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260 Lord of the Manor: Boris Yeltsin in Sverdlovsk Oblast' by Pilar Bonet

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260 Lord of the Manor: Boris Yeltsin in Sverdlovsk Oblast' by Pilar Bonet #260 Lord of the Manor: Boris Yeltsin in Sverdlovsk Oblast' by Pilar Bonet Pilar Bonet has been the Moscow political correspondent for El Pais, the largest­ circulation daily il.1 Spain, since 1984. Prior to that time, she worked as a journalist in Madrid (El Pais), Vienna (EFE, a Spanish new::; agency), and Barcelona (El Periodico). Ms. Bonet is the author of three books: Mosdi (Barcelona: Editorial Destino, 1988); Imagenes sobre Fonda Rojo (Madrid: El Pais, 1992), published in English under the title Portraits in a Red Landscape (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; and Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press/ 1993); and La Rusia Imposible. Boris Yeltsin, un provinciano en el Kremlin (Madrid: El Pals, S.A./Augil ar, S.A., 1994), published in Russian under the title Nevozmozlmaia Rossiia: Boris El'tsin - provinstial v Kremle in the Russian literary journal Ural, no. 4 (1994). A Research Scholar at the Kennan Institute during the 1991-1992 program year, Ms. Bonet is presently a member of the Institute's Academic Council. This Occasional Paper is based on excerpts from her most recent book, La Rusia Imposible, which she began to write while in residence at the Institute. The Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Smdies The Woodrow Walson International Center for Scholars The Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies is a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Through its programs of residential scholarships, meetings, and publications, the Institute encourages scholarship on Russia and the former Soviet Union, embracing a broad range of fields in the social scien ces and humanities. The Kennan Institute is supported by contributions from foundations, corporations, individuals, and the United States Government. Kennan Institute Occasional Papers The Kennan Institute makes Occasional Papers available to all those interested in Russian stud ies. Occasional Papers are submitted by Kennan Institute scholars and visiting speakers. Copies of Occasional Papers and a list of papers currently available can be obtained free of charge by contacting: Occasional Papers Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies 370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW, Suite 704 Washington, D.C. 20024-2518 (202) 287-3400 This Occasional Paper has been produced with support provided by the Russian, Eurasian, and East European Research and Training Program of the U.S. Department of State (funded by the Soviet and East European Research and Training Act of 1983, or Title Vill). We are most grateful to this sponsor. The views expressed in Kennan Institute Occasional Papers are those of the authors. ©September 1995 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Translated by David Sperling and Peggy Mcinerny, edited by Peggy Mcinerny TABLE OF C ONTENTS I Introduction 1 I. Sverdlovsk Oblast' 2 II. Lord of the Province 4 m. The Communist Party in the Provinces 6 rv. The Life of the Elite 15 1 v. Yeltsin in Power 19 1 Conclusion 28 LORD OF THE MANOR: B ORIS YELTSIN IN SVERDLOVSK 0 BIASI INTRODUCflON "Boris Yeltsin is neither the Boris Yeltsin joined the person he claims to be, nor the Communist Party of the Soviet person whom you believe him to Unionm 1961 and was elected First be." With these enigmatic words, Secretary of the Sverdlovsk obkom in Iakov Riabov tried to explain the November 1976. He came from one nature of the man who had replaced of the oldest towns in the area, him as head of the Sverdlovsk Butka, founded in the seventeenth provincial Communist Party organi­ century by Old Believers who had zation in 1976.1 Riabov left the been persecuted for having rc.fused province for Moscow w hen he was to accept the reformation of the appointed a secretary of the Central Russian Orthodox Church in accor­ Committee of the Communist Party dance with the Greek rite. ln his of the Soviet Union (CPSU), a capacity as First Secretary in charge position suitable for the top official of the third-largest industrial of an oblast' as important as Sverd­ complex of the Soviet state, Yeltsin lovsk, the province that had for w as one of the most important generations fueled the expansive regional leaders in the Soviet Union spirit of the Empire by providing benveen 1976 and 1985. cannons to the tsars and tanks and Soviet power was smart enough missiles to communist leaders of the to not entrust this province, where USSR. the- majority of the population worked for the defense indusl::r)" to Riabov recalled Yeltsin's reaction mere professional apparatchiki whose when, in 1968, Riabov announced only experience had been gained that he had decided to give him a from courses in political t->conomy at position on the Sverdlovsk obkom, the Higher Party School of the despite the reluctance of certain CPSU. The leaders of Sverdlovsk officials who did not consider him were people experienced in worthy of such a promotion. Instead industry-experts on turbines, steel of U1an.king Riabov for the honor or moldings, a.nd the strength of promising to straighten himself out, various materials. Riabov's prede­ Yeltsin immediately tried to find out ces..-.or as head of the province had the names of the people who had been Andrei Kirilenko, a military criticized him. Although Riabov did aeronautics engineer, and before not say, Yeltsin eventually came to him, Konstantin Nikolaev, who had believe he had figured out who organized the industrial evacuation these people were and did his best of the Urals d uring World War ll. to keep the suspects from being Boris Yeltsin belonged to the same promoted. "He proved to be very category as his predecessors. vind ictive, and this is a very serious As First &"Cfetary of the fault," pointed out Riabov. Sverdlovsk obkom, Yeltsin found himself at the top of a pyramid­ shaped organizational structw-e 1. Throughout this paper, the Soviet territorial administrative unit of Sverdlovsk will be referred to interchangeably as Sverdlovsk oblasl' and Sverdlovsk province. 1 found throughout the entire assassination of Tsar Nicholas II and country-a microcosm similar to the his family. Upon his instruction, many other microcosmc; that officials of the Party obkom comprised the USSR.2 Although the organized themselves into volleyball Russian provinces w ere not scaled­ teams (the First Secretary's favorite down carbon copies of the country sport). When Yeltsin left his position as a whole, the Soviet socialist at the top of the Sverdlovsk regime did use similar m odels Communis t Party hierarchy to go to throughout its territory, which was w ork in Moscow in April1985, his divided administratively into countrymen had both good and bad diverse types of units, all run by memories of him, but no one had organi7,ations of the Communist the impression that he was a unique Party These organizations were individual with whom their paths divided into lower hierarchical would again cross in a short time. organizations that were in tum subdivided further. The Soviet I. SVERDW VSK 0 BLAST' system homogenized admini­ During the era of Mikhail stration: the outward appearance of Gorbachev's reforms, the city of cities, housing, people; it introduced Sverdlovsk (between 1924 and 1991 social rituals; it unified w ays of the capital bore the same name as thinking and behaving. This process the province) w as, together with of standardization was so thorough Moscow and Leningrad (now St. that during the first few years of the Petersburg), one of the engines of post-communist era, one could take change in Russia. In September any Russian province to be a fairly 1991, by decision of the urban soviet, accurate micro-model of society as a the city took back the name of whole. Taken individually, each Ekaterinburg, v.rith which it had province or different geographic been christened upon its founding area possessed natural w ea1th to a in 1723. The province continued to greater or lesser degree, or had be called Sverdlovsk, in memory of developed industry or local a Bolshevik revolutionary by the traditions to a greater or lesser samename.3 extent. All, however, w e_re mere The p rovince of Sverdlovsk is variations on a conunon mold that located in the north central region of had been designed to shape a new the Ural mountains. Its total surface type of man at the service of a area is almost 194,800 square superpower. kilometers, more or less the size of Yeltsin was a vigorous person Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, and w ho carried out the orders of his Holland combined. More than h alf · Central Committee superiors with o~ >his territory is covered with a discipline and expected the same thick forest which, in its northern­ from his subordinates. Following most areas, gives way to the swampy instructions from Moscow, he landscape characteristic of the ordered the demolition of the house tundra. Almost five million people of Engineer Ipat'ev-the site of the live in the province; 87 percent of the 2. The provincial Party committee, or obkom (oblastnai komitet), was the highest Communist Party body, or organ, in the territory of Sverdlovsk, followed by the city Party committees W trkomy) and the district Party committees (raikomy). 3. For the purposes of this article, the provincial capital will be called by the name it used during the relevant period, that is, either Sverdlovsk or Ekaterinburg. 2 population is located in urban areas around iron ore deposits, such as and the majority (94 percent in 1983) Ekaterinburg (est. 1723) and Nizhnii works in industry. Tagil (est 1725), were transformed hlhabitants of the Urals boast over time into industrial cities. Serfs that they have virtually the entire turned into factory workers and, periodic table of Mendelecv under with the advent of Soviet power, their feet.
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