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WSN 47(2) (2016) 298-317 EISSN 2392-2192

Indian Lycosoidea Sundevall (Araneae: Opisthothelae: Araneomorphae) in Different States and Union Territories Including an Annotated Checklist

Dhruba Chandra Dhali1,*, P. M. Sureshan1, Kailash Chandra2 1Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozkhikore - 673006, India 2Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700053, India *E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Annotated checklist of Lycosoidea so far recorded from different states and union territories of India reveals a total of 251 species under 38 genera belonging five families. The review cleared that diversity of lycosoid spider fauna is maximum in West Bengal followed by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and they are not distributed maximally in the states and union territories within Biodiversity hotspots. This fauna is distributed all over the country. There is nearly 69.35% endemism (in context of India).

Keywords: Distribution; Lycosoidea; India; State; Union Territories; Annotated; checklist

1. INTRODUCTION

Spiders, composing the order Araneae Clerck, 1757 is the largest group among arachnids and separated into two suborders: Mesothelae Pocock, 1892 (segmented spiders) World Scientific News 47(2) (2016) 298-317

and Opisthothelae Pocock, 1892 (includes all other spiders). Later one is further divided into two infraorders: Mygalomorphae Pocock, 1892 (ancient' spiders) and Araneomorphae Smith, 1902 (modern' spiders include the vast majority of spiders) (Coddington, 2005; WSC, 2015). Araneomorphae composed of 99 families and most of them can be divided into at least six clades and 11 super-families, though some are still unplaced in that system (Zhang, 2011). Zhang (2011) included 11 families under Superfamily Lycosoidea Sundevall, 1833 of the Clade ‘Amaurobioids’ including fossil records. Worldwide 4219 species of 286 genera distributed over 9 families (WSC, 2016) under the superfamily so far recorded while 248 species of 38 genera belonging five families under the superfamily so far recorded only from India (WSC, 2016). Lycosoidea are characterized by a grate shaped tapetum in the indirect eyes (Homann 1971; Levi 1982). Present list includes a total of 248 species of Lycosidea distributed over 38 genera under five families from India and their distribution in states and union territories.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present check-list is based on an examination of specimens deposited in the National Zoological Collection (NZC), Zoological Survey of India and on reviews of the published literatures, including several recent world catalogues of spiders (WSC, 2016), recent book (Sebastian and Peter, 2009), checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005; Siliwal and Molur, 2007; Keswani et al., 2012), monograph (Sen et al. 2015), published papers in different National and International journals (Tikader and Malhotra, 1980; Tikader and Biawas, 1981; Tikader, 1987; Biswas and Biswas, 1992, 2004,’ 06; Biswas, and Majumder, 1995; Bastawade and Borkar. 2008; Gajbe, 2004,’ 07,’ 08; Malamel et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015). Abbreviations: AS = Assam, AP = Andhra Pradesh, AN = Andaman & Nicobar Islands, ARP = Arunachal Pradesh, BH = Bihar, CG = Chhattisgarh, ECI = Eastern Central India, GJ = Gujarat, GO = Goa, HP = Himachal Pradesh, HR = Haryana, OR = Orissa, MG = Meghalaya, MP = Madhya Pradesh, PJ = Punjab, JH = Jharkhand, JK = Jammu & Kashmir, RJ = Rajasthan, TG = Telangana, TN = Tamil Nadu, TP = Tripura, KL = Kerala, KA = Karnataka, MZ = Mizoram, MN = Manipur, SI = South India, MR = Maharashtra, PC = Pondicherry, WB = West Bengal, UK = Uttarakhand, UP = Uttar Pradesh, WSC = World Spider Catalogue.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

India has 29 states and seven union territories, from which only 27 states and two union territories lycosoids are recorded so far. A total of 251 species of lycosoids distributed over 38 genera belonging five families are known so far from India (Table 1). From West Bengal state maximum number of species recorded followed by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and so on (Figure 1 and Table 1). Among all the families, maximum number of species are recorded under Lycosidae followed by Oxyopidae and Pisauridae (Figure 2, Figure 5 and Table 1). Only seventy-six species are recorded from other countries i.e. almost 69.35% fauna are endemic to India. Eight species are known only from the Karakorum (in original literatures). Exact distribution of 11 species are unknown (* marked) viz. exact distribution

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within India: Anahita smythiesi Simon, of Ctenidae; Arctosa lesserti Reimoser, Geolycosa carli (Reimoser) of Lycosidae; Oxyopes indicus (Walckenaer) and Peucetia elegans (Blackwall) of Oxyopidae; Euprosthenops ellioti (O. P.-Cambridge), Nilus phipsoni (F. O. P. Cambridge) and Perenethis dentifasciata (O. P. Cambridge) of Pisauridae and Psechrus ghecuanus Thorell, P. himalayanus Simon and P. torvus (O. P. Cambridge) of Psechridae. Arctosa lesserti Reimoser and Geolycosa carli (Reimoser) (possibly Tamil Nadu) of Lycosidae were recorded from South India whereas Anahita smythiesi Simon (either Uttarakhand or Maharashtra) of Ctenidae and Hippasa partita (O. P. Cambridge) (either Gujarat or Rajasthan) of Lycosidae from India in original literatures. and Perenethis dentifasciata (O. P. Cambridge) of Pisauridae were recorded from either India or Pakistan. Rests were recorded from India in original literatures. Among all, both the morphs were recorded only in 129 species, while only female, male and juvenile morphs recorded in 126, eight and two species respectively (Figure 4 and Table 1). There are three nomen nudum [viz. Dendrolycosa stauntoni (Pocock), Hygropoda mahendriensis (Vankhede et al.) and Nilus marginatus (Simon) of Pisauridae] which were recorded from India (Jager, 2011; WSC, 2016). Lycosoids are recorded from almost all the states excepting Nagaland and Mizoram while this fauna recorded only two union territories viz. Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Pondicherry. The distribution pattern of primitive spiders clearly shows that from West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra the maximum lycosoid fauna been recorded while from Nagaland, Mizoram, Lakshadweep, Delhi, Chandigarh, Daman & Du and Dadra & Nagar Haveli not been recorded (Figure 5 and Table 1). If we consider the higher taxon like family, all the families are recorded from Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Kerala but not in genus and species level to the extent of West Bengal (Figure 1, Figure 3 and Figure 5). Members of the family Psechridae have been recorded from Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Kerala only (Figure 5 and Table 1).

Table 1. Annotated checklist of Lycosoidea so far recorded from India.

Distribution Morph Family Genus Species known In India Elsewhere

Acantheis Thorell indicus Gravely, 1931 KL, TN Female IND (UK or Anahita Karsch smythiesi Simon, 1897 Both MR) * andamanensis Gravely, AN Female 1931 bomdilaensis Tikader & ARP Both Bhutan Malhotra,1981 CTENIDAE cochinensis Gravely, 1931 KL Both Keyserling Ctenus dangsus Reddy & Patel, GJ Female Walckenaer 1994 goaensis Bastawade & GO Female Borkar, 2008 himalayensis Gravely, WB Both 1931 indicus Gravely, 1931 KL Female

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kapuri Tikader, 1973 AN Female meghalayaensis Tikader, MG Female 1976 narashinhai Patel & AP Female Reddy, 1988 sikkimensis Gravely, 1931 KL, SK, WB Both tuniensis Patel & Reddy, AP Female 1988 Acantholycosa baltoroi (Caporiacco, JK Female Dahl 1935) Agalenocosa subinermis (Simon, 1897) MR Pakistan Both Mello-Leitão himalayensis Tikader & UP, WB Both Malhotra, 1980 indica Tikader & MR, WB China Both Malhotra, 1980 khudiensis (Sinha, 1951) BH China Both

lesserti Reimoser, 1934 SI (TN) * Both Arctosa C. L. Koch mulani (Dyal, 1935) MR Pakistan Both quinquedens Dhali et al., WB Female 2012 sandeshkhaliensis WB Both Majumder, 2004 tappaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Both LYCOSIDAE leucostigma (Simon, 1885) KA, TN Both Sundevall Crocodilosa Caporiacco maindroni Female MR (Simon, 1897) amkhasensis (Tikader & MP, WB Both Malhotra, 1976) atropalpis (Gravely, 1924) TN Sri Lanka Both burasantiensis (Tikader & WB Both Malhotra, 1976) Draposa nicobarica (Thorell, 1891) AN Both Kronestedt TN, GJ, Bangladesh, oakleyi (Gravely, 1924) Both BH, PJ Pakistan porpaensis (Gajbe, 2004) MP Female subhadrae (Patel & Reddy, AP Sri Lanka Both 1993) banarensis Tikader & RJ Both Malhotra, 1980 Evippa Simon jabalpurensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

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mandlaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female Egypt to India, praelongipes (O. P.- AS, GJ, Pakistan, Both Cambridge, 1870) RJ, PJ Kazakhstan rajasthanea Tikader & RJ Both Malhotra, 1980 rubiginosa Simon, 1885 AS, AP, TN Female shivajii Tikader & MR Both Malhotra, 1980 sohani Tikader & MR Both Malhotra, 1980 solanensis Tikader & HP Female Malhotra, 1980 evippiforme (Caporiacco, Karakorum Both Evippomma 1935) Roewer evippinum (Simon, 1897) MR Pakistan Female Geolycosa carli (Reimoser, 1934) SI (TN) * Both Montgomery KL, TN, MP, agelenoides (Simon, 1884) GO, KA, UK, Taiwan Both MR, WB charamaensis Both MP Gajbe, 2004 fabreae Gajbe & Gajbe, MP Female 1999 flavicoma Caporiacco, Karakorum Juvenile 1935 KL, TN, KA, Bangladesh, greenalliae (Blackwall, MR, OR, SK, Sri Lanka Both 1867) WB, MP hansae Gajbe & Gajbe, Female MP 1999 haryanensis Arora & HR Both Hippasa Simon Monga, 1994 himalayensis Gravely, HP, KA, WB Female 1924 India to holmerae Thorell, 1895 WB, UK, MN, Philippines, Both China loundesi Gravely, 1924 TN, SI Female MR, TN, lycosina Pocock, 1900 China, Laos Both UK, KL madhuae Tikader & MR, RJ Both Malhotra, 1980 madraspatana Gravely, TN, GJ, Both 1924 WB, SI olivacea (Thorell, 1887) GO, MP Myanmar, Both

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Egypt to India, partita (O. P. Cambridge, GJ, MP, RJ Central Asia, Both 1876) Bangladesh MP, MR, KL, Iraq, Pakistan, pisaurina Pocock, 1900 Both KA, BH, GJ Bangladesh valiveruensis Patel & AP Female Reddy, 1993 wigglesworthi Gajbe & MP Female Gajbe, 1999 himalayensis (Gravely, AS, WB Bhutan, China Both 1924) rubromandibulata (O. P. Karakorum Yarkand Both Hogna Simon Cambridge, 1885) Myanmar, stictopyga (Thorell, 1895) PJ, BH, WB Singapore, Both Pakistan arambagensis Biswas & WB Female Biswas, 1992 balaramai Patel & Reddy, AP Female 1993 barnesi Gravely, 1924 KL Female

bhatnagari Sadana, 1969 PJ Female Bhutan bistriata Gravely, 1924 MP, TN, WB Both

AS, UP, carmichaeli Gravely, 1924 Female WB, GO chaperi Simon, 1885 AP, PJ Pakistan Both choudhuryi Tikader & WB China Female Malhotra, 1980 fuscana Pocock, 1901 MR Female Lycosa Latreille geotubalis Tikader & MR, GJ Female Malhotra, 1980 goliathus Pocock, 1901 MR Female indagatrix Walckenaer, Sri Lanka AP, TN, WB Both 1837 iranii Pocock, 1901 MR Female jagadalpurensis Gajbe, MP Female 2004 ARP, AS, MN, Pakistan, kempi Gravely, 1924 Both MG, SK, WB Bhutan, China lambai Tikader & MR Female Malhotra, 1980 BH, KA, AS, Pakistan, mackenziei Gravely, 1924 Both KL, PJ, WB Bangladesh AP, BH, KA, madani Pocock Both KL, MR, OR,

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mahabaleshwarensis MR, GO Both Tikader & Malhotra, 1980 masteri Pocock, 1901 MR Female MR, GJ, HP, Bhutan, nigrotibialis Simon, 1884 WB, SK, BH, Both Myanmar AS, MP MR, OR, India to China, phipsoni Pocock, 1899 Both WB, GO Taiwan pictula Pocock, 1901 MR Both poonaensis Tikader & MR Female Malhotra, 1980 prolifica Pocock, 1901 MR Female shaktae Bhandari & Gajbe, MR Female 2001 shillongensis Tikader & MN, MG, WB Female Malhotra, 1980 thoracica Patel & Reddy, AP Female 1993 ARP, MN, KL, tista Tikader, 1970 Female SK, WB wroughtoni Pocock, 1899 GJ Both Margonia Hippa himalayensis (Gravely, Both WB & Lehtinen 1924) kalpiensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

Ocyale Audouin West Africa to pilosa (Roewer, 1960) BH, OR Both Myanmar Pakistan, algoides Schenkel, 1963 JK Bangladesh, Both China alii Tikader, 1977 JK Female altitudis Tikader & UK China Both Malhotra, 1980 balaghatensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female Pardosa C. L. bargaonensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female Koch bastarensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female AP, BH, GJ, Pakistan to HP, MP, MR, China, birmanica Simon, 1884 MG, OR, PJ, Both Philippines, RJ, TN, UP, Sumatra WB, KL chambaensis Tikader & HP, WB Female Malhotra, 1976

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debolinae Majumder, 2004 WB Both

duplicata Saha et al., 1994 WB Female flavisterna Caporiacco, Karakorum Pakistan, Both 1935 PJ, HP, UP, Pakistan, fletcheri (Gravely, 1924) Both SK Nepal gopalai Patel & Reddy, AP Both 1993 haupti Song, 1995 JK China Both heterophthalma (Simon, TN, WB India to Java Both 1898) hydaspis Caporiacco, 1935 Karakorum Both jabalpurensis Gajbe & MP Female Gajbe, 1999 kalpiensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

kupupa (Tikader, 1970) SK, WB China Both minuta Tikader & HP Bangladesh Female Malhotra, 1976 mukundi Tikader & MR Female Malhotra, 1980 mysorensis (Tikader & KA Female Mukerji, 1971) orcchaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

partita Simon, 1885 KA, TN Female

procurva Yu & Song, 1988 WB China, Taiwan Both Pakistan to pseudoannulata Japan, (Bösenberg & Strand, KL, TN, WB Both Philippines, 1906) Java India to China pusiola (Thorell, 1891) WB Both and Java ranjani Gajbe, 2004 MP Female rhenockensis (Tikader, SK, KL Female 1970) Bangladesh, shyamae (Tikader, 1970) WB Female China songosa Tikader & UK, UP, WB, Bangladesh, Both Malhotra, 1976 KL China suchismitae Majumder, WB Both 2004 AP, ARP, BH, China to sumatrana (Thorell, 1890) Both GJ, HP, KA, Philippines,

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KL, MP, MR, Sulawesi MG, RJ, GO, TN, TP, WB sutherlandi (Gravely, WB Nepal Both 1924) tappaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Male

thalassia (Thorell, 1891) AN Both tikaderi Arora & Monga, HR Both 1994 JK, UK, UP, tridentis Caporiacco, 1935 Nepal Both WB vindicata (O. P. Karakorum Nepal Both Cambridge, 1885) Schizocosa concolor (Caporiacco, Karakorum Yarkand, Female Chamberlin 1935) Shapna Hippa & pluvialis Hippa & MG Both Lehtinen Lehtinen, 1983 gunturensis Patel & AP Female Reddy, 1993 himalayensis Tikader & UK Both Trochosa C. L. Malhotra, 1980 Koch punctipes (Gravely, 1924) KA, SI Female

urbana (Cambrige, 1876) AS China Both prasantae Ahmed et al., AS Female 2014 Wadicosa Zyuzin quadrifera (Gravely, 1924) KA, KL, TN Sri Lanka Both harduarae (Biswas & Roy, Zoica Simon UK Sri Lanka Female 2008) Hamadruas insulana (Thorell, 1891) AN Female Deeleman- sikkimensis (Tikader, MG, SK, TP, Reinhold China Both 1970) WB hellia Dhali et al., 2016 WB Female Myanmar, Thailand, incompta (Thorell, 1890) WB Malaysia, Both OXYOPIDAE Hamataliwa Philippines, Thorell, 1870 Kerserling Borneo ovata (Biswas et al., 1996) WB Female

subhadrae (Tikader, 1970) WB China Female

armatipalpis Strand, 1912 KL Female Oxyopes Latreille ashae Gajbe, 1999 CG Female

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assamensis Tikader, 1969 AS, ARP, MG Female

bharatae Gajbe, 1999 BH, MP Female

biharensis Gajbe, 1999 BH Female China to birmanicus Thorell, 1887 AS, KL Both Sumatra boriensis Bodkhe & MR Female Vankhede, 2012 chittrae Tikader, 1965 MR, GJ Both elongatus Biswas et al., WB Male 1996 fabae Dhali, Saha & WB Female Raychaudhuri, 2015 gemellus Thorell, 1891 AN Malasia Male gorumaraensis Sen et al., WB Female 2011 gujaratensis Gajbe, 1999 GJ Female gurjanti Sadana & Gupta, GJ Female 1995 hindostanicus Pocock, Pakistan, Sri TN, UP Both 1901 Lanka hotingchiehi Schenkel, WB China Both 1963 indicus (Walckenaer, IND Female 1805) jabalpurensis Gajbe & MP Female Gajbe, 1999 AS, KL, MP, javanus javanus Thorell, China to Java, WB Both 1887 Philippines

javanus nicobaricus AN Female Strand, 1907 jubilans O. P. Cambridge, Pakistan, Karakorum Both 1885 China kamalae Gajbe, 1999 MP Female ketani Gajbe & Gajbe, MP Female 1999 kohaensis Bodkhe & MR Female Vankhede, 2012 kumarae Biswas & Roy, KL Female 2005 kusumae Gajbe, 1999 MP Female

lepidus (Blackwall, 1864) WB Both

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lineatipes (C L Koch, AS China Both 1847) linearis Sen et al., 2015 WB Male

longinquus Thorell, 1891 AN Myanmar Both longispinus Saha & WB Female Raychaudhuri, 2003 ludhianaensis Sadana & PJ Female Goel, 1995 minutus Biswas et al., WB Female 1996 naliniae Gajbe, 1999 MP Both MN, UP, WB, pandae Tikader, 1969 Both MP pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe, MP, WB, AS Female 2000 pawani Gajbe, 1992 UP, WB Female rajai Saha & WB Female Raychaudhuri, 2003 ratnae Tikader, 1970 WB, KL, MP Both

reddyi Majumder, 2004 AP Female Sri Lanka, rufisternis Pocock, 1901 BH, GJ Male Pakistan rukminiae Gajbe, 1999 CG, KA, KL Female

ryvesi Pocock, 1901 UP Pakistan Female

sakuntalae Tikader, 1970 WB, MP Both saradae Biswas & Roy, KL Female 2005 sataricus Kulkarni & MR Female Deshpande, 2012 ARP, AS, KL, MN, MG, MP, shweta Tikader, 1970 China Both RJ, SK, TP, WB AN, GJ, RJ, sitae Tikader, 1970 Female SK, MG, WB subimali Biswas et al., WB Female 1996 KL, MG, MP, sunandae Tikader, 1970 Female SK, TP, WB sushilae Tikader, 1965 MR China Both tikaderi Biswas & MG Female Majumder, 1995

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travancoricola Strand, KL Female 1912 GJ, KL wroughtoni Pocock, 1901 Pakistan Both

China akwadaensis Patel, 1978 GJ Both

ananthakrishnani TN Both Murugesan et al., 2006 ashae Gajbe & Gajbe, MP Female 1999 betlaensis Saha & JH Male Raychaudhuri, 2007 biharensis Gajbe, 1999 BH Female

choprai Tikader, 1965 MP, MR Both

elegans (Blackwall, 1864) IND * Female gauntleta Saha & WB Both Raychaudhuri, 2004 graminea Pocock, 1900 GJ, TN Pakistan Both harishankarensis Biswas, OR Female 1975 jabalpurensis Gajbe & Peucetia Thorell MP Female Gajbe, 1999 ketani Gajbe, 1992 UP Female

latikae Tikader, 1970 GJ, MG, SK China Both

pawani Gajbe, 1999 CG Female phantasma Ahmed et al., MR Both 2015 punjabensis Gajbe, 1999 PJ Female

rajani Gajbe, 1999 CG Female ranganathani Biswas & KL Female Roy, 2005 India to viridana (Stoliczka, 1869) WB, KL Both Myanmar viveki Gajbe, 1999 MP Female

yogeshi Gajbe, 1999 CG Both bobbiliensis (Reddy & AP female Patel, 1993) PISAURIDAE Dendrolycosa AN, AS, KL, gitae (Tikader, 1970) Both Simon, 1890 Doleschall SK, WB putiana (Barrion & AS Philipines Male Litsinger, 1995)

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Eucamptopus coronatus Pocock, 1900 SI (TN) * Male Pocock Euprosthenops ellioti (O. P.-Cambridge, ECI * Both Pocock 1877) chandrakantii (Reddy & PC Female Patel, 1993) Hygropoda gracilis (Thorell, 1891) AN Female Thorell sikkimus (Tikader, 1970) AN, SK Female albocinctus (Doleschall, India to AS, KL Both 1859) Philippines decorata (Patel & Reddy, TG Female Nilus O. P. 1990) Cambridge phipsoni (F. O. P. India to China, IND * Both Cambridge, 1898) Indonesia pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et WB Female al., 2010) dentifasciata (O. P. IND * Or Pakistan Female Cambridge, 1885) Nepal, Perenethis sindica (Simon, 1897) MR, WB Philipines, Sri Both L. Koch Lanka Thailand, venusta L. Koch, 1878 KL Taiwan to Both Queensland podilensis Patel & Reddy, AP Both 1990 Pisaura Simon swamii Patel, 1987 GJ Both

Polyboea Thorell zonaformis (Wang, 1993) WB China, Laos Both Stoliczka O. P. affinis Caporiacco, 1935 Karakorum Juvenile Cambridge Tinus F. O. P. arindamai Biswas & Roy, KL Female Cambridge 2005 Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Fecenia Simon protensa Thorell, 1891 AN, KL Malaysia, Both Singapore, Sumatra, PSECHRIDAE Borneo, Bali Simon, 1890 ghecuanus Thorell, 1897 IND * Both

Psechrus Thorell himalayanus Simon, 1906 IND * Both torvus (O. P. Cambridge, IND * Both 1869)

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80 72 70

50 44 40 34 35 30 30 20 19 20 12 13 12 12 12 9 10 11 9 10 8 7 7 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 1 1 1

GJ JK AS TP JH

AP UP PC

TN HP

KL AN BH TG

UK KA OR HR CG

GO MP

WB MR MN MG ARP Figure 1. Species diversity of lycosoid spiders in different Indian states and union territories.

140 132

120

100 79 80

40 19 19 20 14 10 3 4 2 4 0 Ctenidae Lycosidae Oxyopidae Pisauridae Psechridae Genus Species

Figure 2. Diversity of lycosoid spiders in different families recorded so far from India.

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18 16 16 14 12 12 11 11 10 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 11

AS GJ JK TP JH

PC AP UP

TN HP

KL AN BH TG

UK KA OR HR CG

GO MP

MR WB MN

MG ARP

Family Genera

Figure 3. Diversity of higher taxa of lycosoid spiders in different Indian states and union territories.

126 129

Both morph Male morph Female morph Juvenile

Figure 4. Known morphs of lycosoid spiders recorded so far from India.

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Figure 5. Distribution pattern of lycosoid spiders recorded so far from India.

3. CONCLUSION

The purpose of the present review is to focus on the diversity and distribution of lycosoid spiders in different states and union territories of India and at the same time

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providing an annotated checklist of species so far recorded from the area. The study reveals that the Biodiversity Hot spots do not have the maximum diversity as these areas are not exploited. They are mostly distributed in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. It is due to habitat preference and for this there is so much of endemism (nearly 69.35% to India). The annotated list will be helpful any worker of lycosoid spider fauna. This fauna is yet to be explored in Indian states and union territories.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing facilities and encouragements. They are also grateful to the officer-in-charge, Zoological survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode for the support and inspiration.

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[12] Tikader, B. K. and Malhotra, M.S. 1980. Fauna of India, spiders (Lycosidae). Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta, I (2): 248-447. [13] Tikader, B. K. and Biswas, B. 1981. Spider Fauna of Calcutta and vicinity. Part I. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 30: 1-49. [14] Tikader, B. K. 1987. Hand book of Indian spiders. Ed. Derector Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta: 251 pp. [15] Biswas, B. K. and Biswas, K. 1992. State Fauna Series 3: Fauna of West Bengal, Araneae: Spiders, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta, 3: 357-500. [16] Biswas, B. K. and Biswas, K. 2004. State Funa Series 10. Fauna of Manipur, Araneae: Spiders, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta: 25-46. [17] Biswas, B. and Biswas, K. 2006. Araneae: Spiders. Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series. Zool. Surv. India, 13(2): 491518. [18] Biswas, B. K. and Majumder, S. C. 1995. State Fauna Series 3. Funa of Meghalaya, Araneae: Spiders Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta: 95-128. [19] Bastawade, D. B. and Borkar, M. 2008. Arachnida (orders Scorpiones, Uropygi, Amblypygi, Araneae and Phalangida). Fauna of Goa, State Fauna Series. Zool. Surv. India, 16: 211-242. [20] Gajbe, P. U. 2004. Spiders of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Arachnida: Araneae). Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 227: 154 pp. [21] Gajbe, U.A. 2007. Fauna of Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh): State Fauna Series. Zool. Surv. India, 15(1): 419-540. [22] Gajbe, U.A. 2008. Fauna of India and the adjacent countries spider (Arachnida: Araneae: Oxyopidae), Zool. Surv. India,3: 1-117. [23] Malamel, J. J., Pradeep, M. S. and Sebastian, P. A. 2013. Fecenia travancoria Pocock is recognised as a junior synonym of Fecenia protensa Thorell (Araneae: Psechridae): A case of intraspecific variation. Zootaxa, 3741 (3): 359-368. [24] Ahmed, J. Satam, Y. Khalap, R and Mohan, K. 2015. A new species of tree dwelling Peucetia thorell, 1869 from Mumbai, India. (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Indian J. Arachnology, 4(1): 49-55. [25] Jäger, P. 2011. Revision of the spider genera Nilus O. Pickard-Cambridge 1876, Sphedanus Thorell 1877 and Dendrolycosa Doleschall 1859 (Araneae: Pisauridae). Zootaxa, 3046: 1-38.

( Received 22 April 2016; accepted 08 May 2016 )

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Plate - I: Photographic images of representatives of different families recorded from India.

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Plate - II. Photographic images of representatives of different families recorded from India.

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