Desarrollo Económico En El Noreste De Uruguay: Una Explicación a Partir De La Articulación Rural-Urbana Y La Organización Productiva

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Desarrollo Económico En El Noreste De Uruguay: Una Explicación a Partir De La Articulación Rural-Urbana Y La Organización Productiva Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva Artigas, Cerro Largo, Rivera y Treinta y Tres Adrián Rodríguez Miranda 1 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales Departamento de Estructura Económica y Economía del Desarrollo Programa de Doctorado en Integración y Desarrollo Económico Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva Tesis que presenta: Adrián Rodríguez Miranda Para la obtención del grado de Doctor en Desarrollo Económico e Integración Director: Antonio Vázquez Barquero Madrid, España 2010 Adrián Rodríguez Miranda 2 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva A mis hijos Rafael y Joaquín Adrián Rodríguez Miranda 3 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva Agradecimientos A Antonio Vázquez Barquero mi sincero agradecimiento por el apoyo que me ha brindado como profesor de curso en mi estadía en Madrid, luego como asesor de mi tesina para la obtención del DEA y ahora como director de mi tesis doctoral. En todas estas instancias debo agradecer su gran generosidad para compartir su conocimiento, así como su preocupación por mi formación como estudiante e investigador. Pero, sobre todas las cosas, por brindarme su amistad y afecto. A la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administración de la Universidad de la República y, en particular, al Instituto de Economía, donde ejerzo como investigador en desarrollo económico territorial y desde donde he contado con el apoyo para emprender el desafío de abordar este proyecto de tesis doctoral. A mis colegas y amigos Carlos Troncoso y Pedro Barrenechea. Porque el trabajo y las reflexiones que hemos compartido en nuestras experiencias laborales en distintos territorios del país han constituido un insumo muy valioso para este trabajo. Al programa ART Uruguay y su director Enrique Gallicchio, por permitirme trabajar tan intensamente en relativamente pocos años recorriendo más de medio país intentando contribuir a poner al alcance de los actores locales herramientas útiles para construir un sendero de mayor bienestar para sus poblaciones. En este trabajo de tesis doctoral se refleja parte del aprendizaje obtenido en esa faena. A Damián Velázquez y Magdalena Pérez, queridos amigos, por la lectura del trabajo y las sugerencias en la sintaxis y gramática. A mis compañeras y compañeros de doctorado, mis amigos españoles y latinoamericanos, por haber compartido muchas instancias que enriquecieron mi formación académica pero también me enriquecieron más aún como ser humano. A Patricia, Rafael, Joaquín, mis padres, hermanas, sobrinos, familiares y amigos, por su comprensión y apoyo a quien robó mucho tiempo precioso de compartir juntos para dedicar a este trabajo. Espero poder recompensarles. Adrián Rodríguez Miranda 4 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva RESUMEN EJECUTIVO La preocupación que da lugar a esta investigación es el problema del desigual desarrollo económico territorial en Uruguay. Al respecto, un antecedente propio de investigación para la obtención del DEA en la UAM (Rodríguez Miranda, 2005) muestra las disparidades que hay en el país en términos de un indicador de desarrollo económico territorial endógeno. El indicador refleja, para el período 1992-2002, las condiciones en cada departamento respecto a cuatro determinantes que son las aglomeraciones urbanas, las instituciones, la organización de la producción y la innovación, siguiendo el enfoque teórico desarrollado en Vázquez Barquero (2002, 2005). De acuerdo a ese indicador, en el contexto nacional la región noreste es la que presenta un mayor atraso relativo. Esto se corrobora también a través de otros indicadores y antecedentes más recientes que se presentan en este trabajo y que muestran condiciones de atraso relativo en términos de ingresos de los hogares, PIB, competitividad, atracción de inversiones y desarrollo humano. Es así que surge el interés de analizar las economías de los departamentos de Artigas, Rivera, Cerro Largo y Treinta y Tres, situados en el noreste, para entender cómo funcionan y, a partir de ello, analizar qué transformaciones son necesarias para lograr un mayor desarrollo económico y social. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la investigación es entender para el caso de las economías de los departamentos del noreste del país, en concreto Artigas, Rivera, Cerro Largo y Treinta y Tres: ¿Cómo se explica la dinámica territorial de desarrollo económico a partir de la organización de la producción en el territorio y la interacción entre medio rural y urbano?. La formulación de esta pregunta tiene mucho que ver con el marco teórico que se adopta y con las características propias de estas economías (de base agropecuaria, con un sistema urbano de ciudades más bien pequeñas). Por otra parte, además de dar respuesta a la pregunta, que implica estudiar y entender cómo la interacción rural-urbana y la organización productiva dan lugar a un determinado proceso de desarrollo en esta región, también es parte del objetivo explicar si el mismo configura un proceso de desarrollo endógeno y, en caso de no serlo, cómo podría lograrse una trasformación en ese sentido. Para responder la pregunta se sigue un enfoque de desarrollo económico territorial endógeno que supone una visión compleja del proceso de acumulación de capital y cambio estructural, ya que los determinantes de dichos procesos, asociados a los recursos disponibles (trabajo, capital, recursos naturales), la capacidad de ahorro e inversión, el cambio tecnológico o la innovación como un proceso endógeno al crecimiento económico, se ven todos afectados y condicionados por la organización social, económica e institucional del territorio. Es esta organización la que determina las diferentes dinámicas de los determinantes de la acumulación de capital y el cambio estructural en el territorio y, más importante aún, determina la interacción entre los mismos que es lo que en última instancia define el proceso de desarrollo económico. El marco teórico tiene entonces como principales componentes que afectan el proceso de acumulación de capital y crecimiento económico a la innovación, la organización de la producción, las instituciones y las economías de aglomeración urbana, en el sentido que los plantea Vázquez Barquero (2005). A los que se les integra un quinto componente vinculado al desarrollo territorial rural. Con esto último se busca incorporar la dimensión de la articulación rural-urbana como forma de lograr una correcta interpretación para la región noreste de los anteriores mecanismos involucrados en el desarrollo económico territorial. Entonces, las economías de diversidad asociadas a las relaciones y vínculos que se desarrollan en un espacio rural-urbano hacen parte importante de los mecanismos que determinan el proceso de crecimiento económico en el territorio. Pero no menos importante es que, junto con el desarrollo del potencial competitivo del sistema productivo y la capacidad empresarial local, la introducción y difusión de innovaciones y el rol de las ciudades del territorio, deben ser considerados en interacción sinérgica y dentro de un marco institucional que pauta las reglas de juego de esas economías. Este efecto de sinergia, que Vázquez Barquero (2005) denomina efecto H, es parte fundamental del marco teórico ya que establece que los mecanismos Adrián Rodríguez Miranda 1 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Desarrollo económico en el noreste de Uruguay: Una explicación a partir de la articulación rural-urbana y la organización productiva que gobiernan las fuerzas del proceso de acumulación de capital conforman un sistema que permite multiplicar el efecto de cada uno de ellos dando lugar al proceso de desarrollo económico. Así como, si actúa negativamente, puede también limitar el efecto de cada uno y terminar bloqueando el proceso de cambio estructural. La endogeneidad del proceso de desarrollo también exige una capacidad importante de decisión y control sobre el proceso por parte de los actores locales, lo que económicamente se refleja en la apropiación local de una parte significativa del excedente generado. A partir de este marco teórico general se desarrolla un modelo de análisis inédito para la interpretación de los procesos de desarrollo económico territorial en Uruguay, atendiendo particularmente a las características de la región noreste. Dicho modelo combina un análisis de la dinámica competitiva e innovadora de las diferentes actividades de la economía con su contribución a la conformación de un sistema productivo local, es decir, en qué grado favorece la creación de relaciones económicas con el resto de la economía local que se integren en forma relevante y estratégica dentro de un mismo sistema de valor. Al mismo tiempo el modelo considera el grado de integración entre el medio urbano
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