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42532 AFRICA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Building Science, Technology, Public Disclosure Authorized and Innovation Capacity in Rwanda Developing Practical Solutions to Practical Problems Alfred Watkins and Anubha Verma, Editors Public Disclosure Authorized Building Science, Technology, and Innovation Capacity in Rwanda DEVELOPING PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICAL PROBLEMS Building Science, Technology, and Innovation Capacity in Rwanda DEVELOPING PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ALFRED WATKINS AND ANUBHA VERMA, EDITORS THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-7356-9 eISBN: 978-0-8213-7357-6 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7356-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watkins, Alfred J. Building science, technology, and innovation (STI) capacity in Rwanda : developing practical solutions to practical problems : Government of Rwanda-World Bank technical assistance program overview and detailed summaries of six needs assessments and action plans / compiled By Alfred Watkins & Anubha Verma. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Technical education—Government policy—Rwanda. 2. Science—Study and teaching—Government policy—Rwanda. 3. Technology and state—Rwanda. 4. Technical assistance—Rwanda. 5. Rural development projects—Rwanda. I. Verma, Anubha. II. World Bank. III. Title. T166.R95W38 2007 338.967571'07—dc22 2007040465 Cover photo by: Alfred J. Watkins at the Maraba Coffee Cooperative, Butare, Rwanda. Cover design: Naylor Design, Inc. Contents FOREWORD ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii ABBREVIATIONS xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xvii CHAPTER 1 : OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY OF RESULTS1 Current Social and Economic Situation2 Improving the Lives of the Rural Poor, Reducing Poverty, and Achieving the MDGs4 Creating Wealth and Diversifying the Economy6 Government Commitment to STI Capacity Building8 Methodology and Design of the STI Capacity-Building Program 11 Lessons Learned 15 Implementation Issues 21 Notes 22 CHAPTER 2 : THE FOOD-PROCESSING INDUSTRY 25 Situation Analysis/Needs Assessment 25 Standardization and Quality Management 27 Human Resource Constraints 27 Markets for Processed Foods 28 Development Potential for the Food-Processing Industry 29 Recommended Strategies 30 Educating and Training People 32 Developing Business Development Services 33 Improving Transport and Packaging 34 Conducting Market Research and Feasibility Studies 34 Adopting Complementary Measures 35 v vi • Contents CHAPTER 3 : VALUE-ADDED EXPORTS 37 Situation Analysis/Needs Assessment 37 Recommended Public–Private Partnerships for Capacity Building in Value-Added Enterprises 40 Public–Private Partnership for Technical and Vocational Training 40 Public–Private Grant Facility for Enterprise-Based Training 41 Establishing a Public–Private Technology Information Service 42 Establishing a Matching Grant Program for Investment in Productive Technologies 43 Creating a Public–Private Organic Production and Research Association 43 Building Capacity for Organic Production and Certification 45 Public–Private Instruments for Capacity Building in Design and Product Development 45 Notes 46 CHAPTER 4 : DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES 47 Situation Analysis/Needs Assessment 47 Agencies and Institutions Responsible for Promoting Appropriate Technology 51 Factors Hampering the Development and Transfer of Appropriate Technology 54 Recommended Strategies 55 Building Capacity at CITT 56 Building Capacity at IRST 58 Building Capacity at Vocational Training Centers 59 Establishing a Technology Development Fund 60 Notes 62 CHAPTER 5 : DELIVERY OF CLEAN DRINKING WATER 63 Situation Analysis/Needs Assessment 63 Recommended Strategies 65 Training Local Water Technicians 65 Training District- and National-Level Managers 68 Building Capacity at KIST 68 Building Capacity at NUR 69 Building Capacity at ISAE 70 Contents • vii CHAPTER 6 : GEOSCIENCES AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 71 Strategy A: Fast-Track “Urgent” Plan for Geothermal Resource Assessment and Pilot Power Generation 72 Institutional Set-Up 74 Capacity Building through Hands-On Training 74 Strategy B: Long-Term Institution/Capacity Building for Geothermal Energy and Geoscience Development: The Rwanda Geoscientific Center 75 Required Capacity-Building Efforts 80 Notes 82 CHAPTER 7 : CLIENT-FOCUSED AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND OUTREACH 83 Situation Analysis/Needs Assessment 83 Weaknesses in the Performance of the Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer System 85 Weaknesses in the Public Research and Technology Transfer System 86 Weaknesses in Private Sector Participation 88 Weaknesses in the Agricultural Education and Training System 88 Recommended Strategies for Capacity Building 89 Strengthen the Key Components of the Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer System 89 Empower the Beneficiaries of Agricultural Research and Outreach 90 Promote the Profitability of Agriculture and Private Sector Participation 91 Improve ISAR’s Institutional Performance 93 Improve Coordination, Methods, and Performance Standards for Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer 94 Develop and Manage Human Resources 95 Build Capacity at ISAE and NUR 96 Notes 97 APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1 : Background Documents 99 APPENDIX 2 : Sample Terms of Reference for the Needs Assessment and Action Plan Studies 101 APPENDIX 3 : Public Institutions Involved in STI Capacity-Building Action Plans 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY 107 INDEX 109 viii • Contents BOX Box 1.1: Improving Institutional Capacity and Building an Innovation Culture 20 FIGURES Figure 1.1: Enterprise-based Model of STI Capacity Building8 Figure 1.2: Cross-cutting Nature of STI Capacity Building 16 Figure 1.3: STI Capacity Building Cuts Across Traditional Silos of Development 17 Figure 1.4: Capacity-building Needs at Various Skill Levels 18 Figure 5.1: Access to Clean Drinking Water and Sanitation, 2000–20 63 Figure 7.1: STI System for Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer (ARTT) in Rwanda 84 TABLES Table 4.1: Status of Appropriate Technologies in Rwanda 48 Table 5.1: Recommended Capacity-Building Activities in the Water and Sanitation Sector 66 Table 5.2: Projected Number of Workers Needed to Handle Basic Water Supply and Management Tasks 67 Table 3A.1: Public Institutions Involved in STI Capacity-Building Action Plans 105 Foreword n 2003, Rwanda emerged from its first democratic elections with a new government entrusted with meeting the challenges of building an econ- Iomy based on science, technology, and innovation (STI) and making Rwanda a technology hub in Sub-Saharan Africa. Together with other science- and technology-oriented ministries, the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Scientific Research was charged with implement- ing this vision—even if it meant breaking down bureaucratic barriers, doing the unusual, and formulating and implementing ambitious STI policies. Rwanda’s commitment to STI capacity building starts at the very top. The president of Rwanda, His Excellency Paul Kagame, was the first to stress the importance of making science and technology an instrument for Rwanda’s economic and social development. During his January 2004 address to the diplomatic corps, he outlined the following ambitious goal: “We will continue to invest in our people and strive to open up the frontiers of science, technology, and research as we broaden our trade links with our neighboring countries and beyond.” President Kagame has not wavered from this initial vision. In his speech to the U.K. Royal Society in September 2006, he stated: “We in Africa must either begin to build our scientific and training capabilities or remain an impoverished appendage to the global economy.” In his January 2007 address to the Eighth African Union Summit, he empha- sized that building science and technology capacity