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Research on Seoul Research on Seoul GARIBONG-DONG GARIBONG-DONG Research on Seoul Research on Seoul GARIBONG-DONG www.museum.seoul.kr 1 Special Thanks to: Text Choi Eunyoung English Translation KISI Editorial Supervision Shin Jung Ho English Editing Park Jane Research on Seoul The contents herewith are translated and summarized from the Korean versions of Garibong-dong that are published at Seoul Museum of History in 2013. GARIBONG-DONG Copyright © 2015 Seoul Museum of History All rights reserved. Financial support provided by the Seoul Institute First published in 2015 by Seoul Museum of History 55 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03177, Korea Phone +82 2 724 0274~6 www.museum.seoul.kr ISBN 979-11-86324-13-4 (03380) Printed in Korea 2 3 he Seoul Institute is a research institution established by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 1992, tasked Foreword Twith analyzing and diagnosing Seoul’s myriad urban issues, as well as presenting policy solutions. In addition to responding to Seoul’s current issues, the Seoul Institute also develops long-term policies preparing for the future, to build Seoul into a city where people are happy. Seoul has become a global metropolis over the past five decades, a period of continuous rapid growth. As Korea’s economy expanded, Seoul experienced urbanization at a tremendous speed. Seoul has since been seeking to resolve the numerous urban issues arising from both economic growth and urbanization, by implementing policies to build infrastructure, supply housing, and improve the environment. The 21st century is often called the “Century of the City.” There are cities preparing for growth, cities that are growing, as well as cities that are gaining competitiveness. Asia’s many cities, along with many other cities around the world, are interested the experience and results of Seoul’s fast-paced growth. The Seoul Museum of History and the Seoul Institute began the Seoul Research Internationalization Project to expand the knowledge base for research of Seoul’s past and present, and to make the results available for distribution both in Korea and abroad. These two booklets are the first results of the two institutions’ joint efforts. They present the process of urban change in Garibong-dong and Changsin-dong, areas with unique stories as cultural amalgamations of Seoul’s people, industry, and culture. Many people contributed to this joint effort. The publication of these booklets would not have been possible without the vision and leadership of Director Kang Hong-bin of the Seoul Museum of History. The support and advice of the members of the Publication Committee, who immediately recognized the significance of this project, have also been instrumental. Most of all, I wish to thank the authors for their time and contributions on this very difficult topic. I hope these booklets will contribute to building a stronger knowledge base for the research of Seoul, as useful materials for everyone, including the world’s city experts interested in Seoul’s experience and transformation process. November 2015 Kim Soo-hyun President Seoul Institute 4 5 ince its opening in 2002, the Seoul Museum of History has been devoted to the education, research, and exhibition Preface S of Seoul’s history and places. It has since become a leading institution for Korea’s urban history. As such, one of the Seoul Museum of History’s key research projects is the research of the life and cultures of Seoul and its people. This project involves the survey, research, and documentation of unique places and areas of Seoul that are under threat or disappearing. It covers the history and spatial form of such places, as well as the lives and stories of the people who occupy them. Given the diverse and unique character of Seoul’s neighborhoods, as well as the wide spectrum of academic perspectives on the city, an interdisciplinary team of researchers from urban anthropology, sociology, economic geography, architecture, and other fields was assembled to conduct this in-depth research. In order to expand the knowledge base for research on Seoul, as well as to promote international research, the Seoul Museum of History and the Seoul Institute have collaborated to publish English translations of the research outlined above as booklets for international readers. The first two results of this cooperative project are the booklets, Garibong-dong and Changsin-dong. Garibong-dong, best known as the location of Guro Industrial Complex, is also a symbolic place of Korea’s industrialization era. During that time, it served as a key manufacturing base for Korea’s export industries. Thus, it is a place that presents a condensed version of the dynamic history of Korea’s industrial economics, urban history, and labor history since the 1960s, as well as the changes that took place after the 1980s, including industrial restructuring and the influx of foreign workers. Changsin-dong is one of Seoul’s leading manufacturing areas, serving as the cornerstone of Dongdaemun’s fashion industry. More than three-thousand industry-related firms, such as sewing factories, are clustered in the neighborhood, which got its start during Seoul’s industrialization era in the 1960s and ‘70s. With the support of these unique industrial areas, such as Changsin-dong and Garibong-dong, Seoul has achieved great economic growth over the years and is today an economic powerhouse. I hope these two booklets, with their high academic value, will serve as useful material for international experts interested in Seoul’s changes and growth. November 2015 Kang Hong-bin Director Seoul Museum of History 6 7 Foreword 4 Preface 6 01. Garibong-dong, an Unremarkable Island Surrounded by High-Rise Buildings: Contents A Birth Place of Korea’s Industrialization and Democratization 14 02. The Engine of Korea’s Industrialization 18 1) Garibong-dong the Old Village and the Guro Redistributed Farmland Incident 19 2) Construction of an Industrial Complex 25 3) Garibong-dong after the Opening of the Industrial Complex 28 4) The Lives of the Workers of Guro Industrial Complex 39 03. “Beehive” Houses 56 1) The Emergence of Beehive Houses: Unfamiliar Urban Space, and Living Space That was Even More Unfamiliar 57 2) The Structure and Facilities in a Beehive House 59 3) Changes in Beehive Houses after the Mid-1990s 70 4) Where “People Who Carry Luggage” Find Their First Home: the Korean-Chinese Immigrants 72 04. Korean-Chinese Settlement and Formation of a Multi-Cultural District 78 1) Living in the Second Homeland, Korean-Chinese Community and its Social Network 79 2) Marginal Labor Provided by the Korean-Chinese and Namguro Station Labor Market 89 2) 2013 Documentation of Street Scenes near Garibong Market: Gurodong-gil, Uma-gil, and Digital-ro 94 05. Garibong-dong, Land of New Hope 102 Seoul, Capital of South Korea Namguro Station Gasan Digital Complex Station Garibong-dong Guro Digital Guro Digital Complex Station Dobong Complex 1 -gu (Zone 1) Eunpyeong Gangbuk Nowon-gu Gasan Digital -gu -gu Complex 3 (Zone 3) Gasan Digital Complex 2 Jongno Seongbuk-gu (Zone 2) -gu Jungnang-gu Dongdaemun Seodaemun -gu -gu Gangseo-gu Jung-gu Mapo-gu Seongdong Gwangjin Gangdong-gu -gu -gu Yongsan-gu Yangcheon-gu Yeongdeungpo -gu Songpa-gu Dongjak-gu Gangnam-gu Seocho-gu Gwanak-gu Guro-gu (Guro district) Geumcheon -gu Garibong-dong Doksan Station Map of Districts (gu) in Seoul Map of Garibong-dong (2013) 10 11 View of Garibong-dong (2013) 12 13 aribong-dong was the hinterland serving the Zone 1 of the Guro Industrial Complex, which played a key role in Korea’s G industrialization—later dubbed the “Miracle on the Han River.” It was also home to Zone 2 and 3 of the Guro Complex. The history of Garibong-dong after the mid-1960s is in fact the history of the Guro Industrial Complex. The meaning of Garibong-dong as it is today has been formed and defined by the Guro Complex. Garibong-dong has always been at the center of rapid changes since 1965, when the construction of the Guro Complex began—until recently when it was transformed into the Seoul Digital Industrial Complex. Garibong-dong is a symbolic place where you can vividly examine the industrialization and urbanization processes since the 1960s, the industrial restructuring since the late 1980s, the introduction of foreign View of Garibong-dong (2013) workers that began in the early 1990s, and the macro social and economic changes including globalization. In the 2000s, Garibong-dong became Seoul’s emblematic multi-cultural space with its heavy concentration of Korean-Chinese immigrants. Many people left the countryside for the cities in the 1960s to escape poverty. Many made Garibong-dong their first home. They came to Garibong-dong to work at factories, to start businesses, to let their children go to schools in Seoul, to take advantage of the great transportation infrastructure to commute to adjacent areas, or simply just by recommendations from people who were already here. Garibong-dong attracted people from all over the country, and it was not strange to hear, “who has not once lived in Garibong-dong?” Once a farmland with a very small population, Garibong-dong’s population exploded from 01 a huge influx of new workers, technicians, managers, and their families. As a result, Garibong-dong, once all farmland in the 1960s, soon became Seoul’s most populous dong (administrative unit) by 1975. This area that once bustled with people from all over the country has now been transformed into islands of high-rise buildings. Some people mistakenly comment that Garibong-dong, Garibong-dong has already disappeared, after parts of it merged together with Gasan-dong a few years ago. Garibong-dong an Unremarkable Island Surrounded by High-Rise Buildings: A Birth Place of Korea’s Industrialization and Democratization today is a place that everybody knows about, and yet also does not know about.
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