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Technologies to Maintain Biological Diversity Technologies To Maintain Biological Diversity March 1987 NTIS order #PB87-207494 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies To Maintain Biologi- cal Diversity, OTA-F-330 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1987]. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-619803 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 The reduction of the Earth’s biological diversity has emerged as a public policy issue in the last several years. Growing awareness of this planetary problem has prompted increased study of the subject and has led to calls to increase public and private initiatives to address the problem, This interest in maintaining biological diversity has created a common ground for a variety of groups concerned with implications of a reduction or ultimate loss of the planet’s genetic, species, or eco- system diversity, One major concern is that loss of plant, animal, and microbial resources may impair future options to develop new important products and processes in agricul- ture, medicine, and industry. Concerns also exist that loss of diversity undermines the potential of populations and species to respond or adapt to changing environ- mental conditions. Because humans ultimately depend on environmental support functions, special caution should be taken to ensure that diversity 1osses do not disrupt these functions. Finally, esthetic and ethical motivation to avoid the irre- versible loss of unique life forms has played an increasingly major role in promot- ing public and private programs to conserve particular species or habitats, The broad implications of loss of biological diversity are also reflected in the different concerns and jurisdictions of congressional committees that requested or supported this study. Requesters include the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations; and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. The House Committee on Foreign Affairs; House Committee on Agriculture; and House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries endorsed the requested study. The task presented to OTA by these committees was to clarify for Congress the nature of the problems of reduction of the Earth’s biological diversity and to set forth a range of policy options available to Congress to respond to various con- cerns. The principal aim of this report is to identify and assess the technological and institutional opportunities and constraints to maintaining biological diversity in the united States and worldwide. Two background papers (Grassroots Conser- vation of Biological Diversity in the United States and Maintaining Biological Diver- sity in the United States: Data Considerations) and a staff paper (The Role of U.S. Development Assistance in Maintaining Bio]ogical Diversity in Developing Coun- tries) were also prepared in conjunction with this study. OTA is grateful for the valuable assistance of the study’s advisory panel, work- groups, workshop participants, authors of background papers, and the many other reviewers from the public and private sectors who provided advice and informa- tion throughout the course of this assessment. As with all OTA studies, the content of this report is the sole responsibility of OTA. Director {11. Advisory Panel Technologies To Maintain Biological Diversity Kenneth Dahlberg, Chair Major Goodman Department of Political Science Department of Crop Science Western Michigan University North Carolina State University Stephen Brush Grenville Lucas International Agricultural Development The Herbarium University of California, Davis Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Peter Carlson Richard Norgaard Director Department of Agricultural and Resource Crop Genetics International Economics University of California, Berkeley Rita Colwell Office of the Vice President for Academic Robert Prescott-Allen Affairs Partner University of Maryland, Adelphi PADATA, Inc. Raymond Dasmann Paul Risser Department of Environmental Studies Vice President for Research University of California, Santa Cruz University of New Mexico Clarence Dias Oliver Ryder President Research Department International Center for Law in San Diego Zoo Development Michael Soul& Donald Duvick Adjunct Professor Senior Vice President of Research School of Natural Resources Pioneer Hi-Bred International University of Michigan David Ehrenfeld John Sullivan Cook College Vice President of production Rutgers University American Breeders Service NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuable assistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the advisory panel members. The panel does not, however, necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and the accuracy of its contents. iv OTA Project Staff Technologies To Maintain Biological Diversity Roger C. Herdman, Assistant Director, OTA Health and Life Sciences Division Walter E. Parham, Food and Renewable Resources Program Manager Analytical Staff Susan Shen, Project Director and Analyst Edward F, MacDonald, Analyst Michael S. Strauss, Analyst Catherine Carlson, ’ Research Assistant Robert Grossman,’ Anal~wt Allen Ruby, Research Assistant Contractors James L. Chamberlain David Netter Robert Prescott-Allen Bruce Ross-Sheriff Linda Starke’ and Lisa Olson, ’ Editors Administrative Staff Patricia Durana,” Beckie Erickson,’ and Sally Shaforth,” Administrative Assistants Nellie Hammond, Secretary Carolyn Swann, Secretar&y 1 Th rough January 1986, 2’1’hrough August I $)8s, 3Summer 1985. 4Through August 1986. 5After August 1986, ~’17h rough July I !385, 7Thruugh Cktober 1 !]86, 8F’rom [)[1(:. 15, 1986, CONTENTS Chapter Page l. Summary and Options for Congress . 3 Part I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 2. Importance of Biological Diversity. 37 3. Status of Biological Diversity . 63 4. Interventions To Maintain Biological Diversity . , . 89 Part II: TECHNOLOGIES 5. Maintaining Biological Diversity Onsite . ............101 6. Maintaining Animal Diversity Offsite , . ,., ., . .137 7. Maintaining Plant Diversity Offsite . ........169 8. Maintaining Microbial Diversity. ..........205 Part III: INSTITUTIONS 9. Maintaining Biological Diversity in the United States . .. ....221 10. Maintaining Biological Diversity Internationally . ..............,.....253 11. Biological Diversity and Development Assistance . , ..,285 APPENDIXES: A. Glossary of Acronyms . .............311 B. Glossary of Terms . ., ., ., ., ., , ., ..., . ..., . ...313 C. Participants of Technical Workgroups . ..............317’ D. Grassroots Workshop Participants. ..., . ....319 E, Commissioned Papers and Authors. .................,..........320 Chapter 1 Summary and Options for Congress . CONTENTS Page The Problem . 3 Interventions To Maintain Biological Diversity . 6 The Role of Congress . 8 Strengthen the National Commitment To Maintain Biological Diversity . 8 Option: Establish a National Biological Diversity Act . 11 Option: Develop a National Conservation Strategy . 12 Option: Amend Legislation of Federal Agencies . 12 Option: Establish a National Conservation Education Act...... 14 Option: Amend the International Security and Development Act . 14 Increase the Nation’s Ability to Maintain Diversity . I!i Option: Direct the National Science Foundation-To Establish a Conservation Biology Program . 16 Option: Establish a National Endowment for Biological Diversity . 17 Option: Provide Sufficient Funding to Existing Programs . 18 Option: Amend Legislation To Improve Onsite and Offsite Program Links . 18 Option: Establish New Programs To Fill Specific Gaps . 19 Enhance the Knowledge Base . .....;... .; . 19 Option: Establish a Small Clearinghouse for Biological Data . 2o Option: Fund Existing Network of Natural Heritage Conservation Data Centers . .......+.. 21 Support International Initiatives to Maintain Biological Diversity . 22 Option: Increase Support of International Programs . 23 Option: Continue To Encourage Multilateral Development Banks to Develop and Implement Environmental Policies. 23 Option: Examine U.S. Options on the Issue of International Exchange of Genetic Resources . 25 Option: Amend the Export Administration Act . 26 Address Loss of Biological Diversity in Developing Countries. 27 Option: Restructure Conservation~Related Sections of the Foreign Assistance Act. 28 Option: Direct AID To Adopt Strategic Approach . 29 Option: Direct AID To Acquire Greater Access to Conservation Expertise . 30 Option: Establish a New Funding Account for Conservation Initiatives . 31 Option: Apply More Public Law 480 Funds To Promote Diversity Conservation . 31 Tables Table No. Page l-1. Examples of Management Systems To Maintain Biological Diversity . 6 l-2. Management Systems and Conservation Objectives . 6 l-3. Federal Laws Relating to Biological Diversity Maintenance . 9 l-4. Summary of Policy Issues and Options for Congressional Action Related to Biological Diversity Maintenance . 10 Box Box No. Page l-A. What Is Biological Diversity? . 3 Chapter 1 Summary and Options for Congress Most biological diversity survives without hu- intervention by applying specific technologies. man interventions to maintain it. But as natural A spectrum of technologies are available to sup- areas become progressively modified by human port maintenance of biological diversity (de- activities, maintaining a diversity of ecosytems, fined in box l-A), species, and genes will increasingly depend on Box I-A.—What Is Biological Diversity? Biological diversity
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