Ocorrência Dos Ovos De Monogenea Em Diversos Substratos De Fixação Em Pisciculturas De Tanques De Terra: Uma Estratégia De Prevenção

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Ocorrência Dos Ovos De Monogenea Em Diversos Substratos De Fixação Em Pisciculturas De Tanques De Terra: Uma Estratégia De Prevenção MARIA CAROLINA TEIXEIRA DIAS OCORRÊNCIA DOS OVOS DE MONOGENEA EM DIVERSOS SUBSTRATOS DE FIXAÇÃO EM PISCICULTURAS DE TANQUES DE TERRA: UMA ESTRATÉGIA DE PREVENÇÃO Orientador: Prof. Doutora Ana Maria Duque de Araújo Munhoz Co-Orientador: Doutora Florbela Maria Benjamim Soares Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Lisboa 2020 MARIA CAROLINA TEIXEIRA DIAS OCORRÊNCIA DOS OVOS DE MONOGENEA EM DIVERSOS SUBSTRATOS DE FIXAÇÃO EM PISCICULTURAS DE TANQUES DE TERRA: UMA ESTRATÉGIA DE PREVENÇÃO Dissertação defendida para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Medicina Veterinária no curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária conferido pela Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, perante o Despacho de Nomeação Nº. 10/2020, no dia 27 de Fevereiro, com a seguinte composição de júri: Presidente: Professora Doutora Laurentina Pedroso Arguente: Professor Doutor Fernando Afonso Orientadora: Professora Doutora Ana Maria Duque de Araújo Munhoz Co-Orientador: Doutora Florbela Maria Benjamim Soares Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Lisboa 2020 Maria Carolina Teixeira Dias | Ocorrência dos ovos de Monogenea em diversos substratos de fixação em pisciculturas de tanques de terra: uma estratégia de prevenção Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar, tenho a agradecer aos meus pais por sempre me proporcionarem o melhor que conseguem e por toda a sua ajuda e apoio que me deram e sempre me irão dar. Um muito obrigado também à minha família, porque sem o apoio deles, nada disto teria sido possível. À Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, na pessoa da sua Diretora, Professora Doutora Laurentina Pedroso, pela possibilidade de realização desta Dissertação de Mestrado. Ao Dr. Pedro Pousão pela possibilidade e oportunidade de ter realizado o estágio na EPPO, à Dra. Florbela por ter aceite orientar-me, por todo o seu conhecimento partilhado e por toda a disponibilidade em ajudar-me sempre que necessitei, ao Márcio por toda a sua paciência e ajuda, ao Gabriel pela disponibilidade em ajudar-me nos tanques de terra sempre que precisei, à Elsa por trazer sempre consigo a sua boa disposição e ao restante pessoal da EPPO que me ajudou e fez parte deste bonito percurso. À Professora Ana Maria por me acompanhar no meu estudo e pela disponibilidade em ajudar-me sempre que necessitei. A todos os meus amigos e colegas que me acompanharam neste percurso: à Diana Lopes, à Inês Ferrão, à Catarina Arraes, à Catarina Nunes, à Matilde Almeida, à Rafaela Soares, à Joana Oliveira, à Raquel Miranda, à Margarida Martins, à Rita Bruno, à Beatriz Bilhastre, à Carla Lourenço, à Filipa Lúcio e à Sofia Fonseca. Um obrigada também à Margarida, Madalena, Inês e às duas Ritas pelos bons momentos partilhados durante os cinco anos naquela casa. Ao Pedro, um grande e especial obrigada pelo apoio incondicional que me prestou durante todos estes anos e por toda a ajuda que me proporcionou. i Maria Carolina Teixeira Dias | Ocorrência dos ovos de Monogenea em diversos substratos de fixação em pisciculturas de tanques de terra: uma estratégia de prevenção Resumo Em aquacultura, tanto a nível mundial como nacional, a ocorrência de parasitoses externas é relativamente frequente e causa perdas significativas para os aquacultores. Os organismos pertencentes à classe Monogenea (Filo Platyhelminte), que afetam normalmente as brânquias e pele dos hospedeiros, são dos mais comumente encontrados. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se diversos factores na adesão dos ovos dos monogéneos tais como, os substratos utilizados, fio controlo de algodão, plástico, policloreto de vinilo (PVC), madeira e macroalga (Ulva spp.), o tempo de imersão dos substratos, o efeito das diferentes operações de aquacultura e a densidade de produção nos tanques em cultivo. Foram realizados três ensaios: no primeiro, comparou-se o efeito de cinco e dez dias de imersão dos substratos no mesmo tanque de terra; no segundo, avaliou-se o efeito de duas operações de aquacultura (pesca e remoção/manipulação de ostras) e no terceiro comparou-se a adesão dos ovos de monogéneos entre os tanques com diferentes densidades de produção. Também foram estudados em todos os ensaios, quais os substratos que promoviam a maior e menor adesão de ovos. De acordo com os resultados, o factor tempo (cinco e dez dias) não influenciou o número de ovos aderidos aos substratos. Nos tanques de terra onde decorreram operações de aquacultura verificou-se um menor número de adesão dos ovos e no tanque com maior densidade de produção houve uma maior adesão dos ovos. Concluiu- se que os substratos que tiveram a maior adesão de ovos de monogéneos foi o plástico e aquele com menor adesão foi a macroalga. Palavras-chave: parasitas; ovos de Monogenea; tanques de terra; peixe; operações de aquacultura; densidade de peixes; substratos ii Maria Carolina Teixeira Dias | Ocorrência dos ovos de Monogenea em diversos substratos de fixação em pisciculturas de tanques de terra: uma estratégia de prevenção Abstract External parasitosis causes a lot of losses to aquacultures globally and in Portugal. Monogenea class (Phylum Platyhelminth) organisms that usually affects hosts’ gills and skin are one of the most commonly found in aquaculture. This study analyses how the adhesion varies due to different factors such as the substrates, control, plastic, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), wood and macroalgae (Ulva spp.), exposure time, effect of different aquaculture operations and fish production density. Three different assays were performed: in the first one the effect of five and ten days for different substrates in the same pond was compared; in the second, the effect of two aquaculture operations (fishery and removal/manipulation oysters) was evaluated and in the third the eggs adhesion between ponds with different production densities was studied. Furthermore, in every assay it was checked which substrate had a major and minor adhesion. According to the results, exposure time (five and ten days) doesn’t influence the number of eggs in the substrates. There was a smaller number of eggs in the earth ponds with aquaculture operations and in the pond with highest production density there was a higher egg adhesion. It was also found that plastic and macroalgae were the two substrates with biggest and smallest number of monogeneans eggs. Keywords: parasites; Monogenea eggs; earth ponds; fish; exposure time; aquaculture operations; fish density; substrate . iii Maria Carolina Teixeira Dias | Ocorrência dos ovos de Monogenea em diversos substratos de fixação em pisciculturas de tanques de terra: uma estratégia de prevenção Lista de Abreviaturas ANOVA: Análise de variância DGAV: Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária DP: Desvio-padrão ECFR: Egg Cell Forming Region EPPO: Estação Piloto de Piscicultura de Olhão FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture INE: Instituto Nacional de Estatística IPMA: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera MS-222: Metanosulfonato de tricaína OE: Óleos essenciais OIE: World Organization for Animal Health PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction ppm: Partes por milhão PVC: Policloreto de Vinil PZQ: Praziquantel t: Tempo em dias TT: Tanque de terra do EPPO iv Maria Carolina Teixeira Dias | Ocorrência dos ovos de Monogenea em diversos substratos de fixação em pisciculturas de tanques de terra: uma estratégia de prevenção TR: Tanque de reprodutores do EPPO VCM: Volume corpuscular médio ºC: Temperatura em graus Celsius ºF: Temperatura em graus Fahrenheit v Maria Carolina Teixeira Dias | Ocorrência dos ovos de Monogenea em diversos substratos de fixação em pisciculturas de tanques de terra: uma estratégia de prevenção Índice Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................. i Resumo ........................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Lista de Abreviaturas ....................................................................................................iv Índice ............................................................................................................................vi Índice de Tabelas ....................................................................................................... viii Índice de Figuras ..........................................................................................................ix Índice de Gráficos .........................................................................................................xi Capítulo I – Estágio Curricular ...................................................................................... 1 Capítulo II - Ocorrência dos ovos de Monogenea em diversos substratos de fixação em pisciculturas de tanques de terra: uma estratégia de prevenção ................................... 4 1. Introdução ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Perspetiva geral de Aquacultura ........................................................ 4 1.2 Aquacultura em Portugal ................................................................... 4 1.3 Impacto de doenças em peixes produzidos em aquacultura .............. 6 1.4 Caraterização
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