DOCSLIB.ORG

ZOTMUN SC Topic Synopsis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ZOTMUN SC Topic Synopsis MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun Welcome Delegates, Our names are Angie Lo and Mary Lee, and we are the Secretaries-General for the UCI Model United Nations 2020-2021 school year! This year, we are excited to host our first ever collegiate-level online conference, ZOTMUN, and thrilled to have you all join our new journey. We have worked hard to make this conference happen, and we hope that everyone will have a fun and engaging time in debate. Angie is a fourth year Sociology and Political Science double major. She has been involved in MUN since freshman year of high school and loved her experiences there so much she has continued being a part of MUN throughout all of her college years. Throughout her time at MUN at UCI, she has been Assistant Director and Director for General Assembly, Under Secretary-General of Mains, and now has been Secretary General for the past 2 years. When not busy with her school, research, MUN and work, she likes drawing and playing video games. Mary is a third year Criminology, Law and Society major. She has been involved in UCIMUN since freshman year of college and loved her experiences here by far. Her favorite part of actively being involved in MUN is cooperating with other students to contribute to raising awareness of global issues and international affairs. In UCIMUN, she has been an Assistant Director of the Legal Committee and Director of the SPECPOL Committee. Outside of UCIMUN, she is actively involved in research and a networking organization on campus. In her leisure time, on the other hand, she likes listening to music and watching YouTube videos. By now, we have spent more than 7 months in this unprecedented time due to Covid-19. Between the pandemic and the social unrest, however, there has become a need to be able to adapt to these new circumstances. Therefore, our theme for this conference will be “adapting to a changing world,” reflecting our new normal that we have restlessly been trying to get familiarized with. Through ZOTMUN, we hope to give everyone a unique opportunity to learn how to adapt and, most importantly, rise to the challenge through dedication and resilience. Although this will be our first college-level conference in an online format, we are determined to give everyone the best experience at the conference as always. We will provide delegates with an opportunity to get engaged in high quality debates and immerse themselves in an intellectual discussion of issues that are relevant to the community and others around them. Please don’t hesitate to reach out to us or our directors anytime between now and the day of our conference—we will be happy to assist you with anything in any way we can. Thank you for your time in advance. We look forward to seeing you in November! Sincerely, Angie Lo and Mary Lee Secretaries-General MUN at UCI Secretariat 2020-21 [email protected] 1 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun Salutations! My name is Kimo Gandall and I am the Director of the Security Council. This will mark my ninth year of MUN, and as such, I am quite seasoned in these affairs, participating from the more broad General Assembly committees, down to midnight-crisis sessions counseling the Pharaoh of Egypt. In high school, I traveled internationally to Bath in England, gaveling for the Security Council. Nationally, I’ve competed in the Forensics National and State Championships, and qualified for the Tournament of Champions. It is with these experiences that I advise delegates, many of you are struggling, to remember that it is the maxim of the victor to never give up: “Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance…” Romans 5:3. Of course, many of these experiences have helped shape my paradigm. Indeed, as a political science major, Professional Registered Parliamentarian, mover in local politics, and gaming nerd, I’ve incorporated these experiences into my career at UCI. In June of 2018, I was approved to begin drafting my undergraduate thesis Parliamentary Procedure as a Function of State Hegemony, which focuses on the intersection between procedural rules and the corresponding effect on policy and coalition building. Additionally, I am Chief Justice in UCI’s Student Government. This topic synopsis will guide delegates through a conflict many might find obscure: the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. To navigate our ever changing world of international affairs, ranging COVID-19 to new border wars, delegates are advised to not only understand their explicit national policy, but the individual and unique interests of their state. Delegates must balance that interest, moreover, with the fundamental prerogative of all states to search and pursue peace. The intent of this committee is to reflect on a world with often diametrically conflicting narratives; indeed, it is very possible that many delegates may even know loved ones affected by the crisis. The idea of diplomatic detachment, however, is that we can not only escape the noise of rhetorical judgement and focus on the truth, but as the Greeks may have called it, reiterate the teloes of the United Nations: peace. War is never a necessity, nor is it inevitable. Another way can always be found: the way of dialogue, encounter and the sincere search for truth. - Pope Francis, 2014, speaking at the International Peace Meeting. Sincerely, Kimo Gandall, Director Security Council [email protected] 2 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun Hello! Greetings! Salam! Barev! My name is Krystian James Hawk Ibanez. I am the Assistant Director of the Security Council for this year but my role within MUN at UCI has changed dramatically over the years. I have held the positions of Director, USG of Specials, USG of Crisis, and Travel Team Coordinator. I was a part of the program for all five of my years at UCI and even helped to usher in the current era of our program. I have participated in fifteen conferences over the course of my career and received numerous Outstandings and Commendation Awards. As a delegate, I have argued on behalf of small island nations in the South Pacific, championed revolutionary nuclear policies amongst global elites and formulated novel humanitarian tactics amidst an international refugee crisis. As a facilitator, my team and I challenged the status quo in central Africa, introduced a plague-like scenario into a civil war and successfully staged a non-violent governmental takeover in the name of national security. My resume in the Model UN debate format is perhaps shorter than those of some of my team members but my connection to the global community and my devotion to international study is immense. This conference marks my return to the program after graduating this past June with my Bachelor of Science in Biology. In addition, I supplemented my degree by taking many International Studies courses and am familiar with the workings of international politics, specifically with those of Asian countries. Currently, my time is occupied by my work in the South Orange County medical community, several philanthropic efforts targeting vulnerable communities across the United States, and more fanciful pursuits of an aspiring young creator and artist. Throughout the current COVID-19 global health crisis, I have done everything in my power to not only better myself but learn from those whose experiences are different from my own. This has led me to be transformed by empathy, careful thinking and selfless caring. These simple ideas (that are exemplified by the ideas of compromise, understanding and compassion) carry on into how I expect all of you to behave within committee and is something I will be looking for in your research. Like with any issue this volatile, the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan is one of great cultural, national, and ethnic significance and needs to be handled appropriately. Since the beginnings of this conflict in 1988 all the way through the 1994 ceasefire, the Four Day War in 2016 and even into the current aftermath of the September 2020 crisis, this issue has remained largely off the international radar despite its polarized narrative. In any violent altercations between previously Soviet nations, it is important to maintain the underlying causes for such a fervent course of action. The Nagorno- Karabakh region is disputed between not only the Armenians and the Azerbaijani but also the citizens of the Republic of Artsakh. This para-governmental authority that has shifted back and forth between these three parties opens the door for discussion focusing on the logistics around claims of legitimacy to the region, humanitarian and civilian rights violations throughout the conflict, and even warrants a conversation around the responsibility of foreign powers in the lead up to this crisis. That all is to say: this topic demands attention and care that many other topics do not require. I highly encourage all delegates to be cautious and calculating when proposing courses of actions and when pushing for specific policies. Specificity and foresight will be key to be successful. Goodluck with your preparation and I look forward to discussing this with you all. Sincerely, Krystian Ibanez, Assistant Director Security Council 3 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun Introduction The region of Nagorno-Karabakh, nestled in the caucasuses between Armenia and Azerbaijan, de jure recognized by the UN as part of Azerbaijan, but de facto semi-autonomous and part of Armenia, has been the center of ethnic conflict since the end of the 18th century (Pashayeva, 2009, pp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR Also by A
    THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR Also by A. B. Murphy ASPECTIVAL USAGE IN RUSSIAN INlRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY TO SHOLOKHOV'S TlKHlY DON MIKHAIL ZOSHCHENKO: A Literary Project Also by G. R. Swain EASTERN EUROPE SINCE 1945 (co-author) THE ORIGINS OF THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND THE LEGAL LABOUR MOVEMENT,1906-14 The Russian Civil War Documents from the Soviet Archives Edited by v. P. Butt Senior Scientific Collaborator Institute of Russian History Russian Academy of Sciences A. B. Murphy Professor Emeritus of Russian University of Ulster N. A. Myshov Senior Scientific Collaborator and ChiefArchivist Russian State Military Archive and G. R. Swain Professor ofHistory University of the West of England First published in Great Britain 1996 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-59319-6 ISBN 978-1-349-25026-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25026-4 First published in the United States of America 1996 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-16337-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Russian civil war: documents from the Soviet archives / edited by V. P. Butt ... ret al.l p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-16337-2 (cloth) I. Soviet Union-History-Revolution, 1917-1921-Sources. I. Butt, V. P. DK265.A5372 1996 947.084'I-dc20 96-19904 CIP Selection, editorial matter and translation © V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
    Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover.
    [Show full text]
  • Men-On-The-Spot and the Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 Undergraduate
    A Highly Disreputable Enterprise: Men-on-the-Spot and the Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for graduation "with Honors Research Distinction in History" in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Conrad Allen The Ohio State University May 2016 Project Advisor: Professor Jennifer Siegel, Department of History The First World War ended on November 11, 1918. The guns that had battered away at each other in France and Belgium for four long years finally fell silent at eleven A.M. as the signed armistice went into effect. "There came a second of expectant silence, and then a curious rippling sound, which observers far behind the front likened to the noise of a light wind. It was the sound of men cheering from the Vosges to the sea," recorded South African soldier John Buchan, as victorious Allied troops went wild with celebration. "No sleep all night," wrote Harry Truman, then an artillery officer on the Western Front, "The infantry fired Very pistols, sent up all the flares they could lay their hands on, fired rifles, pistols, whatever else would make noise, all night long."1 They celebrated their victory, and the fact that they had survived the worst war of attrition the world had ever seen. "I've lived through the war!" cheered an airman in the mess hall of ace pilot Eddie Rickenbacker's American fighter squadron. "We won't be shot at any more!"2 But all was not quiet on every front.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolution in Russia and the Formation of the Soviet Union
    CLASSROOM COUNTRY PROFILES Revolution in Russia and the Formation of the Soviet Union The Russian Revolution often refers to two events that took place in 1917. The first, known as the February Revolution, forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate and led to the formation of a provisional government. During the second event, commonly known as the October Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution, Vla- dimir Lenin’s Bolshevik Party seized power and began seven decades of one-party rule. Some scholars and Soviet critics have argued that the second event was actually a coup by Lenin and his supporters and not a true revolution. The Russian Empire in 1914. Date confusion—The February Revolution actually In the early 1900s, cracks were beginning to appear in the tsar’s control took place in early March. Because the Russian Em- over the Russian Empire. An attempted revolution in 1905, which saw pire followed the Julian Calendar, which is 13 days mass worker strikes and peasant revolts, shook the monarchy and forced behind the Gregorian Calendar, the events are referred Tsar Nicholas II to implement political reform, including the establishment to as the February Revolution. Likewise, the October of a parliament and a new constitution. Revolution actually took place in early November. Reform temporarily quieted the unrest, but the new policies proved inef- Soviet—The word means “council” in Russian. Soviets fective and the parliament, known as the State Duma, was largely unable were workers’ councils made up of various socialist to override the Tsar’s decrees. parties at the end of the Russian Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Excellent Information #1 World War I: Outbreak, Experience & Aftermath
    Excellent Information #1 World War I: Outbreak, Experience & Aftermath Terms and concepts: Hapsburgs (Dual Monarchy, Austria-Hungary) "Great Powers" Hohenzollerns (Germany) liberalism Romanovs (Russia) Ottoman Empire nation-states empires conservatism socialism (Marxism) parliaments Karl Marx (1818-1883) constitutional government Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) Reichstag (German parliament) Germany Social Democratic Party (SPD) Duma (Russian parliament, 1906-1917) Alsace-Lorraine Bosnia-Herzegovina Archduke Franz Ferdinand & Sarajevo Burgfrieden (peace of the fortress) August Days Schlieffen Plan Battle of the Marne trenches Battle of Verdun home front total war Turnip Winter (1916-17) Erich Ludendorff Paul von Hindenburg David Lloyd George November Revolution (Germany) Armistice (11 Nov 1918) Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Bela Kun (Hungarian communist) Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceau Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles Rhineland “War guilt” clause (art. 231) League of Nations Major Language Groups: Romance Germanic Slavic Other Non Indo-Euro Indo-European French German Russian Latvian Hungarian Italian English Ukrainian Lithuanian Finnish Spanish Dutch Bulgarian Greek Estonian Portuguese Danish Serbo-Croatian Albanian Udmurt Romanian Norwegian Slovak Welsh Turkish Swedish Czech Gaelic Icelandic Polish Armenian Population of Powers (in millions) 1890 1900 1910 1913 Russia 116.8 135.6 159.3 175.1 US 62.6 75.9 91.9 97.3 Germany 49.2 56.0 64.5 66.9 Austria-Hung. 42.6 46.7 50.8 52.1 Japan 39.9 43.8 49.1 51.3 France 38.3 38.9 39.5 39.7 Britain 37.4
    [Show full text]
  • Cold War Introductory Work Welcome to the Summer Work for History a Level
    Cold War Introductory Work Welcome to the summer work for History A Level. This sheet will guide you on how you can complete your summer work and where you can create your notes. If you find this a successful place to create your notes you can continue to work here during your A level and have it all in one place! SWAY LINK: This link will take you to all the work and allow you to scroll through information on your phone and click links taking you to articles, videos and readings https://sway.office.com/HG9aPBB1thInas6O?ref=Link This sheet will guide you on setting up a Notebook online and creating tabs. In each tab we would like you to complete some research to help develop your background understanding to the course. If you cannot access/create a Onenote book then feel free to use Word or PPT and then transfer the notes across when you start. All resources will be available in the appendix at the end of this document Organising your work on Onenote Firstly, create a new Onenote notebook by opening the program and then click Create THREE New Sections and rename them KEY WORDS, FACTFILES, KEY DATES Create FOUR more New Sections and change the tab colour to yellow and rename them INTRODUCTION, 1 – ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR, 2 – WIDENING THE COLD WAR and 3 – GLOBAL WAR Secondly, under the KEY DATES tab for the first page change the title to Before 1945. You will use this page to create a timeline of events including images.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Intervention
    INSTITUTE PROCEEDINGS The extended war on the Eastern Front, 1918-1925: the Russian Intervention A paper based on a presentation to the Institute on 27 November 2018 by Bryce M. Fraser Military Historian Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, New South Wales1 Conflict in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Middle East, over issues which plagued the region at the end of the Great War, continues to this day. Although considered insignificant by some historians and overshadowed by the gigantic scale of warfare during the two World Wars, the Russian Intervention was substantial and Australians played a significant role in it, two winning the Victoria Cross and one the Distinguished Service Order. Key words: Australia; Russia; Russian Intervention, 1918-1919; North Russian Expeditionary Force; North Russian Relief Force; Murmansk; Archangel; Siberian Intervention; South Russia; Transcaucasus Intervention; Dunsterforce; Lionel Dunsterville; Stanley Savige. The late historian Eric Hobsbawm in The Age of precarious at the end of 1917. In October, the inconclusive Extremes (Hobsbawm 1994) coined the term ‘the short battle of Passchendaele had a month to run. In the Atlantic, twentieth century’ to describe the period of conflict in despite the introduction of convoys, submarine warfare Europe from 1914 to the collapse of the Union of Soviet was still sinking 300,000 tons of shipping per month. In Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991, in contrast to the Palestine, the Third Battle of Gaza was just underway. The customary view that fighting in the Great War ended with only good news would be the Allied capture of Jerusalem the armistice of 11 November 1918 on the Western Front.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradoxical South Caucasus: Nations, Conflicts and Alliances A
    Paradoxical South Caucasus: Nations, Conflicts and Alliances A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Gevorg Melikyan August 2010 © 2010 Gevorg Melikyan. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Paradoxical South Caucasus: Nations, Conflicts and Alliances by GEVORG MELIKYAN has been approved for the Department of Political Science and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patricia A. Weitsman Professor of Political Science Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT MELIKYAN, GEVORG, M.A., August 2010, Political Science Paradoxical South Caucasus: Nations, Conflicts and Alliances (172 pp.) Director of Thesis: Patricia A. Weitsman On one hand, the collapse of the Soviet Union was the end of a number of insolvable issues; on the other, it created new, no less challenging ones with which states that emerged from the ashes of the Red Empire had to deal. Ancient hatreds, hostilities and violence became an inseparable part of the South Caucasus where confrontations closed ways to cooperation and peace. How did the Soviet Union generate these hatreds and conflicts? Why these threats and bloody armed conflicts? Where do they come from? How does each state react to those threats? The newly independent states even had to fight each other by forming, inter alia, powerful military alliances. What are the dynamics and implications of the alliance formation in the South Caucasus? How do these states choose their strategic-military allies? To what extent do heterogeneous military alliances between Armenia and Russia or Azerbaijan and Turkey, along with Georgia’s effort to join NATO at any price despite negative messages from Russia, stabilize or destabilize the overall status-quo in the region? What drives those newly independent states in choosing their partners? Are those alliances cohesive? If so, how so? These questions are at the core of this research and are discussed and explored along with other important issues and conundrums.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned from Satellite Imagery of Recent Cross-Border
    Hostle Territory: Lessons Learned from Satellite Imagery of Recent Cross-Border Conficts Disclaimer Contact the Geospatial Technologies Project geotech © Copyright 2015 Geospatial Technologies Project Program Associate Acknowledgement Table of Contents Introducton 2 Africa 4 Sudan and South Sudan, 2011-2012 4 Djibout and Eritrea, 2008 12 Intra-Regional Comparison 20 Asia 22 Cambodia and Thailand, 2008-2011 22 India and Pakistan, 2001-2002 30 Intra-Regional Comparison 38 Former Soviet Union 40 Russia and Georgia, 2008 40 Armenia and Azerbaijan, 2008-2012 46 Ukraine and Russia, 2014 52 Intra-Regional Comparison 60 Inter-Regional Comparison 62 Endnotes 66 Table of Contents 1 Introducton In 2013, with funding from the United Because countries engaged in border States Insttute of Peace, the Geospatal disputes almost always difer on the subject Technologies and Human Rights Project of the of the boundary's locaton, and due to the American Associaton for the Advancement of potental for error in the various datasets Science began the project “Hostle Territory: in use, this investgaton did not limit itself Revealing Trends in Cross-Border Confict to observing phenomena directly adjacent Using Satellite Imagery.” The goal of this to internatonally-recognized fronters. project was to evaluate the prospects for Instead, the entrety of the disputed area providing early warning of confict using was considered for analysis, along with, in analysis of high-resoluton satellite imagery of many cases, facilites such as military bases historical border conficts as case studies. The that were located deep within uncontested project analyzed imagery of the belligerents territory, but which were deemed relevant to prior to and during the confict in order to the confict.
    [Show full text]
  • The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change
    The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Amanda M. Ward August 2014 © 2014 Amanda M. Ward. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change by AMANDA M. WARD has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Steven M. Miner Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT WARD, AMANDA M., M.A., August 2014, History The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change Director of Thesis: Steven M. Miner The most notorious aspect of the Soviet Union was its culture of secret policing that, through a series of state security agencies, carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions. Since the collapse of the socialist state and the opening of the Soviet archives, the historical community has only begun to understand the full extent of crimes committed at the hands of the Cheka, and its successors, the OGPU, NKVD, and KGB. Yet, after tracing this repression to its origins, historical evidence indicates that Imperial Russia first cultivated this culture of secret policing and introduced many of the policing techniques the Bolsheviks later implement and further perfected. By the turn of the 20th century, the Okhrana – the Tsarist secret police – developed into a highly effective political police force which was, by and large, quite successful in penetrating underground revolutionary organizations, including Lenin’s Bolshevik party.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red Army and Mass Mobilization During the Russian Civil War 1918-1920 Author(S): Orlando Figes Source: Past & Present, No
    The Past and Present Society The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920 Author(s): Orlando Figes Source: Past & Present, No. 129 (Nov., 1990), pp. 168-211 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/650938 . Accessed: 15/11/2013 18:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Oxford University Press and The Past and Present Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Past &Present. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Fri, 15 Nov 2013 18:56:45 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE RED ARMY AND MASS MOBILIZATION DURING THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR 1918-1920 The Red Armybegan life in 1918 as a smallvolunteer force of proletariansfrom the major urban citadels of Bolshevikpower in northernand centralRussia. By theend of the civil war against the Whitesand the various armies of foreign intervention, in the autumn of 1920,it had growninto a massconscript army of fivemillion soldiers,75 percent of them peasants1 by birth - a figureroughly proportionateto the size ofthe peasant population in Russia.2 For theBolsheviks, this represented a tremendous social change.
    [Show full text]
  • British Foreign Policy in Azerbaijan, 1918-1920 Afgan Akhmedov A
    British Foreign Policy in Azerbaijan, 1918-1920 Afgan Akhmedov A thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Lancaster March 2018 Afgan Akhmedov 2018 2 Abstract This thesis examines Anglo-Russian rivalry in Transcaucasia in general - and Azerbaijan in particular - focusing on the years 1918-1920. The first part of the thesis provides a general review of the history of the Great Game - the geopolitical rivalry between the British and Russian Empires fought in the remote areas of central Asia - before going on to examine the growing investment by British firms in the oil industry of Baku. It also discusses how the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 changed the texture of Anglo- Russian relations without resolving the tensions altogether, which lasted until the February Revolution of 1917, despite the wartime alliance between Britain and Russia. The thesis then goes on to examine British policy towards Transcaucasia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The thesis argues that the political turmoil in Russia provided the British government with an opportunity to exert greater political control over the south of the country, securing its access to oil and control of the Caspian Sea region, thereby reducing any potential threat to India. The allied victory in the First World War, and the weakening of Turkey in particular, meant that British policy in central Asia after November 1918 increasingly focused on advancing British economic and strategic interests in the area. Although the British government did not seek to exert direct long-term political control over Azerbaijan, its policy in 1919 was designed both to support the local government in Baku against possible Bolshevik attack, whilst simultaneously exerting control over Baku oil.
    [Show full text]