar anti-submarine Captain Cook Gallery and the other by at ranges of over 400 yards by weapon system in the UK, there was a Carole Stott to the 28-inch refractor. prototype equipment; during the serious flaw in this strategicdoctrine: Derek Howard gave the last paper of Second World War the average range sea-lines cannot be adequately the day, brought to a close by our was only to be 1300 yards. In England protected, only ships. However, chairman Gerard Turner who thanked this system became known as "asdics". during this period Royal Navy the National Maritime Museum and The term first appeared in July 1918 scientists developed the three said how happy we were to be "all at and was made famous by the fiercely components that made up the British sea.., in one of the finest museums fought Battleof the Atlantic in World sonar system: the quartz transducer, anywhere in the world". War II. According to the Oxtord the streamlined dome or casing around English D/ctionary, it is the acronym of the transducer (which allowed the Abstracts of all the papers presented the Allied Submarine Detection anti-submarine vessel to keep up with follow. Stephen Edell's contribution is Committee, but this cannot be the the fleet), and the chemical range reproduced at some length as a case; it is more likely that it stood for recorder - a key tacticaldevice that companion piece to the article on the initials of the Admiralty made it possible to plotand predictthe pocket globes by Peter van der Krogt department which supervised this submarine's course during an attack elsewhere in this issue. research and co-ordinated the Royal (Fig. 2). An important criterionin this ]on Darius Navy's response to the U-boat: Anti- development was the tactical Submarine Division-ics. The modern specification laid down by the Naval acronym "sonar" for Sound Staff target,which the scientistshad to Navigation and Ranging was not meet. This technology was passed on Sonar Technology and coined until 1942 by the Directorof the to the US Navy during World War II in Underwater Warfare wartime Harvard Underwater Sound Reverse Let,d-Lease. Laboratory. He withdrew his first from World War I to the In many respects the battle against the suggestion, "sodar", the acoustic Atomic Submarine U-boat in the Second World War was a equivalent of "radar", because it repeat of the previous war, except that sounded rather unpleasant. Sonar the submannes and the counter- replaced asdic (or asdics) in the Royal Sonar research was begun in the First measures were technologically more Navy in the early fifties. World War as a desperate attempt to sophisticated. A strenuous research contain the U-boat menace. Scant effort begun during the war bore fruit attention had been paid before the war During the interwar years the in the fifties. One consequence was the by the Royal Navy to the submarine American and Royal Navies continued search for ever faster submarines, threat, and now the price was to be to concentrate on their active sonar which culminated in the launching of paid in the massive destruction of "searchlight" systems, in which a the first nuclear submarine, the USS merchant shipping that was cutting off mechanically rotated transducer both Nautilus, in 1954, which had a essential supplies. Radical methods beamed out the high-frequency sound tremendous impact on strategy. Much had to be devised, both waves and received the returning of the operational sonar technology organizationally and technically, to echoes. The German Navy, on the too, so carefully pieced together over cope with this new form of warfare. A other hand, developed sophisticated forty years, became virtually obsolete. means of detecting this underwater passive listeningarrays (incorporating The departure point of the new craft had to be discovered before it American wartime research) to give generation of sophisticated sonars was could be destroyed. No avenues were their capitalships long-range warning the wartime German passive left unexplored, and such novel of torpedo attacks by submarines, so hydrophone arrays, and the electronic methods were investigated as using that evasive action could be taken. Not scanning techniques developed for 1545) look remarkably familiar. The great improvements in technology and scientific instrument making achieved during the 18th century were applied only rather slowly to the magnetic compass. Despite the work of Gowin Knight in England (he devised the technique for making artificial magnets) and of some of the better instrument makers (John Smeaton, George Adams, Jesse Ramsden - though no compass by the latter is thought to be extant), the magnetic compass continued for the most part to be made in the traditional way.

However, the introduction of increasing amounts of iron in the construction of wooden ships from 1800 and, a littlelater, the building of iron-hulled ships caused so many compass-deviation problems for the navigator that something had to be Fig 1 Listemng for a U-boat, 1917 The officer is mampulating a boom from which done. is suspended a directional hydrophone with which the bearing of the U-boat could be determined. Courtesy of the Imperial War Museum. The British Admiralty set up a Compass Committee in 1837 to investigate the poor performance of British compasses, an "evil pregnant with mischief". Their report led in turn to the founding of the Admiralty Compass Department in 1842, and it continues to exist to this day.

e During the course of the next hundred years the Department's officers and ...... - : scientists gradually improved the performance of compasses issued to ..... _ __. the Royal Navy. The Pattern 1 Admiralty Standard Compass was .... .__ adopted for over 50 years, officially until 1937 although it continued in use •"r b until the 1940s. In the process of carrying out research and development, the Department built up _. a considerable collection of experimental examples and prototypes. In 1969 the complete collection of roughly 2000 magnetic compasses and binnacles, together Fig.2 Typical World War lI asdic installation for destroyers. The three main with the historical library and elements were the mechanically rotated quartz transducer, streamlined dome, scientific pamphlet collection, was and electrochemical range recorder. transferred to the National Maritime Museum. radar. The effort to contain the nuclear strategic submarine is still of prime The Development of the The full text of this paper is to be consideration in underwater acoustics. Magnetic Compass published in the Proceedings of the Modern sor, ars incorporate the latest Fifth International Reunion for the electronics, such as the microchip, and History of Nautical Science and use powerful digital computers and The magnetic compass is without Hydrography held at Rio de Janeiro in advanced signal-processing techni- doubt the most important navigational October 1984. ques. aid ever invented, it was also one of the Alan Stimson first, its earliest recorded use being in National Maritime Museum, For a fuller exposition on this subject, 1187 by the English monk Alexander Greenwich see the author's Seek and Strike, Neckam. By the 16th century it had published by HMSO in 1984. been developed into a form that was Wiilem Hackmann still to be widespread in the 19th Museum of the History of Science, century, and as a result the compasses Oxford recovered from the Mary Rose (sunk Navigation, Astronomy, Conservation Training and the Physncal Scheme Sciences in 18th- f Century Voyages of d.,., Since 1976 the National Maritime Museum along with several other Exploration national museums has operated a training scheme for postgraduate The state of the navigationalart at the conservation students. Our part in the beginning of the 18th century was scheme began as a result of the brieflydescribed - the three L's, Lead, Gulbenkian Foundation survey of Latitude, and Lookout, augmented by conservation, and the Department of the log, the compass, and the chart, Education and Science organized the together with the technique of firstioint selection board for students "running down the latitude",imposed in 1976. by the impossibility at the time of measuring longitude at sea.Then came In the National Maritime Museum we Fig.1 Telescopes of the type used by know we have certain expertise for the the invention of Hadley's reflecting Cook and others on the expeditions quadrant, the development of the treatment of historical artefacts which described. The Gregorian reflectoron is not available in other museums, marine chronometer, and the the right is by James Short, of 4.75 publication of the Nautical Almanac, national or provincial. We want to inches aperture and 24 inches focus, concentrate on producing museum which, by the time of Cook's voyages dated 1763. The triple achromatic in the 1760s and 1770s, gave the professionals who have specialized in reEractor on the left is by Dollond, of the treatment and preservation of navigator the means of finding 3.75 inches aperture and 46 inches longitude. historical artefacts to national focus, about 1767. In the background is standards. The areas which we have a replica of one o[ the tent Illustratedmainly by instruments and covered to date are marine painting, observatories taken on Cook's third painted flags and banners, archives, published results from Cook's voyage. Illustrations by courtesy of the voyages, the observations made at sea horology and globes. We should liketo National Maritime Museum, embark on traineeships for the (for navigation, magnetism, meteoro- Greenwich. logy, and oceanography) on voyages of preservation of scientific instruments exploration were then described, (navigational and astronomical), ship followed by observations made ashore models, figureheads, and historic photographs. All these groups are now - astronomical observations for determining geographical position clearly recognized by heritage (not only meridian altitudes for collectors as being in need of particular latitude,but also transitsof Venus and attention, as far as correct restoration Mercury, occultations of stars by the procedures are concerned. For Moon, solar and lunar eclipses and scientific instruments there is at eclipses of Jupiter's satellites,all for present no other form of professional longitude) and for checking the going conservation training in existence in of the clocks and chronometers; tidal the country, probably not anywhere and salinity observations of the sea; else in the world (though Bulletin magnetic observations of variation readers may be able to correct me on and dip (declinationand inclination); this point). meteorological observations; and gravityestimates by observing the rate Funding at the National Maritime of going of the clocks compared with Museum is alas insufficient at present that at Greenwich. to allow us to continue these four-year studentships and the Director has As delivered,this talk was a shortened asked me to seek sponsorship to the version of a paper given at the Clark tune of £6,000 per annum to pay for a Library of the University of California, single student to pursue this course. Los Angeles, in 1984, to be published We have already been fortunate in among the Proceedings of the Clark receiving a scholarship grant of £500 Library Professor Seminars, per annum for the four years from the Background to Discovery: England Fig.2 Title page o[ John Seller's Worshipful Company of Scientific from Dampier to Cook. Practical Navigation (1669). The Instrument Makers. This sum will Derek Howse navigator on the left is holding a cross- enable us to pay day release fees for the Sevenoaks, Kent staff; the navigator on the right, a student to the London Institute of backstaff, with another version on the Archaeology conservation department table beside him. Azimuth compasses for essential corrosion and deteriora- are on the table left centre and centre, tion studies. steering compass right; nocturnal hanging left, portable equinoctial I would like to take this opportunity to sundial hanging right with quadrant alert members of the Scientific above; atlas of sea charts (Seller's own Instrument Society to our intentions in English Pilot) on table, centre bottom. this respect, but more than that to ask

r t(~r tmanclal backing to enable us to Waidseemiiller's 7.6 cm globe gores of Use commence a studentshlp in this very 1509 (only 27 years after Behaim's first- im[x)rtant area. Those requiring ever terrestrial globe) and continuing Why were pocket globes made? Peter turther details should contact me with four other 16th-century makers van der Krogt has suggested that they directly I have cop~es of the four-year and a number of 17th-century were made to boost sales of small programme and details of the tutors manufacturers. He thinks that they globes primarily manufactured for who would be teaching it available if were probably made mainly for use in planetaria etc. I have also heard it req u, red connection with armillary spheres, suggested that they were used in the Gillian Lewis planetaria etc. In that connection an classroom to teach midshipmen and Conservation Department English table clock of ca. 1595 in the children and that, in the age of reason, National Maritime Museum Banff Museum (in the exhibition gentlemen carried them in the pockets "Clockwork of the Heavens" in 1973) is of their frock coats to demonstrate a of interest. The mechanism drives a fashionable interest in science. Be that small globe. The present globe was Concave Hemispheres as it may, Wynter and Turner say that of the Starry Orb made between 1830 and 1840 but was there is no evidence that they were presumably a replacement for the used otherwise than for reference- i.e., original. However, none of the very to remind the owner of the location of a early globes have cases and they could Introduction port or the identity of a star, or to relate not be carried in the pocket without to the newly published discoveries. damage. They are therefore not pocket In this study of pocket globes, I must globes. start with a disclaimer and two Perhaps part of the reason for making acknowledgements. The disclaimer Construction them was one of price. No less a person relates to the fact that this is really a than Samuel Pepys apparently found the large Blaeu 67 cm globes with best- report on unfinished work. I am So we return to a pocket globe as a quality stands too expensive at £22/14/ carrying out a detailed study of pocket small globe (usually 2.75 to 3 inches in 6 in about 1687. At about the same time globes, but much work remains to be diameter) with a protective case. The Moxon was offering his pocket globe done and much information must be globe itself is normally made of papier- checked. for 15/-, in a catalogue which offered m~iche, wood or cardboard (with or his 15-inch globe (presumably only without a coat of plaster). The case, one of a pair) for £4. Rather less than a The acknowledgements relate to the according to Wynter and Turner, is century later Benjamin Cole was fact that, although ! have referred to made of shaped cardboard stiffened offering pocket globes from 8/- to 10/- numerous sources, ! have obtained and hardened with shellac. I have in 1773 and George Adams' price in most help from Scientific Instruments heard of covenngs variously described 1777 was 10/6. In the same catalogues by Harriet Wynter and Anthony as shagreen, fishskin, sharkskin, Cole's most expensive (17-inch) globes Turner (pp. 173-178) and more rayskin and leather. The two halves are particularly from an article published hinged and held together with hooks. were f.6/6/0 and Adams' 18-inch in this Bulletin by Peter van der grogt. globes cost £9/9/0 to £24 according to 1 shall refer to both these sources the frames. The catalogues do not The essence of a globe is the paper on several times later. indicate whether the prices were for which the maps are printed. They are almost always printed flat, as gores in a single larger globes or pairs but presumably for the former. Cary's Definition shape which will fit a sphere. It follows pocket globes cost 12/- in 1798. Pocket that the sphere must be precisely the globes were not cheap: Peter van der What is a pocket globe? My title is right size to take them. Even if it is, there may be difficulty in getting a Krogt demonstrates that a pocket globe taken from a catalogue in the back of by Valk cost 15 to 20 times as much as a Joseph Moxon's A Tutor to Astronomy good fit in the polar regions. For this reason, the gores often stop short of the map. But they were much more and Geography (1659) which offered reasonable than the larger sizes. "'Concave Hemispheres of the Starry poles and separate polar caps cover those areas. Orb; which serves for a case to a It is also relevant that Wynter and Terrestrial Globe, 3 inches Diameter, I have said that the small globe is Turner point out that John Senex (who made portable for the Pocket. Price died in 1740) had "become involved 15s". We shall hear more of Moxon usually a terrestrial globe and that later. gores for a celestial globe are usually with the French astronomer Cassini pasted inside the case. But this is not who proposed that they should make always so: see in particular the Cary compact globes for wide distribution, "Pocket" (when used as an adjective) rather than the small quantity of sometimes just means "small" (as in pair discussed below. Exceptionally, the terrestrial globe is hollow and magnificent examples made for royal the phrase "pocket battleship"); but presentations." here it means "capable of being carried opens to reveal an object such as a in the pocket". A pocket globe must small armillary sphere, orrery or dial. therefore be small and protected from Period covered damage. Normally, but not On occasion, the gores for the inside of the case of a pocket globe will be universally, there is a small terrestrial According to Peter van der Krogt, there globe enclosed in a protective case mounted on a small globe of their own. The terrestrial or celestial globe or both ~s m existence an anonymous which has the gores of a celestial globe terrestrial globe (which he attributes to pasted inside it. may be mounted on distinctive table stands of their own and sold in that Blaeu) with a diameter of 5.3 cm dated from the early 17th century. It is The protective case is a key element. form. But then, even though the gores Small globes have been made for many are identical to those for pocket globes, mounted like a pocket globe, but the centuries. Peter van der Krogt lists the globes are not properly speaking case has no celestial gores inside. If- as many of them starting with pocket globes. seems fair- this is counted as a pocket globe, it is the earliest one known. However, the person normally By contrast, there were many sellers of credited with the first pocket globe is When Senex published his own pocket pocket globes in Britain in the last globe, the terrestrial globe was printed the author of the title of this paper three quarters of the 18th century. Joseph Moxon. He appears to have from new plates; but the plates for the They number among them many of the celestial were used again and were still started selling them around the middle most famous scientific instrument of the second half of the 17th century. in use with the G. Adams terrestrial. makers of the time. The list includes Thus these celestial plates seem to have At the other end of the spectrum, three members of the Cushee family, Wynter and Turner could not find any been in use for more than three James Ferguson (like Senex an F.R.S.), quarters of a century. (All the made later than the one published by Nathaniel Hill, J. Newton, Miller of Cox in 1835 and certainly they were illustrations for this parasraph are Edinburgh and the two distinguished incorporated into van der Krogt's becoming devoid of interest by then. I families of Adams and Can/. shall concentrate on this period of 150 article on 8lobes elsewhere in this years from Moxon to Cox, and issue - Editor. ) particularly on the 18th century. You will notice that l said that there were many sellers of pocket globes in In the light of new discoveries on the Britain. This is more true than to say Earth, it is likely that terrestrial plates Makers that there were many makers. In a would be thrown away more quickly number of cases globes printed from than celestial ones. However, the Until recently I thought, in common the same basic plates (sometimes Senex celestialgores established a lead with most others, that pocket globes updated for new discoveries etc.) bore which [ believe to be unbeaten except were virtually exclusively London- a number of different signatures. So far perhaps by the Deur issue mentioned made. Certainly most of the ones as terrestrial globes are concerned, it is earlier. The only possible rival to them which appear in the saleroom were not at all startling that the plates which is the Cushee celestial gores originally made in this country. But on closer were originally used to print R. issued in 1731. These were certainly examination it s-'ems that it was not Cushee's pocket globe of 1731 were used with N. Lane's terrestrialglobe of until the end of the first quarter of the amended to show the trade winds and 1776 and possible with the Nathanie[ 18th century that this statement is Anson's voyage published in 1748, and Hill/J. Newton terrestrialof 1754/1783. broadly true. Until that time the only to correct the original depiction of (There are both very marked British-based pocket-globe makers California as an island and the original similarities and [n the light of new whose work has survived were Moxon, coastline of the northwest Pacific coast. discoveries on the Earth, it is likely that Price, Senex and the Dutchman Moil. It was then issued with the signature terrestrial plates would be thrown As against that, Abraham van Keulen altered in at least one case in away more quiddy than celestialones. was advertising a pocket globe manuscript. It is perhaps slightly more However, the Senex celestial gores (thought to be a development of the surprising that Nathaniel Hill's globe established a lead which I believe to be anonymous one attributed to Blaeu of 1754 should be amended to show the unbeaten except perhaps by the Deur just mentioned) in Amsterdam in 1697, east coast of Australia, the correct issue mentioned earlier. The only and AIIard (father and son) followed shape of New Zealand and some possible rival to them is the Cushee suit there in 1706 and 1713. At about details of Cook's voyage and reissued celestial gores originally issued in the same time Deur published some with the signature "J. Newton 1783" or 1731. These were certainly used with pocket globes in Amsterdam of which "Palmer & Newton 1783" - particularly N. Lane's terrestrial globe of 1776 and two have survived. But the most ira- when a further amended version was possible with the the Nathaniel Hill/J. portant foreign makers at the time on sale in the early 19th century, Newton terrestrial of 1754/1783. Crhere were the Valk brothers, whose pocket signed Lane. Equally it is surprising are both very marked similarities and globe has been dated at between 1707 that Ferguson's 3-inch pocket globe obvious differences between the and 1728, although a revised edition (which Wynter and Turner say went Cushee version and that of Hill/ was published in the late 18th century through three editions) should be Newton; I have yet to resolve this by Covens. Nor was pocket-globe pro- similarly treated and be reissued point.) Furthermore, they were ducfion limited to London and signed Dudley Adams. The gores of probably used with the 19th-century Amsterdam. Homann of Nuremberg this globe also formed the basis of update of the N. Lane terrestrial, so produced a pocket globe containing an Lane's 19th-century 3-inch pocket giving them a comparable life to those of Senex. armillary sphere in about 1720. globe, so the plate was probably in use for about 50 years. But the most However, after the first quarter of the striking example is the Senex pocket There is a particularly interesting 18th century, production of pocket globe. The original terrestrial was feature of the Cushee line of celestial globes was very largely in the hands of issued about the middle of the first half gores. The convention was to create a the British. It is true that there is appa- of the 18th century and went through a celestial globe on the assumption that rently a pocket globe by Didier Robert number of editions when signed by the stars were fixed in a "firmament". de Vaugondy in a Paris museum dated Senex. its final version was signed "G. Since the observer looking at the globe 1756: and that there were two Adams N ° 60 Fleet Street, London". was looking at it from outside this "mavericks" published elsewhere. This issue includes an inaccurate firmament, it was considered that the First the Swede Akerman published a version of the east coast of Australia constellations must be shown in pocket globe in 1762, although a large and a probably speculative line for the mirror image compared with how they pocket would be required as it was northeast Pacific coast. It does not are seen from Earth, inside the nearly 5 inches in diameter; and sec- show any of Cook's voyages. It seems firmament. But when the stars are ondly Bauer of Nuremberg published a that the plates for this globe were also represented inside a concave case, this "pocket globe" in the first quarter of in use for about 60 years. The celestial convention no longer applies. For that the 19th century with the celestial gores with this issue have an even reason the Cushee/Lane gores gores on the outside of the case. But I longer history. The first pocket globe represented the constellations as they can find no other non-British pocket with which Senex was associated was appear from Earth, as did the (possibly globes after Valk. published with Charles Price ca. 1710. linked) Hill/Newton ones. The only other pocket globe of which I am aware whlch followed this course was that of Newton, like Cary, issued pairs of Oxford, Darton & Co. of Minshulls, }iomann. made much earlier and in pocket terrestrial and celestial globes. Schmalcalder and perhaps even Bate. Nuremberg However he stole a march on his rival Wynter and Turner share exactly the by putting a representation of the Solar same suspicion. [t may be that the rhe great English names in the 18th System inside each case instead of the trend had been started by the late 18th- ,entur~ were perhaps Price, Senex, information offered by Cary (i.e., "The century anonymous "Correct Globe Ferguson, Adams and Cary. There Latitudes and Longitudes of Places not with the New Discoveries" variously were other lesser makers too. But Car3 , given on this Globe" and "The World attributed to different members of the ,n mv view brought pocket globes to a as known in Caesar's time according to Adams family. height which was never to be D'Anville"). This information was surpassed inappropriate in the case of a celestial By the end of the first quarter of the globe. 19th century most of the information With the dawn of the 19th century, which could be accommodated on an Car),. was still prominent. His main Other makers (or more likely retailers) object the size of a pocket globe was rivals were Lane (with updated proliferated. I had formed the already in place. Doubtless this was versions of the 1776 2.75-inch pocket suspicion, based on the apparent one of the factors contributing to the globe and the 3-inch Ferguson/Dudley similaritiesof the globes, that many of disappearance of these attractive Adams one) and Newton. (! am not the so-called makers bought their objects from the scene. sure whether this long-lived firm, globes unsigned from Lane and then Stephen Edell which eventually became Newton Son stuck on a cartouche with their own Twineham, Sussex and Berry, was founded by the J. names. Those who may have done this Newton of the 1783 pocket globe.) include Cox of London, Scott of

Globes, Made Portable for the Pocket

Peter van der Krogt Introduction

"Concave Hemispheres of the Starry Globes with a diameter of about 3 considered as the pioneer of the large Orb which serve for a case to a inches have been made since the production of pocket globes in TerrestrialGlobe of 3 Inches Diameter, beginning of regular globe production England, primarily in London. In the made portable for the Pocket": thus in the early sixteenth century. eighteenth century, however, Joseph Moxon defined in his However, the earliestreal pocket globe Hennnann Moll was considered as the catalogue Ia kind of globe he sold for 15 we know of dates from the second half inventor of this kind of globe.' shillings. Later this kind of globe was of the seventeenth century and was generally called a pocket globe, and made by Joseph Moxon. An Small-sized globes most of the attention was focused on anonymous terrestrial globe with a the terrestrialglobe. diameter of 5.3 cm (over 2 inches), Most of the earliest globes, printed on dating from the early seventeenth paper in gores, have a small diameter We can define a pocket globe as a century and very probably of Dutch relatively small terrestrial globe- when mounted. The earliest globe origin, is mounted like a pocket globe, made with this method dates from ca. diameter mostly two to three inches - but the concave hemispheres which is enclosed by two hinged 1509. The author is Martin enclosing the terrestrialglobe are not Waldseem611er (or Hylacomylus), who hemispheres, held together with pasted with the gores for the celestial hooks-and-eyes. To the inner surface worked in Saint-Di& in the Vosges. s A globe (Fig. I). There is only one copy mounted copy of his globe is of these hemispheres the gores for a known of this globe as yet,~ so we celestial globe are pasted. The outer unknown, but the gores have a height cannot be sure that there are no of 12 cm, so they will cover a globe of surface of the hemisphere is generally celestialgores for it. black leather (variously described as 7.6 cm ( 3 inches) diameter, later the most common size for pocket globes! shagreen, fishskin, sharkskin, rayskin To consider Joseph Moxon as the and leather). 2 inventor of pocket globes is a Other sixteenth-century globes with misconception. Moxon will certainly In this article I will make a start for a small sizes were made among others have studied the methods of Joan by Johannes Schoner in 1515 (13 cm more thorough study of this striking Blaeu during his stay in Amsterdam. kind of globe. The study of old globes diameter), Louis Boulengier in ca. 1518 As we shall see later,Blaeu's workshop (11 cm), Caspar Vopel in 1543-44 (10 itselfis an almost forgotten field in the must have made pocket globes so history of cartography, but pocket cm) and Francois de Mongenet in 1552 Moxon would have got the idea of (8.7 cm).* At the end of the sixteenth, globes have never had any scientific making pocket globes in Amsterdam. attention. but primarily in the first decades of the Joseph Moxon is certainly to be seventeenth century, the globe production in Amsterdam became The first pocket globe prosperous. Publishing firms such as Early French two-inch those of Willem Jansz Blaeu and globes Jodocus Hondius held the monopoly of In the introduction a pocket globe globe production, just as in other fields without the celestial map, probably Different publishers in Paris made of cartography. Among the globes made by Blaeu, was mentioned. In the gores for a terrestrial globe, for which made by these publishers are small- Amsterdamsche Courant of 20 April they all used the same model. On all 1697 Abraham van Keulen of sized examples. Blaeu made one of I0 these sets of gores the equator has a cm (4 inches) in 1616 (ref.7); Hondius, Amsterdam advertised "heel curieuse length of 16 cm, resultingin a diameter one of 8 cm (justover 3 inches) about kleyne Aertschhe Globen, van twee of 5 cm (2 inches) for a mounted copy. 1600 (ref.8); and Pietervan den Keere, duimen diameters, gesiooten in However, mounted copies are not leedere Kasjens , in welke de Hemeis brother-in-lawof Jodocus Hondius the known. The cartographical image on Elder, published in 1613 a pair of Globe van binnen tegen de voeder these gores dates from the early globes with a diameter of 9.5 cm (just aengevoegd is, elk na sijn r. eysch, seventeenth century, showing a large under 4 inches) ref.9). volmaekt Geillumineert, zynde seer southern continent connected with bequaem voor alle Liefhebbers der New Guinea and Tierra del Fuego. In what way these small globes from Astronomie en andere Konsten, gelyk There is a gap in the coast of the the sixteenth and seventeenth een sak-Horologie alom by sag te southern continent just east of the centuries were used is uncertain. Most dragen" (s very remarkable small entrance of the Straits of Magellan, of them are known only as a set of terrestrial globes of two inches in maybe a primitive representation of unmounted gores; of the others, only a diameter, locked in leather cases, in the Strait Le Maine (discovered 1617). few copies are known at present, often which the celestial globe is pasted Between the Cape of Good Hope and mounted in the centre of Ptolemaic against the lining, perfectly coloured, the southern continent only a small armillary sphere. I think the use for being most suitable for all amateurs of passage (width 7 degrees of latitude)is armillary spheres, orreries etc. was the astronomy and other arts, to be carried drawn. Four different copies are main reason for making such small always with them just as a watch). :2 known to me. globes until the beginning of the eighteenth century. The first pocket Abraham van Keulen was the brother First there is a copy with an imprint in globes originated as a by-product of of Joannes van Ceulen Joannisz (the a cartouche southwest of New Guinea: such arrniIlary spheres to make the spelling of their family name was not "A PARIS / [..blank space..] / Chez / P. production of these small globes fixed), who bought in 1682 the globe Char- / pentier'. The Bibliotheque commercially more attractive. It is factory of Blaeu in which all the Nationale in Paris preserves a copy of suggested that they were used in the copper-plates etc. of all globes made in these gores printed on a large sheet (58 classroom to teach midshipmen and Amsterdam in the seventeenth century x 42.5 cm), together with three other children and that, in the age of reason, were collected. So Joannes van Ceulen prints. :s These consist of four circles gentlemen carried them in the pockets was able to make re-editions of the (two tropics and two polar circles) of their frock coats to demonstrate a globes earlier made by Blaeu, printed with one copper-plate, and fashionable interest in science (see the Hondius, van den Keere, Janssonius two slips with the zodiac, one with a advertisement of Abraham van Keulen and Colom. Only the terrestrial globe length of 39 cm and one of 27.5 cm, below). A mid-eighteenth century of Blaeu with diameter 34 cm (13.5 both printed from separate copper- encyclopedia mentions this kind of inches) was provided with his imprint. plates. It is very likely that these prints globe as an item for reference; "den The inventory of van Ceulen's globe belong to the construction of an man gar bequem auf Reisen bey sich factory, made after his death in 1689, armilIary sphere, with the terrestrial fiihren, auch in dem Schubsack bey does not include globes of 2 inches in globe in its centre (Fig. 2). !t was not sich tragen kann" (which are easy to diameter. 13 However, it is very possible to identify the publisher P. take with you on a journey, and also to unlikely that Abraham van Keulen, a Charpentier. carry with you in your side pocket). 1° "Konst- en Kaert-afsetter" (illuminator In the eighteenth and nineteenth of art and maps) or his brother Joannes, Another sheet (35.5 x 18 cm) in the centuries also some of the more who had the same profession, was the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris sophisticated instrument makers, like author of the pocket globe advertised contains the same kind of globe-gores, by Abraham in 1697. The copper- George Adams, made pocket globes as but with a large rectangular cartouche plates for this pocket globe could have a "by-product" of their orreries etc. south of New Guinea, without text. ~ Other instrument makers made use of been sold by Joannes to his brother Also the celestial gores are present on small globes from more commercial Abraham; therefore they do not appear this sheet and some other circles as on globe-makers; in the Netherlands the in the inventory. The globe must have Charpentier's sheet. On one of these firm of Hartog van Laun used globes been made by one of the early Dutch circles is the imprint "A PARIS chez G. first of Valk and later of Delamarche.': globe-makers. GobiHe, dans lisle du Palais sur le quay The commercial map-sellers made du grand cour de l'eau, qua regarde de their small globes only to be used as The anonymous globe mentioned, la Megisserie a l'Arche Royalle'. pocket globes. A review of pocket with a diameter of just over two inches Ged~on GobilIe was a publisher in globes therefore must include all small and a cartographic image dating from Paris ca. 1650, so it is not very likely globes, even those of which we know ca. 1620-1650, can be considered as a Gobille was the original publisher. at present only copies in spheres or prototype for the van Ceulen pocket unmounted copies. globe.'" In fact, the private owner of After the same model a 14-year-old this pocket globe had seen the same apprentice of Gilles de la Ramee globe with Abraham van Keulen's engraved globe-gores in 1651 (ref. 17). address, but unfortunately he did not To the cartography he added the name buy it. When this signed globe turns "Pals de Witz" (= Pays de Nuyts, up some day, maybe we can prove my discovered 1627). The coast-line is not hypothesis - or not! changed; this name appears on the coast of the S<~uthern Continent near the Use of both the Globes, Celestial names are in Latin. It was the last New Guinea! On this small globe there and Terrestrial.About 1670 he made a English pocket globe to be inscribed in are two ,mprints and a dedication, a lot pocket globe. There are two different Latin; all later ones were in the English of text for the available space. The types of his pocket globes, both with language. An innovation on Price's author's imprint is placed below New the same diameter of just under 3 pocket globe was the depiction of the (;umea: it shows three globes with the inches (6.75 or 7 cm - the diameters trade-winds in the tropical zones. The text "Auct. AEgidius / M. de la Ramee / mentioned in the literature differ). directions of these winds are drawn as Regis Lectore in Sphaera et Globis" (I arrows, a practice followed on almost by the author Gilles de la Ram(e, the The first (probably) pocket globe he all later English pocket globes. The king's teacher of the spheres and made is signed in English: "Made by / globe was published later than 1700, globes). The dedication is in a J. Moxon" on both the terrestrial and because it shows Dampieds Strait cartouche in the southern Atlantic the celestial gores} q The gores extend between New Guinea and New Ocean and reads: "Christa REGI / Gall. to a latitude of 70 degrees; for the poles England, discovered by William et Nay. LVD. / XIV dedic, hum. et ob. / he made circular polar calottes. His Dampier in 1700. Ser. ac Subdit. / M. De la Ram(e" (- other pocket globe is signed in Latin: dedicated to Louis XIV, the Christian "Londini / Sumptibus / J. Moxon", In co-operation with John Senex, Price king of France and Navarre by the again on both gores.~ With this globe made a few years later a newly humble and obedient servant and the gores extend to the Poles. The engraved pocket globe. Because Price sublect Monsieur de la Ramee). The names on the terrestrial globes are in and Senex worked together from 1707 apprentice perpetuated his name in English and in Latin respectively. On to 1710 (ref. 25), their pocket globe the southern Pacific Ocean with the both the terrestrialglobes the tracks of dates from this Period. The inscription striking imprint: "loan Aquilius scul. Sir Francis Drake and of Thomas is placed in a laurel wreath in the Parisiis / anno 1651. aetat, suae / 14 an. Cavendish, the first Englishmen who northern Pacific Ocean and reads: auspiciis / D M De la Ram(e" (Joan circumnavigated the world, are "New & Correct / GLOBE / w.th y.e Aquilius engraved it in Paris in the depicted. The celestial map of the Trade Winds &c / By C. Price & I. Senex year 1651 in his age of 14 under the English pocket globe does not have a / Geographers" (Fig. 5). auspices of Monsieur de la Ram(e). legend with an explanation of the Despite this good start Joan Aquilius symbols used for the different After he finished his co-operation with (obviously a latinized form of his real magnitudes of stars, as the Latin one Charles Price, John Senex made a name) never became a famous does. I suppose the English is Moxon's pocket globe on his own, signed "A engraver, nor is his teacher a well- first, because it is rather primitive New & Correct / GLOBE / of the Earth / known geographer! Aqui]ius' globe- compared with the Latin. The By I. Senex F.R.S." in a simple rectangle gores are engraved on a copper-plate of Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin in the northern Pacific (Fig. 6). Senex 9 x 16 cm and printed inside a broad possesses a Latin pocket globe by was made a Fellow of the Royal Society border with angels and musical Moxon. Hausmann has proven that in 1728, and he died in 1740. The instruments. This border is engraved this globe was made between 1680 and pocket globe can be dated between on a separate copper-plate (19.5 x 26 1700 (ref. 21); so the English version these years. For the celestial map Senex cm) and published by A. Boudan (Fig. can be dated before 1680. 3). used the unaltered copper-plate of the Price-Senex pocket globe; the Moxon's pocket globes are very rare. terrestrial globe is printed from a fresh The fourth who used the same model is Of the English version only one copy is the famous geographer Nicolas Bion known in the literature, preserved in a copper-plate. The copper-plates came (ca. 1652-1733). He used the same Dutch collection. ~ The Latin version is into the possession of George Adams. cartouche as Charpentier did, with the described in two German collections. 2~ First he used the terrestrial globe inscription: "A PARIS / Chez N. / l guess there are more to be found in unaltered for his tellurian. 26 Later he Bion" (ref. 16). He must have used this English collections. made the terrestrial globe up-to-date. terrestrial globe, which was in Bion's He added the results of the voyage of time very out of date, only for his Bering, and the track of Anson's armillary spheres. voyage; he depicted a hypothetical English pocket globes in the east coast of Australia and placed the first half of the 18th century Apart from Gobille's gores, celestial name "New Zealand" in the correct companions to these terrestrial globe- place; the older Senex globes have this gores are not known. If they were The eighteenth century is the century name instead of Van Diemen's Land, published in the form of pocket globes in which the production of pocket which is Tasmania (Figs. 7 and 8). or were made only for use in armillary globes became very prosperous - only, Furthermore, Adams removed Senex' spheres is unknown. however, in England. In the title and imprint and placed at the Netherlands the production of this same spot a simple oval with the text kind of globe started as in England, but "A / Terrestrial / GLOBE / G: Adams Joseph Moxon soon declined. In other countries, such No. 60 / Fleet Street / LONDON" (Fig. as italy, Bavaria and France, 3-inch 9). The celestial map was still In England Joseph Moxon started with globes were also made (see the next unchanged. the production of globes in the 1650s. paragraph), but English pocket globes During a stay in Amsterdam (1652), he are the most widespread. Hermann Moll, probably German- would certainly have studied the born, published in 1719 in London a methods of Joan Blaeu. He translated Moxon's example was followed in pocket globe with a diameter of 7 cm the first part of Blaeu's Instituto England first by Charles Price. z. His (2.75 inch). It is signed "A correct Astronomica into English; it was pocket globes measure as usual 3 GLOBE with ye Trade-Winds by H. published in 1654 under the title A inches in diameter. The terrestrial Moil" and shows the track of Captain tutor to Astronomy and Geography, or, globe bears a simple Latin inscription, Dampier's circumnavigation of the an easie and speedy way to understand "C. Price / Fecit" (Fig. 4), and all the globe, 1699-1702, and the trade-winds. I0 The star map is drawn according to the Dutch pocket globes this pair is dated 1700. The 1707 observations of Edmond Halley.27 As advertisement announces the said earlier, Moll was regarded as the publication of the 18-inch globe pair, Just as in England, the production of inventor of pocket globes in the and the three pairs already made: 9, 12 pocket globes in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Stevenson and 15 inches. The hypothesis that the eighteenth century prospered in the mentions an earlier terrestrial globe of 3- and 6-inch globes were not yet Netherlands. I mentioned earlier 8 cm diameter of 1703 in the collection published in 1707 seems tenable. In Abraham van Keulen, advertising 2- of the Hispanic Society of America in 1715 Gerard and Leonard Valk inch pocket globes in 1697. On 25 New York.2~ advertised that they were selling February 1706 Karel Allard of globes of 9, 12, 15 and 18 inches. An Amsterdam advertised in the exact reading of the texts allows for the An important innovation in producing Amsterdamsche Courant "een paer possibility that there were other pocket globes was made by Richard nieuwe zak-Globusjes" (a pair of new globes. We can date the Valk pocket Cushee. He published a 3-inch pocket small pocket globes), j° His son globes therefore between 1707 and 'lobe in 1731. As on the Senex and Price Abraham Ailard specified these pocket 1728. The Valks provided both the globes, only the terrestrial globe has an globes in his advertisements of 24 terrestrial and the celestial part with a inscription. It is placed in a decorative August and 12 October 1713 (ref. 31); Latin inscription, placed without cartouche in the northern Pacific, the viz., "A terrestrial pocket globe, in a cartouche. On the terrestrial it reads: text reading "A New / GLOBE / of the case in which the Heavens, three Earth / by R. Cushee / 1731" (ref. 29). inches diameter; also made with two "Novus Globus / TERRESTRIS / Auct. et Editor. / GERH et LEONH / VALK / The innovation of his pocket globes stands" and in the second Amstelodami'; and on the celestial concerns the depiction of the stars and advertisement he also mentioned "a globe: "Novus Globus / COELESTIS / constellations on the celestial part. The little sphere to these, perfect of ivory projection of the stars on the older turned". These pocket globes were also Auct. et Edit. / GERH. et LEON. / pocket globes is external; that of sold by Nicolaas Bos in Rotterdam. A VALK / Amsteiodami ". Vaik's successor, Cornelis Covens, published Cushee, geocentric. The external copy of Ailard's pocket globe and his projection is the way of depicting the little sphere are not now known. around 1800 a revised edition. The stars as seen from outside the revisions, however, concern only the terrestrial globe in the light of Cook's firmament. The firmament is the In the same period Johannes Deur discoveries; he also changed the title sphere surrounding the Solar System, made a pocket globe of 6 cm (2.5 and imprint. Of this revised edition on which the stars are "fixed". The inches) diameter. It is signed in Latin only one copy is known. celestial map in external projection is twice on both the terrestrial and mirror-reversed to the real situation. celestial gores: in a small cartouche This method is very well fitted for a "AMSTERDAM / Excudit / loannes celestial globe, being a scale model of Deur" and without cartouche "I. Deur The pocket globes by the firmament, just as the terrestrial Fecit'. His globes were sold by Homann globe is a scale model of the Earth. For bookseller Hendrik de Leth. Only two the celestial map of a pocket globe, the copies of the Deur pocket globe are "This invention [of the pocket globe] external projection is metaphorical. known, one in the Museum of the has been improved by Johann Baptist The map is pasted to the concave inner Jagielionian University in Krakow Homann of Nuremberg, the terrestrial surface of a sphere. For this kind of (Poland) and one in the Museum globe being made of wood, hollow celestial map the geocentric projection Boerhaave in Leiden, acquired in 1984 inside. However, in this hollow an is very well fitted: it shows the stars (ref. 32). armilIary sphere is arranged, over and constellations as seen from the which the two terrestrial hemispheres earth. Better known is the pocket globe made are screwed together at the equator, so by Gerard and Leonard Valk, the most that in a small space a celestial and A revised edition of Cushee's globe of famous and after ca. 1730 the only terrestrial globe as well as an armillary 1731 appeared after 1748. On this globe-makers in the Netherlands. 33 sphere are fitted" (Fig. 12, ref. 37). edition the track of Anson (his voyages The Valk firm made globes of seven Another feature which make were published in 1748) is added, as different diameters, the smallest of Homann's pocket globe special is the well as the trade-winds, depicted by them a 3-inch globe (Fig. 11). The number of inscriptions. Both the arrows. In the inscription the date is smallest globe was sold either as a celestial and the terrestrial gores are erased and the initial "R" is changed pocket globe or on a stand. In 1743 a provided with two cartouches with into "L~. pair of these globes on stands cost 8 titles and imprints. On the terrestrial guilders and 10 stuivers, and as _P_0Cket globe is a cartouche in the northern As far as ! know, Cushee's pocket globe globes the price was 6 guilders. 34 For Pacific Ocean with the text "GLOBUS / was the first with a celestial map in the comparison, in the same year a single- TERRESTRIS / iuxta observati / ones geocentric projection. This good sheet map cost 6 to 8 stuivers. ~" 20 Parisienses / Regiae Academiae / example, however, was not followed stuivers is one guilder; so a pocket 5cientiarum / constructus" ( terrestrial by everyone. Pocket globes with the globe cost 15 to 20 times as much as a globe, made after the observations of celestial map in geocentric projection map. Pocket globes were not for the Royal Academy of Paris). In the were later made by Nathaniel Hill everyone's pockets! The globe is southeastern Indian Ocean is a (1754) and N. Lane (1776). undated, but the date can be deduced cartouche with the imprint: "Opera / from some advertisements in the loh. Bapt. / HOMANN / Geographi / Amsterdamsche Courant. All seven Norim- / bergae". ~ Fauser records a globe pairs were advertised in 1728, globe with a slightly different imprint, but not in the advertisements in 1707 in which Homann calls himself and 1715 (ref. 36). However, in the 1715 Imperial Geographer ('Sac. Caes. Ma. / advertisement the 6-inch globe is not Geographi'). 3~ This title Homann recorded, while the terrestrial globe of gained in 1715. In that year he

11 probably changed the imprint. The Correct / GLOBE / with the new In this article I have tried to give a inscriptions on the celestial gores read Discoveries"; and on the celestial review of the production of a special much the same: the title of the celestial globe, "A Correct Globe / with y.e New kind of globe, the small globe with a globe is "GLOBUS / COELESTIS / Cons: / relations of Dr. / Halley &c.". diameter of two and three inches. luxta Observa / tiones Pansien / ses Often found in orreries by G. Adams. Mostly these globes were made exhibttus"; the imprint, "Opera / IO. "portable for the pocket". A start has B HOMANN! / S.M. Geographi / 4. N. Lane, 1776 (Fig. 17). been made on a descriptive list of the Norimbergae". early pocket globes. Inscription:"A new / GLOBE I of the / Other three-inch globes were EARTH I by N. Lane" and under the published in this period by Coronelli cartouche "1776 Procktersc.". Celestial References and Notes (16q7) and by Jean Pigeon in 1717 (ref. map in geocentric projection. 40). Re-edited after ca. 1780 with the added 1. E.L. Stevenson, Terrestrial and Later pocket globes text "Here Cook / was Killed" to the Celestial Globes, their History Sandwich Islands. No change in title and Construction (New Haven, and imprint. Also in the nineteenth 1921; reprinted New York, 1971), After ca. 1750 the production of pocket century pocket globes were made with voi.ll, pp. 136, 169-170. globes prospered in England as never Lane's name. 2. I wish to express my thanks to before. It is very difficult to make a list Stephen B. Edell for his valuable of these pocket globes, because a lot of 5. J. & W. Gary, 1791. help; inter alia he sent me the publishers bought older copper-plates text of his lecture "Concave and changed the name on them. Terrestrial globe with inscription: Hemispheres of the Starry Orb". Because of the co-operation of an "GARY'S I Pocket / GLOBE / agreeable 3. Private collection, Amsterdam. enthusiastic collector in England I was / to the latest / DISCOVERIES / See Peter van der Krogt, Old able to compare a lot of pocket globes LONDON / pub.d by J. & W. Gary Giobe.J in the Netherlands, a from this period. (See companion Strand Apr. I. 1791" (Fig. 19); the catalogue of terrestrial and piece by Stephen Edell in this issue - celestial globe is inscribed: "NEW / celestial globes made prior to Editor.) CELESTIAL GLOBE / By J. & W. Gary 1850 and preserved in Dutch Strand" (Fig. 20). The gores of both collections (Utrecht, 1984), An. 2 The most important three-inch pocket globes were pasted on the outer (pp.262-263); and P.C.J. van der globes from this period are included surface of a ball and enclosed in two Krogt, "Zakglobes', Antiek 18, with their different editions in the 121-127 (October 1983). following list: leather hemispheres (Fig. 21). On the inner side of one of the halfsegments is 4. Grossen Voilst~ndigen pasted a map showing "The WORLD UniversM-Lexicon... (Joh. Heinr. 1. James Ferguson, after 1748 (Figs. 13 Beater: Leipzig & Halle, 1745), and 14). as known in CAESAR'S Time / agreeable to D'Anville", the other vol. X, item "Giobi artificiales', giving "A TABLE / OF / Latitudesand col. 1669-1679. Inscription: "A New I GLOBE of the I Longitudes / of Places not given / on 5. E.g., Stevenson, op.cit., vol. 1, Earth / by James Ferguson" and below this / GLOBE". Although thismap and pp.68-71. the cartouche "J. Mynde Sc.".With the the table were especiallymeant for the 6. Ibid., chapters VI-XI. track of Anson's voyage. The celestial terrestrialglobe, the celestialglobe too 7. Van der Krogt, Old Globes, Bla 1, gores have no inscription; the was provided with them. pp.55-56. projection is external. 8. Peter van der Krogt, "The globe- 6. John Miller,1793. gores in the Nicolai collection Re-edited by Dudley Adams. He (Stuttgart)". Der Globusfreund changed Ferguson's name in the Inscription:"A / NEW GLOBE I of the I 33/34, 99-116 (1985), nos. 6and 23. imprint to his own and added the EARTH / by John Miller / 9. G0nter Schilder, "The globes by tracks and discoveries of James Cook. Mathematical Instrument / Maker / Pieter van den Keere" Der EDINBURGH 1793". It shows Cook's Globusfreund 28/29, 43-62 2. Nathaniel Hill,1754 (Figs.15and 16). third voyage - incorrectdates are used (1980), no. 1. in the South Pacific (e.g., 1772 and 10. See note 4. 1774). The gores which include New 11. W.F.J. M6rzer Bruyns, "Her Inscription: "A I NEW I Terrestrial / Holland and New Guinea appear to planetarium, tellurium en GLOBE I by / Nath. Hill / 1754". have been rather crudely redrawn. An lunarium van Hartog van Laun", Celestialmap in geocentricprojection, earlier edition is not known. The Spiegel Historiael 11, 170-175 without inscription. elestial map, in geocentric projection, (March 1976). as rather sparse information. 41 12. P.C.J. Krogt, Re-edited bv van der J. Newton in 1783. The Advertenties your kaarten, name and date are changed to "J. Pocket globes were also produced in atlassen, globes e.d. in Newton / 1783" and the tracks and the nineteenth century. The situation, Amsterdamse kranten 1621-1811 discoveries of Cook are added. however, with a lack of good (Utrecht, 1985), no. 134 (pp. 38- descriptions and many different kinds 39). Again re-edited with the names of pocket globes, is so confusing that 13. C. Koeman, "An inventory of "Palmer & Newton" instead of "J. no proper list can be made. The latest Johannes van Keulen's globe Newton", the date being unchanged. 4z pocket globe ! have seen is in a Dutch factory in Amsterdam", Imago private collection. It is an anonymous Mundi 15,47-53 (1971). 3. George Adams (?),ca. 1773. English globe, dating according to the 14. See note 3. geography from the beginning of the 15. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, Inscription on terrestrial globe, "A twentieth century. Ge D 5006 and Ge F 5238. 12 16. B.N. Paris, Ge D 12563; see Fig. 1 by courtesy of a Dutch private --q Rodney W. Shirley, The collector; Figs. 2 and 3, of the Mapping of the World (London, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; Fig. ll, - 1983), entry 382. the Universiteitsmuseum, Utrecht; 17. B.N. Paris, Ge F 5239. Figs. 4-10 and 12-21, of an English 18. Service Historique de la Marine, collector. All the photographs except Vincennes, Vol. Mappemondes those in Figs. 2, 3 and 11 were taken by 1, f. 39. Ren6 van der Krogt. ,V 19. Van der Krogt, Old Globes, pp. 203-204. 20. Kunstgewerbemuseum, Berlin; see Ausstellungskataiog Winkel- 4 + ,+ D messinstrumente (Berlin, 1979), +0 vol. 2, pp. 78-80. I wish to express my thanks to Tot E. Ressaak of Bergen (Norway), who informed me about this globe. 21. T. Hausmann, "Ein Taschen- giobus Konig Friedrichs I. in .J Preussen", Berliner Museen, Fig. 1. Anonymous terrestrial globe l-ig. 2. N.F. XXII, H. 2 (1972), p. 53ff. of Dutch origin, early 17th Sheet with gores and rings by 22. See note 19. century. P. Charpentier. 23. Berlin (see notes 20 and 21) and Kassel; see Wemer Kummer, ~ - ~,~ , ~ ~,~)

einer Sammlung in lngelheim in + Rheinhessen, 2. Tell", ~er ~, ~ :,d~ ~ > :~, Globusfreund 31132, 15-68, (~: • +~, ; "'x. ' . (1983), no . 58/56. '.: .... 24. Most of the English globes ,-,)-),. ,,. .. ~...... , l'~'t,, ~ described here are in a private _l~p :. ., • .+ .)~

25. Sarah Tyacke, London Map Fig. 3. Globe-gores engraved ~r Sellers, 1660-1720 (Tring, 1978). Joan Aquifius under 26. 1,VanderKr°gt'OldGl°bes'Senp. 215. f~~- ~ .,~/-~ supervision of Gilles de la Ramee (1651). 27. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, G 197. 28. Stevenson, vol. II, Fig. 127b and p. 267. 29. Van der Krogt, Old Globes, pp. +¢, I \- 96-97. 30. Van der Krogt, Advertenties, no. 259. 31. ldem, nos. 383 and 385. 32. Van der Krogt, Old Globes, pp. ~IV. . 106-107. 33. ldem, pp. 220-254. 34. Johannes van Abkoude, Register of Verzaameling van Neder- duytsche boeken (Leiden, 1743), Fig. 4. C. Pn'ce. p. 435. 35. Van der Krogt, Advertenties, no. 875. 36. Idem, nos. 561,295 and 397. 37. See note 4. 38. Private collection; see note 22. 39. AIois Fauser, Aitere Erd- und Himmelsgioben in Bayern ~t i ]" .~- (Stuttgart, 1964), nos. 140-141, p. 98. 40. Van der Krogt, Old Globes, p. 214. 41. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, G 29. 42. ldem, G 9.

' ' ; 9 C. Price & ]. Senex.

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Fig. 6. J. Senex. Fig. 7. New Holland on Senex" globe. • ~' ~ff~.: Fig. 8. New Holland on Adams' , ~,;~ ~" ~:.~. t~o -" ., ~" globe. "-> ~a, vu.;y~ *~ ' : • ,: . . II.,, ~ qllt~,~.~4~,, ',, Fig. 9. G. Adams. ,.,'t... ~• .~.,.~ ~,,.....;;., ,x x, ,.'l k ~ rip - ] Fig. lO. Cushee, changed edition. '~ ', Fig. II. Valk's pocket globe. Fig. 12 Homann's pocket globe with armilla~ sphere. ~ • ..]II14¢ ~,I¢ . . "'V~" " " dlb~.~:~_..~,,.~.;,, ., :,.~ : .,,: Fig. 13. J. Ferguson. Fig. 14. Ferguson's globe, altered by .~,~. 1~' !~" Dudley Adams. ~'Z".,' Fig. 15. N Hill. Fig. 18. Fig. 16. Hill's globe, edited by Newton. +" , Fig. 17. Hill's globe as pocket globe

'1 and on stand. t Fig. 18. N Lane• ¢, .+'~;.;..,LI • C.,i '+ ' /" . Fig. 19 Terrestrial pocket globe by ]. • .,,""At" ~ i,a~- ~.,.- +i :•A+ t • .,~,,, . ~ .,+. & W (+-am'. ,.~• .'~" '( I|,I I'" I'l 11 ~ + +!|.! Fig. 20 Celestial ptRket globe b)" ] & ,mll~ 7"~',2ti : ~"+ ,'X tr" p,~., g,~-.-_ /~l ~,!lt" "~. t W. Cars'. ~. ...,t- - [ i'ocitI ~ ~ '- Fig. 21. Cam"s celestial pocket globe, ,.~" Tl~ Jt,O,I): ~ • : ~,s,~X..... ~-" ~.... i .~.,-~,l.! I ".-." overall view.

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15 Report on Colloquium on the History of Geodesy

The Colloquium held in Brussels, 27 to Polar motion has been monitored since Mundi by Sacrobosco (1491), Apianus 2Q September 1985, was organized by 1972. Satellites in polar orbit have been by Astronomicum Caesareum (1540), the Federation lnternationale de observed, and the movement of the and De Revolutionibus by Copernicus Geometres History Group on the Earth with respect to the satellites and (1543), to name only the first three. (A general theme of the determination of the star catalogue has been recorded. complete list is given in a second box.) reference meridians. The determination of the orbit, the motion of the pole and fluctuations in The opening session of the colloquium the Earth's motion can be Summaries of Papers was held at the Uccle Royal distinguished from each other with a Observatory, where Jan de Graeve of world-wide tracking network, Papers were presented on 28th the Federation welcomed the delegates synchronized for time. From 1972, September at the headquarters of the in French, English, Flemish and Uccle has been linked with other German. He introduced Mr. Placquet Union des C-,'.*omi.'tres-Experts de stations synchronized to I0 micro- BruxelIes, Maison du Geometre, rue du of the Observatory, who gave a swift seconds. The choice of a reference time Norcl 76, I000 BruxelIes, in French, resume of its history; and Mr Dale, the is a mean from over a hundred clocks German or English. A printed version chief Librarian, who did the same for around the world. A new system is of the proceedings is due to be the associated Library. Loran-C, where the time is published by the beginning of disseminated from observations of 18 December 1986, so only very brief In 1823 Adolphe Quetelet first put marine navigation satellites to an notes are given here. forward the suggestion that Belgium accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and it i.c should have an astronomical expected to be installed at the end of R. Schonaerts (Chairman of the observatory, and a royal warrant was 1985. morning session) -- drew attention to signed in 1826. Quete]et was named methods and instruments from astronomer in 1828, he was confirmed The satellitetechnique for taking these antiquity up to the seventeenth as Director of the Observatory of measurements was developed century in an historical review which Brussels in 1830, and the Observatory between 1960 and 1964, and is had to be curtailed through lack of was built at the Schaerbeck Gate in expected to remain valid as a time. 1834. King Leopold I designated it the technique until 1992-95. The satellites H. Minow -- discussed theories of the Royal Observatory of Brussels in 1839, transmit at 400 megahertz radio shape of the Earth from the ancient and in 1890-91 the Observatory was frequency (as do the latest ones since Greeks, Romans, Arabs and Chinese. moved to Uccle, becoming the Royal ground stationsare set up to receive on J. Smith -- confined his talk to a Observatory of Belgium. that frequency). There is a Doppler discussion of the 1735-36 expedition to effect on the radio signal proportional Peru (now Ecuador) sponsored by the The work of the Observatory includes to the speed of the satellite,and the French Academie des Sciences to studies in the movement of the integral of the velocity gives the measure an arc for comparison with magnetic pole, measurements of the distance. Signals at 150 MHz are also one measured in Lapland. He showed geoid, observations of navigation used. Diffraction effects due to the not only illustrations of the satellites, seismology and the Earth's atmosphere are corrected by instruments, but also examples of the provision of a time service, in addition mathematical modelling, and the kind of terrain the expeditionaries had to astronomical observations. precision of measurement is to combat. dependent on this perturbation. At the H. Elkhadem -- spoke on the The delegates were divided into height of the ionosphere, the measurement of reference meridians groups according to language, with the perturbation is proportional to the by the Arabs, most commonly by English group ending up the smallest frequency, and can be calculated and simultaneous observation of lunar and therefore acquiring one or two therefore removed by using two eclipses by observers stationed a others who were keen to avoid a frequencies. At Uccle, the Doppler known distance apart. They crowd. The three groups were escorted station is fully automatic and introduced the concept of a meridian in turn to the Time station, the continuously working; thus instant subtended at the centre (of the known Museum and the Library; a request to repairs must be carried out if anything world) as can be seen from their maps. see the scientific instruments was breaks down. The new Nova satellites J. de Graeve -- discussed the turned down because they were set up are self-compensating and transmit instruments used by Gemma Frisius. to measure tremors from Mexico City stronger signals. H.C. Pouis -- avoided overlap with de after the major earthquake there the Graeve's paper by concentrating on previous week and the room could not The Observatory has maintained a be disturbed. surveys suggested or carried out by small room with historic instruments Frisius. Re-reading old work can on display, including three original correct popular misconceptions, and The time service was one of the first to objectives used by Christian Huygens be installed. Astronomical observa- he discussed Frisius' suggested survey and his brother in 1685, a stunning from Brussels to Mitteiberg, the work tions for time ended in 1967 when the vertical circle by Troughton and more accurate atomic clock was used to by Haasbroek on Snellius, and the case Simms dated 1834 and used in history of William Biaeu. define the second, but after that date measuring the latitude of Brussels, an observations were maintained to U. van Twembeke -- twenty centuries 18th-century torquetum and a small of confusion before the adoption of a monitor the Earth's rotation. These time-cannon, which would be set off universal reference meridian were continued to 1979. Meridian by the sun passing above the fuse hole. reviewed in an entertaining way using observations were stopped in 1960 (See the box for a representative list.) illustrations of world maps and because interest was low, but were triangulation methods. revived recently with the Hipparcos In the Library, some of the most R. Deiaiffe -- spoke on 19th-century programme and the development of important books in the history of measurements of meridians in new instruments such as automated geodesy had been laid out for the meridian circ]es. Belgium carried out by the delegates to see, including Sphaerae Observatory. 16 R.P. Frederick -- described instruments from the collection of Prof. Instruments J.H. van Swinden, in particular their use in measuring a line from Troughton and Simms circle for measuring the latitude of Brussels, 1834 Dunkerque to Barcelona, some Torquetum, 18th century terminal marks of which still exist. Standard yard and English pounds P. Piquet w discussed the evolution of Theodolite by Gambey, 1854 the determination and the Level by Sacra, Brussels, 18th century conservation of time from Harrison's Heliostat, Silbermann chronometers to satellite Comet-searcher telescope by Cauchoix, 19th century measurements. 3 original Huygens objectives, 1685 A. Koeckelenbergh -- compared the Troughton and Simms meridian, 1836 1834 Troughton and Simms circle with Gregorian telescope its specification, and listed the Telescope by Rienks, 1825 variations. Vertical circle by Ertel, Munich, 1855 ]. Mosselmans -- discussed Telescope by Short, 1715 (10/1145 .= 36) orientation, from the Great Pyramid of Theodolite by Ertel, 1856 Cheops, the work of the agrimensores, Astrolabe by Damery, Belgium, 1614 the layout of mines, and Napoleonic Dials and sectors street maps, to the Cassini projection. Astrolabe, 1552 Fr. Pfeiffer -- introduced the Marine quadrant Dortmund Museum, with its Sextant by Harliman important collection of Austrian Triple horizontal pendulum, 1897 (with trace of 1906 California earthquake) surveying instruments.

Jane lnsley Science Museum, London

Books

Sacro Bosco De Sphaerae Mundi, 1491 Apianus Astronomicum Caesareum, 1540 Copernicus De Revolutionibus..., 1543 Gemma Frisius De Principiis Astronomiae, 1553 Regiomontanus Scripta Clarissimi Mathematici, 1544 Tycho Brahe Astronomiae instauratae Mechanica, 1602 Andreas Cellarius Harmonia Macrocosmica, 1661 Ferdinand Verbiest Astronomia Europaea, 1668 Christiaan Huygens Opera Varia, 1724 John Flarnsteed Atlas Coelestis, 1753 Cassini de Thury La m,~ridienne de l'Observatoire Royal de Paris, 1744 La Condamine Mesure des 3 premiers degr~ du m.~ridien de l'hemisphere austral, 1751 Juan & Ulloa Voyage historique de l'Am.~rique meridionale par ordre du roi d'Espagne, 1752 Description des operations faites en Angleterre pour determiner les positions respectives des observatoires de Greenwich et de Paris, 1791 Cassini, M6chain & Legendre Expo~ des operations faites en France en 1787 pour la jonction des observatoires de Paris et de Greenwich, 1789 Delambre Methodes analytiques pour la determination d'un arc de meridien, 1799 BesseI & Baeyer Gradmessung in Ost preussen und ihr Verbindung mit Preussischen und Russischen Dreiecksketten, 1838 Base geodesique mesur.~e en juillet 1850 aux environs de BruxeIles .... 1851 Heury Extension of the triangulation of the Ordnance Service into France and Belgium .... 1853 Triangulation du Royaume de Belgique ex~ute par MM les officiers de la geod/,sique du dep6t de la guerre, 1867-1881

17 Market-place

This autumn we have seen several rolling parallel rule ca. 1771; an ivory There will be an obituary in the next important auction sales of scientific coin scale in the form of a miniature Bulletin of the magazine. Our sincere instruments: Christie's South steel yard, made and described in 1773 condolences 8o to Dominique, his Kensington 17 October and 12 by Benjamin Martin; an apparatus for wife, who is going to carry on the December, Sotheby's Bond Street 22 testing sextants, ca. 1870 by John business with the able help of Jimmy. I October, Christie's New York 31 Browning; Francis West's model of the am sure that the shop will remain my October, Phillips Bond Street 27 eye to explain the theory of vision, ca. favourite place to visit in Paris. November and H6tel Drouot 6 1841; and an example of the prismatic December. One wonders whether such compass invented in 1812 by Charles David Weston a concentration is a good thing, Augustus Schmalcalder bearing the particularly with three large sales in mark of the East India Company. Let's London two weeks in October. Perhaps this hope that Peter Delehar goes from plethora accounts for an apparent strength to strength - in more ways polarization of interest: very high than one. prices for rare items and relative indifference towards items such as Harriet Wynter put on a good Letters to the Editor theodolites and microscopes. exhibition at Burlington House and Interestingly, there has been steadily seems to have cornered the market in growing demand for 19th-century orreries. She has a very fine brass Delehar Restored instruments, which have often been orrery by Berge at the moment and a underrated in recent years. wood-and-paper orrery by W. & S. Sir, Jones. Also in her stock is a pair of Isaac In Britain the museums have been Habrecht 8-inch terrestrial and i am taking this opportunity, through active buyers, Oxford acquiring a fine celestial globes in particularly fine the Bulletin, to thank everyone in the English 17th-century brass nocturnal condition. It is nice to see high-quality Society for all their kind thoughts and with an horary quadrant on the reverse globes lasting so well without any messages of goodwill during my recent for £10,000 and the Science Museum damage. illness. 1985 has been a tough year but obtaining an Augustine Ryther brass with so much help the burden was universal equinoctial dial, dated 1588, The Brighton dealer Trevor Phillip & considerably lightened. at Sotheby's for £17,600 - a modest Sons acquired an important and rare price for such an important English surveying instrument, a I wish members to know that i am back instrument. Examples of pocket "trigonometre" by Danfrie, for £35,000 in circulation and that 1 hope to meet sundials from the 16th century are at Christie's South Kensington. It has you all soon. extremely rare and compendia rarer gone to a private collection. Peter Delehar still. This type of compendium was London subsequently manufactured by Elias In October ! sold a fine set of George Allen. In the Netherlands the Adams boxwood geometric shapes in a Boerhaave Museum purchased a fine fitted mahogany cabinet. They are Italian Instrument Makers in 18th-century Dollond telescope from beautifully made and make learning America the London salerooms for £20,000. geometry much more interesting and simple than the boring way I was Sir, Round the dealers there have been taught. The most interesting item I some splendid instruments sold and have in stock at the moment is a 16th- The recent article on Negretti & acquired over the last few months. century gilt bronze celestial globe Zambra calls attention to the important After having spent nine months away mounted on Atlas; there is one very role played by Italian glassblowers in from the business through ill health, it similar in the Victoria and Albert the development of the philosophical is good to see Peter Delehar back in Museum. instrument business in England. action: in the space of only a few weeks Although few in number, Italian he has managed to acquire a number of If you have found a rare instrument glassblowers - some of whom had the unusual items for which he is recently, please send me details and a strong connections with their noted. They include Johnson's photograph if possible so it can be counterparts in England - were equally instrument for drawing volutes, ca. included in this feature. Important in the United States. 1862; a combined sextant and plotting protractor invented in 1811 by Sir To close the column, I must pay my As early as 1785 Joseph Denegan, "Late Howard Douglas; an example of Sang's respects to Alain Brieux who died in of Italy", was in Philadelphia "carrying platometer of about 1856 (see Bulletin October and will be very sadly missed. on the business of Thermometer and Nos. 5 and 6); a domestic maximum Over 17 years ago as a relatively new Barometer making, in all its various and minimum thermometer invented dealer, I remember going into his branches'. In the 1790s Joseph Gatty, and made about 1818 by William fascinating shop in the Rue Jacob in an "Artist from Italy', was in New Hawks Grice that was reset by a cord Paris. He treated me very kindly, York and Philadelphia, making and passing over a pulley attached to the bought some instruments from me and selling "every simple and compound cetling; Jopling's double cranks, an then gave me the names and addresses form of barometer and thermometer as unusual drawing instrument of the of the other Parisian scientific well as curious hydrometers for early nineteenth century which its instrument dealers and a personal assaying spirits". inventor thought would supplant all introduction to them. Over the years previous systems of architectural his interest, enthusiasm and The most important of the Italian drawing (but as it could only draw knowledge of instruments have been a artisans in America was Giuseppe circles it was not to find much favour!); source of inspiration. He was always Tagliabue (1812-1878), who estab- a fine bridge-frame sextant by fascinated by rare instruments and fished his business in New York in Ramsden; an example of the first would research them exhaustively. 1834. Giuseppe was a son of Caesar 18 Tagliabue, founder of an important in telescopes, microscopes and but it is certainly worth our business in London, and grandson of photography garnished with first- consideration. Caesar Tagliabue of Como, one of the hand anecdotes of the late Victorian Jack Gould first to make thermometers in instrument makers. Although ever Great Coxwell, Oxon. quantity. Giuseppe was brought up in patient, they could deliver me a rocket England, and there served an if I in any way abused an instrument- Society Standards apprenticeship with his brother valuable life-long training. Giovanni, also a noted scientific Sir, instrument maker. In America, Many years later I still buy old Giuseppe Tagliabue prospered. He instruments, now often to save them The Scientific Instrument Society has won numerous awards at the fairs from a later generation of vandals: now been established for some four sponsored by the American Institute, namely some members of the antique years. Our membership is growing at a obtained several patents, and trade and its sub-species the blue- respectable rate and is now advertised as the "sole manufacturer of rinse brigade of both genders. In terms approaching 400. the hydrometer adopted by the US of vandalism these characters are on a Government as standard for the par with those supporters of eminent It is a far cry from those early days of inspection of spirits". After football league clubs who give the discussion, debate and argument Tagliabue's death his widow, known game such a bad name. Such persons before the Society was formally as "a very capable business woman", wilfully submit fine instruments to the established. We have, I believe, carried on the business, increasing its unknowing and uncaring attention of succeeded in creating the right worth to $100,000. themselves and their assistants armed atmosphere for a society to flourish, with buffing wheels, Brasso and steel and, in order that the Society should In 1850 Gaetano Negretti was in New wool. Living as i do near some of the continue to prosper, we need larger York where, according to the Census of prettier parts of England that have numbers of our membership, Industry, he and his three male hands sadly developed into traps to relieve including those from outside the UK, produced 204 barometers worth $4000. tourists of surplus money, 1 am ever to participate in our meetings. Two years later he was gone. It would appalled by what I see in shamtique be interesting to know if and how he shops: Many display interesting old The last few meetings have attracted was connected with Negretti & scientific instruments buffed and on average 45 members, which really is Zambra. Two other Italian brassed to scientific extinction, very commendable considering that glassblowers began business in New adorned with price tags like late the UK membership is less than 200. York around 1850 -John Tagliabue (no evening train times. Nevertheless, I feel that in order to obvious relation to Giuseppe) and attract a larger number of participants, John Ronketti (who may very well have One such shop displayed an early R. & the standard of meetings must be been related to the Joshua Ronchetti of J. Beck microscope, an interesting one improved. Manchester, who invented and made complete with a fine comprehensive numerous glass-tubed instruments). box of accessories. This unfortunate The logistics of putting together a Jarvis Arnaboidi had set up shop in instrument had been buffed so meeting are complicated: finding a New York by 1859, and Leonide enthusiastically by some vandal as to venue, a good restaurant or club where Calombo by 1867. None of these men remove even the optical black from we can have our lunch or dinner, the achieved great prominence or success, deep down inside the objectives and correct facilities for speakers, sending but all were part of the pool of skilled substage accessories. With it were out pre-meeting information and craftsmen who contributed to similarly treated old telescopes and tickets, etc. Considerable time and American's technological develop- some Wodd War II optical instruments effort are invested in order to eliminate ment. all rounded off on the buffing wheel. hitches. The biggest problem that we Deborah Jean Warner This is not exceptional; so many shops encounter is to make sure that we have Smithsonian Institution throughout the country adopt these a ready supply of papers prepared with techniques, making good instruments accuracy by speakers who not only unusable and virtually unrestorable. have a first-class working knowledge Instrumental Vandalism Even firms which should know better of their subject but also have some are not exempt: I once saw a reputable experience of speaking in public. One Sir, telescope company crackle-black- cannot always expect that our speakers painting the tube and reworking the will have the diction and presence of Long ago 1 started spending my object glass of a large Tulley refracting an after-dinner speaker. However, we schoolboy pocket money on old telescope! must remember that many members scientific instruments, often to save travel long distances to attend the them from falling into the hands of One of the most useful things we as a meetings. Indeed, on the last few children, experimenters, or meddlers Society could do is to try to educate the occasions we have had American, who would destroy them. In those far- trade, its hangers-on and potential Dutch, French, as well as British, off days following Wodd War !I, customers in the care and preservation members attending. It is therefore Culpeper microscopes, 4-inch of old instruments. In this way we obvious that not only the content of the Gregorian telescopes, sextants and the could no doubt save many interesting paper but also the presentation must like fetched but shillings in country and valuable old instruments from be of the highest standard. sales or junk shops. Hence they were damage by ignorance or just plain often bought as children's toys or contempt. How to go about this is It must be remembered that the Society simply as reservoirs of lenses and another matter; but if those black will only flourish if there is regular otherwise expensive brass tubes. sheep in the trade could be encouraged contact by as many members as Luckily then I had some good mentors, to show some responsibility, so too possible at meetings and of course knowledgeable elderly gentlemen well might their even less informed through the pages of the Bulletin, acquainted with optics who guided me followers. This will not be an easy task especially for those who live too far 19 away to attend regular meetings. The of Europe in the 16th and 17th diameter, comprising some 1000 gores. quality of the meetings is of the centuries. Gemma Frisius, professor of Only one globe was constructed as far essence and I am of the opinion that mathematics at the University of as we know, that made by Vander the Society is now moving from its Louvain, with his terrestrial globe of Maelen himself in Brussels, but copies early hesitant beginnings to an 1536 and celestial globe of 1537, started of the atlas preserved in the organization whose strong the practice of publishing pairs of Netherlands enable this unusual work membership is entitled to our best matching globes for use as instruments to feature in the catalogue. endeavours. for navigation and geographical Yrevor Waterman teaching. His pupil and collaborator In sum, van der Krogt's book provides Brighton Gerard Mercator made the most a fine example of the type of inventory celebrated pair of globes of the 16th proposed by Skelton. Not least, Willie Virtues of Advertisement century (terrestrialin 1541, celestialin ten Haken should be complimented on 1551).Jacob Florisvan Langren was the her excellent translati.on of the work Sir, first to start globe production in into English. Amsterdam, settlingthere in the 1580s. Helen Wallis 1 thought you would like to know that This was then to become the globe- Map Room my advertisements in your Bulletin making capital of Europe. Jodocus British Library, London have proved to be very successful. Hondius the Elder, on his return ca. 1595 from England, where he had They have brought me in touch with engraved for publication in 1592 the De l.eidse Sterrewacht: vier eeuwen several collectorsI had not met and also Molyneux globes (the first English wacht bij dag en nacht ("Leiden produced enquiries from museums globesl, set up in Amsterdam in Observatory: Four centuries" watch with which I had not previously dealt. competition to the van Langrens. In during day and night") by G. van the 17th century Willem Jansz and his Herk, H. Kleibrink & W. Bijleveld, For the modest cost involved they have son Joan Blaeu became the foremost Waanders: Zwolle, The Netherlands, been very effective. globe-makers of Europe. Their pairs of 160pp., Dfl.32.75. David Weston large globes 68 cm in diameter, issued London from 1617 to 1645-8, were the most On the occasion of its 350th birthday, famous of their day. Leiden Observatory issued a readable and nicely illustrated book with the Van der Krogt provides an account of curious subtitle "four centuries' watch these events as part of a short general during day and night". To reach this history of globe-making from classical remarkable result, the authors, three Book Reviews times. He thus sets Dutch former staff members of the institute, achievements in context and has the had to claim Snellius and Huygens as opportunity to describe globes which the first Leiden astronomers, a Old Globes in the Netherlands, a catalogue of terrestrial and celestial were of crucial importance to Dutch fabrication we are willing to forgive. globes made prior to 18.50 and globe-making but do not survive in the preserved m Dutch collections, by Netherlands, notably those of Gemma The authors have succeeded in Frisius. The catalogue is alphabetical Peter van der Krogt, tiES Uitgevers: bringing together an impressive Utrecht, 1984, 290 pp., Dr?. 75. under the names of publishers, and the collection of relevant old pictures of globes are listed according to size from scientists, instruments and locations, smallest to largest. The descriptions alternated with tales of the history of R.A. Skelton published in 1951 are full and are complemented by "Proposals for an Historical Catalogue Leiden Observatory. In the first half of bibliographies. The book is excellently the book the more interesting history of Early Globes", Archives illustrated by black-and-white and starts after Napoleon's fall, when the Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences colour photographs. first astronomer of consequence was 4, 731-34. Since that time inventories appointed, F. Kaiser, born of German have been prepared in Italy for the The catalogue includes a considerable parents. This autodidact, later assisted globes of Blaeu (1957) and Coronelli number of English globes which have (1960), and a catalogue of globes in by J.A.C. Oudemans (who would come found their way to the Netherlands. to maturity as director of Utrecht Bavaria was published by A. Fauser in This reflects the fact that in the 18th Observatory) created the big 1964, and of globes in the United States century England became one of the of America by Ena L. Yonge in 1968. observatory by the "Singel", the leading countries for globe border of 19th-century Leiden. He For other countries the chief authority production, whereas the only is still the pioneer work of E.L. even managed to stimulate the Dutch publisher of globes in the Netherlands community into providing private Stevenson, Terrestrial and Celestial was now the firm of Gerard Valk and Globes (1921), supplemented by the funds for instrumentation. Kaiser, his son Leonard, whose business later who later became Rector Magnificus, lists and articles in Der Globusfreund, came into the hands of Cornelis the journal of the Coronelli- also had responsibilities toward the Covens (1764-1825). Ingeniously, van Naval Department, notably for Geselischaft fur Globen- und Instru- der Krogt includes Philippe Vander mentenkunde (formerly the Coronelli- triangulation work, not only in Maelen (1795-1869) of Brussels, who Holland, but also in its colonies- a fact Weltbund der Globusfreunde), offered subscribers to his Atlas founded in 1952. that this book fails to mention. Universel, published at Brussels Therefore he had to send some of his between 1825 and 1827, the option of assistants like de Lange and The book on globes in the Netherlands receiving the atlas as sheets to be which Peter van der Krogt now adds to Oudemans for many years to the Dutch constructed into a globe. As the sheets Indies. Such socially relevant duties the complement of full inventories is were on one scale (I:I,600,000~ and on therefore much to be welcomed. The were quite common for astronomers in one projection, it was possible to the previous century. Dutch were the leading globe-makers mount them on a globe about 7.75 m in 20 It took till 1924 before really new some of the good ones like Blaauw, list of all former staff members would progress in Leiden became visible, who became "lector" in 1948. have improved the historical value of again due to an astronomer who the book. Obviously missing is any managed to combine important Modern times arrive with reference to Anton Pannekoek, a research, notably in the field of participation of Leiden astronomers in Leiden astronomer whose cosmology, with organizational the creation of the European Southern professorship was refused because of talents: W. de Sitter, a student of the Observatory, in the radio his Communist sympathies. This Groningen astronomer Kapteyn. One observatories at Dwingeloo and prompted Amsterdam to allow him to of de Sitter's achievements was the Westerbork, and more recently in the create the University of Amsterdam foundation of the Leiden subsidiary in UKIRT (UK Infrared Telescope) and La Astronomical Institute, which at its Johannesburg, thus creating access to Palma observatories. Radio astronomy 60th birthday in 1983 renamed itself the southern hemisphere. This station in Holland received its first boost, of into the Anton Pannekoek has been transferred to [,,1 Silla, Chile course, when the Utrecht student H.C. Astronomical Institute. in recent years. He also hosted, in 1928, van de Hulst proved in 1942 that a General Assembly of the neutral hydrogen should emit All in all, this is a readable book for International Astronomical Union in radiation at 21 cm. This contemporary anyone interested in the development Leiden, which really put Leiden on the work, with Oort as director, gets most of astronomy in Leiden. map. After de Sitter died in 1934, the of the attention in this book. Danish astronomer Hertzsprung, married to a daughter of Kapteyn, was Unfortunately the book, written not by Karel van der Hucht hired to run the observatory, with J.H. historians but by former Leiden Space Research Laboratory, Utrecht Oort (also educated in Groningen) as employees, gives the impression that his deputy. Since then, Leiden started Leiden Observatory did not have to export astronomers of its own, like much contact with the other Dutch van den Bos, Kuiper, Schmidt and astronomical institutes. Moreover, an Woltjer, but also managed to retain index of names and a more elaborate

Instrumental Hilda's College, Oxford, 14 to 16 July Converters", lecture by L. Hagl6f 1986. Details from Dr. G. L'E. Turner, under the auspices of Professional Events The Old Barn, Mill Street, lslip, Oxon. Group Committee $7 (History of OX5 2SY. Technology). lEE, Savoy Place, London Acad~mie Sciences, WC2R 0BL at 17:30 on 6 January 1986. Paris Burghley House, Lincolnshire Istanbul Technical University "La Figure de la Terre du XVIlle siecle/, "The Gentleman Collector', an exhibi- I'ere spatiale", conference from 29 to 31 tion of scientific instruments and other International congress on the history January 1986. Details from Mine. inventions collected by Henry Cecil, Christine Taftazani, Academie des of Turkish-Islamic science and 10th Earl and 1st Marquess of Exeter. technology at lstanbul Technical Sciences, 23 quai Conti, 75006 Paris, On view in the Goody Rudkin Room, France. University, 28 April to 2 May 1986. The Burghley House, Stamford, Lincoln- congress will have two main themes: shire from 28 March to 5 October 1986, science and technology in the 16th- Boerhaave Museum, Leiden 11:00 to 17:00 daily except Good Friday century Ottoman Empire and other (14:00 to 17:00). Admission to house countries of the Islamic world, and the "Balans van een eeuw", exhibition on and exhibition £2-90 for adults, £1-60 architect Sinan and his impact. Further Dutch instrument making in the 19th for children under 14. Further informa- details from Prof. Dr. Fulin B61en, century, until 3 February 1986. {See tion from Sue Bond, 46 Greswell Street, Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Arastirma review in Bulletin No. 6 - Editor). London SW6 6PP. Merkezi, ITO Taskisla Oda No. 219, Istanbul, Turkey. British Society for the Deutsche Geselischafl History of Mathematics ftir Meeresforschung, lstituto • Museo di Storia Hamburg della Scienza, Florence Annual general meeting at King's College, London on 18 December 1985, Fourth International Congress on the Sixth International Symposium on including a paper by M. Campbell- History of Oceanography at Hamburg, Scientific Instruments to be held in Kelly on "The ENIAC Computer". 23 to 29 September 1987. Offers of Florence under the auspices of the Details from Dr. D.J. Wright, papers to ICHO IV, Deutsche Scientific Instrument Commission of Department of Pure Mathematics, Gesellschafl fiir Meeresforschung, the International Union of the History University College of North Wales, Bundesstrasse 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, and Philosophy of Science, 29 Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW. FRG. September to 4 October 1986. Details from Paolo Brenni, lstituto e Muse(> di British Society for the Institution of Electrical Storia della Scienza, Piazza dei Giudici History of Science Engineers I, 50122 Florence, Italy. Reservations must be made and papers offered for the Symposium as soon as possible. "Patronage in science", meeting at St. "The History of Power System

21 Current exhibition on spectacles, Weilcome Institute for the "Occhiali da Vedere", organized lointly with Carl Zeiss Foundation, History of Medicine, Classified Jena, until 11 January 1986. Entrance London 5000 life, catalogue 25000 lire. Advertisements Research seminar on medicine, science National Maritime and technology in Islamic civilization: NAPIER'S BONES WANTED Museum, Greenwich the formative period. Seminar Room, BOXWOOD OR IVORY Wellcome Institute, 183 Euston Road, i have customers urgently Ira)king for London, fortnightly from 14 January to sets of Napier's bones and other early "Spaceworks - the How, Why and 11 March and 22 April to 17 June 1986, calculating devices Please contact Where of Artificial Satellites", an at 16:15. Organized by Dr. G.A. Russell David Weston, 44 Duke Street, London exhibition to celebrate the return of in collaboration with the Department SWI. Telephone: 01.839 1051 Halley's comet. There is an illustrated, of History and Philosophy of Science, tull-colour book to accompany the University College, London. GONIOMETERS WANTED -- ALSO exhibition. Open 14 November 1985 to SPECTROSCOPES -- INDIVIDUAL 31 December lq86, daily 10:00 to 18:00, ITEMS OR COLLECTIONS. David but Sundays 14:30 to 18:00. Admission Yale University Art Gallery, Weston, 44 Duke Street. London SWI. to Museum £1-50. New Haven Telephone: 01-839 1051.

Nederlands Scheepvaart "Celestial Images", an exhibition of as- COLLECTOR of antique typewriters, Museum, Amsterdam tronomical charts now transferred to calculators and dental equipment is Yale from the Smithsonian. On view looking for books, catalogues, The Sixth International Coronelli until 2 January 1986 at 1111 Chapel loumals, instructions, patent Symposium will be held in Street, New Haven, Connecticut. Open applications, bills and letters about Amsterdam, 11 to 14 September 1986, 10:00 to 17:00 Tuesday to Saturday, these instruments. Please make an organized iointly by the Nederlands 14:00 to 17:00 Sunday. offer to Dr. Dieter Zibrowius, Scheepvaart Museum and the D-5170 Juelich, Koelnstrasse 18, Internationale Coronelli-Gesellschaft Please Note: West Germany. ftir Globen- und Instrumentenkunde, Vienna. Information from W.F.J. Advice of meetings does not constitute Morzer Bruyns at the above address. an open invitation to attend! Check with the group in question whether Royal Astronomical participation by outsiders is Society, London permissible.

Specialist discussion meeting on the Please send intelligence of suitable development of astronomy since exhibitions, conferences etc. for World War It, at Scientific Societies inclusion in this column to Alan Lecture Theatre on 10 January 1986. Stimson, National Maritime Museum, Details from RAS, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London WlV 0NL. Royal Institution, London

"Laboratories: The Place of Experiment", conference organized by the Centre for the History of Science and Technology, 17 to 19 September 1986. Details from Dr. Frank James, Royal Institution,21 Albemarle Street, London WIX 4BS. Trinity College, Dublin

"'Science and Engineering in Ireland: Tradition and Reform, 1800-1930", meeting at Trinity College on 20 and 21 March 1986 including invited papers and the premiere of "Lord Rosse and the Telescope". Details from Dr. J.R. Nudds, Department of Geology, Trin- ity College, Dublin.

22 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS Wednesday 26 February at 12 noon

We can accept items for inclusion in this sale until the middle of January.

Enquiries: Hugo Marsh, ext 332.

A trot lath ¢entur~ bras~ t',,npound B:no~ ula, Pet,ol,,x,al {t4~, r0,,,,pe h~, Andrew R,,,. m - Blenhelrn St New Bond St. London WI~' OAS Tel 01-O29oOO2 mah,,.fany cage wJth a..o.attd a.e~.,,r:e. LON[X~N PARIS NEW YORK GENEVA BRUSSELS 5tvrnteen ,altrooms throu.¢hout the I.lmte,t t(mo~dom ,~,lember.. at the Sotletp at Free Art Auchoaeer.

_ ..ap...... ~, ~.,..war: ~e_ ~.4~ ' " .. - • "& d', file"-' ..... " f

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HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BOOKS, INSTRUMENTS & PUBLICATIONS

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Money back guarantee if not as described Free catalogues since 1972 Finder Service Constantly changing stock of early scientific and medical items Ms. Wynter travels anywhere for buying, selling and appraisals

23

g. i

/ • " , ?

David ston Ltd 44 I)I:Kt: S]RI Ir. st. JA%tt-S'S. i.()NI)()N SWIY hi)i). TI-I 01-83 t) 105112'3

EARLY SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS BOUGHT, SOLD AND EXCHANGED -- SPECIALIST IN NAVIGATION AND ALL PRE-!800 INSTRUMENTS -- PLEASE PHONE FOR AN APPOINTMENT.

SOTr E VS SOTHEBY'S l()l NI)I I)1711 I-( )l NI)f,I) 1711 Instruments of Science The Arthur Frank Collection and Technolog 3, of Scientific Instruments LONDON LONDON TI'I. Sl)AY 2"~TH FI:BRUAIIY 1986 TI'I':sDAy 25TH MARCH 1986

A large, and n,tr,. \ rate john Marshall I|~"llrll ll~ SII('I'~,ilI~

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24 t * PETER DELEHAR ,

...... I 1 Buys and Sells the Rarities of Scientific Instruments to Museums, Collectors and Dealers Worldwide at 146, Portobelio Road, London Wll 2DZ each and every Saturday 10:00 - 16:(~ hours, Telephone 01-727 9860 or 01-866 8659 at other times.

Peter Delehar also accepts commission to seek specific objects for the collector, if you wish to take advantage of this service please write or telephone and your requirements will be added to our list and you will be added to our list and you will he contacted immediately when the object is located.

L'INDUSTRIE FRAN(~AISE DES CATALOGUE DE L'EXPOSITION INSTRUMENTS DE PRECISION COLLECTIVE ALLEMANDE D'INSTRUMENTS D'OPTIQUE ET 1901 - 1902 DE MECANIQUE DE PRECISION Preface de Jacques PAYEN Preface de Jacques PAYEN Paris, Alain Brieux, 1980 In-8°, XXXIV, 272 pp., cart. Paris, Alain Brieux, 1984 Prix: 200 F Prix: 200 F Catalogue publie par le Syndicat des constructeurs en instruments d'optique et de precision. Table des specialit,~s: Catalogue d e l'Expos:tion universelle de 1900 (Groupe 3 - Astronomie- Topographic - Instruments de mathematiques - Classe 15), imprime/, Berlin par [a Reichdruckerei. Table des O~tique - Acoustique - Metrologie -Calorimetrie - mati/~res: Metrologie - Astronomic - Geodesic et science Meteorologic - Electricit& - Medecine - Laboratoires ~ autique - M~,~orologie et magnetisme terrestre - Optique - scientifiques - Appareils pour l'enseignement de la physique. nstruments de mesures electnques - Appareils electromedicaux - Appareils pour recherches chirniques - Preface de Jacques Payen, Maitre-Assistant au Conservatoire Instruments pour le dessin et le calcul - Appareils pour usage ational des Arts-et-Metiers. L'ouvrage contient deux listes speclaux. des constructeurs: I'une par ordre alphabetique des noms l'autre par sp~.cialites, ainsi qu'une notice historique sur chaque L'ouvrage contient deux listes des exposamts: l'une par constructeur et de nombreux bois graves. speci.ali!eset. l'autre par ordre alphabetique. Nombreux bois graves aans le texte.

25 Renovation and Repair to Scientific a?d Meteorological Instruments; Spares and Recording Charts Available

EarlySc~entdi( Instruments Specialist in Negretti & Zambra and Short & Mason instruments Contact: TESSEg~C'T catalogue P,,,, I~1 $4 or £3 Mr. W.J. Read 16 Hilltop Avenue | l.l,n ng,-on-tl ud,.on Page Hill Buckingham MK18 1TZ Nt',,I ~'ork 10706 0280 81 43 75. I~14147~-2 ~q4

Tom Mackay Scientific and Marine Instruments

30 Artesian Road (shop weekdays) (off Leadbury Road) Dolland pocket telescope with London W.2. variable power eyepiece. 01-727 0097

117 Portobello Road TURRET HOUSE (Saturdays, 8:00 to 14:00) London W. 11. INSTRLMENTS 01-727 0381 BOOKS D.H. Morgan BSc Phd 27 Mll)I)LETON ST.. WYMONDHAM TEL: 0953 603462

26 Trevor Philip & Sons Ltd. 2 PRINCE ALBERT STREET, BRIGHTON, SUSSEX, BN1 1NE, UNITED KINGDOM Telephone: (0273) 202119

Our summer/autumn fully illustrated catalogue of Medical, Marine, Scientific and Philosophical Instruments is available. Price U.K. and Europe £6 Rest of World U.S. $10

Pike's Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of Optical Mathamatical and Philosophical Instruments (1856)

A Facsimile Edition with New Introduction by Deborah Jean Warner, Curator, History of Physical Sciences, Smithsonian Institution. With a new index, printed on high quality acid-free paper, clothbound two volumes in one (7.5 X 5 inches). Over 750 fine wood-engravings and about 730 pages of text. The rarest and most important scientific instrument catalogue published II in 19th century America. A joint publication of The Antiquarian Scientist and Jeremy Norman & J co.,Inc. Orders should be sent to The Antiquarian Scientist. Eighty Five dollars (additional for airmail). THE ANTIQUARIAN SCIENTIST P.O BOX 367 DRACUT, MA 01826 USA (617) 957-5267

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27 OPENING 20th December 1985 PRINCIPIA Arts and Science

i

i Michael Forrer

London Road Marlborough Wiltshire UK 8 Miles from M4 Exit 15 Te1.0672 52072 7 C~,~ ..... K,.,,,,.../~.,,,,/,,,.., ,'7 ,,. c~,_ J,~t .¥~'7J

\

28 Table of Contents

Editor's Page ...... Jon Darius 1 Forthcoming Meetings ...... 2 Subscription Renewal ...... 2 Society Tie ...... 2 Advertising Rates ...... 2 Back Issues • ooo •°. •H° • • •. •oo•..° °° •o o o ° °o • •o o.. • o. o° •.° °ooo ° °.°o° ° • • • ° • • oo • °. ° • ••o • o. ° • • ° ° • °° • • °. °°o ° •. • ° • • • °° ° °o •o o.. • • ..... °oo°°°.o°°°oooo°°o.o.°o°°..°o°o. 2 Meeting at Maritime Museum

Sonar Techno]o~/ ...... Willem Hackmann 3 Development of the Magnetic Compass ...... Alan Stimson 4 Navigation, Astronomy ...... Derek Howse 5 Conservation Programme ...... Gillian Lewis 5 Concave Hemispheres of the Starry Orb ...... Stephen Edell 6 Globes, Made Portable for the Pocket ...... Peter van der Krogt 8 Report on Colloquium on the History of Geodesy ...... Jane lnsley 16 Market-place ...... David Weston 18 Letters to the Editor • °° ° ° •°° "° ° "•° °" •°° "°°° •" "" •° ° •°° "° ° ° "°°• °" "" ° ° • "° "" °°""" ° "°" °° °°" ° ° °"" """ "° "• •'°"" • "" "°°"" "•" ° ° ° °" ° ° ° °" °° ° °" ° • ° ° °° • "" • "°o *° ,o • • • • • • 18 Book Reviews ...... Helen WaIIis, Karel van der Hucht 20 Instrumental Events °••°°°°•°°•°°°°•'••°'"°'°'"'°°°°•'°'°°"°°°'°'° °°'°°°"°"°° "°°'•°'°"°'°°•'"°•"'°" ..... •° ...... °°'"°°° ...... ° ..... ° ..... o,-.oo° 2~ Classified Advertising ...... 22 Advertisements "'°°'°°•'°°°•"°'°°••°°••'"°°°"°'°°°°'°'°°°°"°°'"°°°•°°°°•°'"°'°•° °°°°°'°•"°°°°•°°°" °°°°"°° ...... • ...... °'""°°'"•"°o." .... .o 23