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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM I films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send TJMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these \rill be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infbnnation Company 300 North Zed> Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 LEADERSHIP AND NATIONALIST MOBILIZATION: INVESTIGATING THE LINKAGE BETWEEN STRATEGIES AND CONTEXT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Andrea K. Grove, M A. ***** The Ohio State University 1999 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Margaret G. Hermann, Adviser Professor Richard K. Herrmann Adviser Professor Donald A Sylvan Politic Graduate Program UMI Number: 9931605 Copyright 1999 by Grove, Andrea Kathleen All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9931605 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Andrea K. Grove 1999 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a comparative, longitudinal study of leadership mobilization of identity groups in Northern Ireland and Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. In the past decade, profound changes around the world have focused attention on issues of identity within states. How do societies achieve a sense of identity, what factors affect change in identity? As conflicts over identity become more visible in world politics and are treated increasingly as “international” issues, policy makers should understand if and how actors in the international environment can affect the debate over the definition of identity and “mission.” This study asserts that competition among leaders to define group boundaries and mission often emerges in times of uncertainty. In response to the “battle for the hearts and minds” o f potential followers, support often shifts back and forth between more inclusive and more exclusive leaders. Looking at leadership competition over time in Northern Ireland and Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, this study examines the fi'ames or strategies that are effective as leaders try to mobilize. Several strategies leaders may use are derived from literature on nationalism, international relations, and social psychology: Injustice, Enemy Image/Ally Image, Identity, Governance, and Storytelling. For each, a single factor is most important as the root cause of mobilization. Across seven cases, content analysis is used to compare systematically the strategies of competing leaders, in terms of individual strategy profiles and in terms of an exclusivity index. The success of a leader who uses more inclusive or more exclusive strategies is expected to be contingent on the context, which is analyzed in terms of political opportunities in the domestic and international arenas. Hypotheses are derived and evaluated concerning how repression, change in stability of elite alignment, international involvement/mediation, and regional integration affect the likelihood that a leader with more inclusive/exclusive strategies will win. This research makes substantial contributions. First, in a validation of the method, leaders in fact use the strategies derived from the literature. Further, both the use and success of the strategies are affected by the match between the more “objective” context and the leader’s interpretation of that context. This research also demonstrates that external actors can not only push a leader toward more inclusive strategies by broadening the leader’s constituency, but can also alter the context in a way that makes the leader’s domestic audience more or less “susceptible” to the inclusive strategies. Finally, this study shows how leaders manipulate aspects of the international and domestic contexts to mobilize domestic audiences. m ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As with any long project, there have been many phases of work on this dissertation; I would like to thank several people who helped me throughout most of them. To my committee chair, Margaret Hermann, I owe thanks for help all along the way. Her vision that my ideas were so important to the study of leadership kept me going whenever I was wilting. Also, she went to bat for me several times as I sought funding for my research; without her help the trips to Belfast, the Hoover Archives, and the Rhodes House Library would have been much more difficult. Finally, I want to thank Peg for her mentorship as a woman in political science and for just being a supportive ôiend. 1 want to also thank my committee members Richard Herrmann and Donald Sylvan. Professor Herrmann’s constructive criticism has held my feet to the fire more than once, but has always helped me improve my own thinking. His enthusiasm for research more generally has always been encouraging. Professor Sylvan deserves many thanks for his commitment to me and to all of his graduate students; I have always been amazed by and grateful for his careful, precise comments— especially in the early and final phases of this study. 1 would also like to thank the librarians at the Linen Hall Library and Hoover Archives for their help, and the Mershon Center for travel funding. IV On a more personal note, my family, John, Gail, and Jay Grove, have kept me going in the darkest days— especially because they have always believed in me during those times when I have not beheved in myself. Neal Carter has been a tremendous friend—and especially patient when I was bouncing my early ideas off of him. Finally, my best friend, Chris Scholl, has kept me from going insane even while I was making him crazy. I thank him for always being willing to get out the map and go climb a mountain with me whenever the terrain in Columbus got too rough. VITA October 20, 1969.......................................... Bom - Scott Air Force Base, EL 1992 ................................................................ B.A. Political Science, University of Georgia First Honor Graduate, summa ciim lande 1993 .................................................................M.A., International Relations and Strategic Studies, Lancaster University, UK 1993.................................................................University Fellowstiip, The Ohio State University 1994-present...................................................Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. Andrea K. Grove. Book Review. The Origins o f the Present Troubles in Northern Ireland (by Caroline Kennedy-Pipe). In Nationalism and Ethnic Politics Vol. 3, No. 4 (Winter 1997). 2. Andrea K Grove. Book Review. The Palestinians: The Making o f a People (by Kimmerling and Migdal). In Nationalism and Ethnic Politics Vol. 2, No. 4 (Winter 1996). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Political Science VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................iv Vita............................................................................................................................................ vi List o f Tables........................................................................................................................... xi Chapters: 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Significance for the study of International Relations ........................6 1.3 An integrative approach ........................................................................ 9 1.4 The leadership focus ........................................................................... 11 1.5 Leadership as persuasion ..................................................................... 14 1.6 Social movements literature and mobilization ................................... 16 1.6.1 Framing processes .......................................................17 1.6.2 Leader mobilization strategies ................................... 19 1.6.3 Nationalism literature and strategy models ...............19