Lieutenant Coander A.A. Clark

Lieutenant Coander A.A. Clark Mr. J.3. Ellard (financial) *. Wallis ,rutenant Irving (fina ial) Major A.R.T. Haverfield "Mr. Hiekson-eed W.F. Page Mr. fsrrington Mr. 3.H. Weloh Mr. L.S. Greening (British Civil Administration Continued-) September 1916September 191619i8-Karch 1919 1919 1919-192 September 1923 (a few days) September 1923 - SepteAber 1924 September 194 - June 192 May i925 - August 1925 July 1925 - October 1926 From 1925 the Island wad only visited periodically by an Administrative Officer. Xr. F. Jobnaft Mr. F. John Mr. T.P.S.Mwkins Mr. A Sillery captai '.A. Debemham Mr. A.A. Oldaker Mr. ToP.S. Daukins Mr. L.R.C. Pridle Mr. L.LC. Priddle Mr. W. Romayne Novesber 1925. February, March 1926 A il 1926 Nay, June, Augast, Sept=Uer,192, 6 June 1926. April 1927 ma 1987 June 1987 Augast,Nevaber 1927 Janwar-, August,Novesber 1928 199 In 1950 permanent residence again taken up by an Admiblstrative Officer*.

AGRICULTURE crops grown, methods and implements of cultivation, pests, antl-eiosion measures, reclamation. etc. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date General Cinnamon Seed Cashew-nuts Cashew-nuts(count) Derris Root 1- 8 9 10 11 12 - 15 /J- fly D. W.I. Piggott. . W. Ronaye. . D.W.I. Piggott. W. Ronayne. R.R. Worsley. F January 1941. October 1955. January 1941. 1955. 1940. f

Agriculture-Crops grown, methods and implements of Sheet No. 1 cultivation, pests, anti-erosion measures, reclamation, etc. The islands of the Mafia group carry several markedly different soil types which govern their agricultural development(see also the soil section under head "hysioa"). (a) The centre and South of Mafia Island is a sandy plateau 40 to 80 feet above sea-level. This is the chief coconut and cashewnut tree area. The soil is almost pure white sand a foot or so below the surface but contains a certain amount of hums in the topmost layers. This humus only developes under the right cover and as it is being rotted down and leached out continuously in this climate the surface vegetation is of great importance in maintaining fertility. Not the whole of the centre and South of the Island consists of this sand, parts have a heavy red soil and there are degrees of sandiness, but the description covers the area in general. The original cover varies between two extremed types, the Gum Copal forest and the tree heath scrub. The Gum Copal forest, with a canopy of gum copsis oie a thick undergrowth, developes a very rich humus which will bear many crops for the first year or two after cutting. This is, however, implaceable within any reasonable length of time and the humus once leached away leaves the same wite

Further inland there are wide hollows which drain the surrounding areas and also carry good rice-crops in the rains. (a) On the Eastern side of the Island is a firm rd soil extending from Mohangani up to Bweni which is not suited to coconuts but gives a good yield of rice, mtama, kunde, simsim and pumpkins. This area is planted on a five year system, four years fallow and one year's crop. While fallow the land is covered with a dense low scrub which provides good sticks for the usuAl fence against pig. Unfortunately this part of the Island has an erratic rainfall and unless the rains are just right kuch labour is lost from the seedlings drying out or the shambas flooding. This can sometimes be compensated for where the ground level varies, by planting half the shanba on high ground and half in a hollow so that at least one half will give a good yield. (d) Chole Island has a soil type all of its own, half way between the red soil of Juani and the sand of Mafia. It is chiefly used for planting muhogo but ubaazi and sweet potatoes, also bananas, do well. A large part of the Island is, however, spoilt by the innumerable mango trees which cast too dense a shade for crops, (e) Jum-A Island has a good firm red soil such as is commonly found on the mainland and the chief crops are fiwi, mtama, knde, maize. The Island ip very undercultivated as the population is small and restricted to villages having deep wells.

The inhabitants cultivate mthogo in the South of Mafia and go to Paji and Msala in the Rufiji Delta to plant rice., The Delta has the great advantages that there are no pig and few monkeys and a crop is seldom lost through drought. The warthof is their chief pest. (h) Nyororo Island is also very infertile and carries chiefly coconuts. However a poor crop of maize is obtained each year, possibly because it has almost & more contact with the mainland than with Mafia where maize is not much planted. Figures for Mafia Island: Total area = 180 square miles. Greatest width - i1 miles. Greatest length - 51 miles. t The people of Boydju Island and a few from the South of Mafia cultivate rice on the Rufiji Delta; their shambas can best be visited from Msala. Apart from their crops, however, 200 to 400 tons of rice are imported annually from the Delta to Kilindoni. The following Customs figures are given:~t imts0 - Bags (iO0kgs) Rice and Paddy426-52 Other grain 221 29A A more detailed comparison over a longer range:Food imports:- 19 1959. i-40. D

SIN-SIM is planted in small quantities in Bweni and Juani though in 1924 12,454 lbs were exported. Good white seed was imported in 1958 and was said to have taken on well. However, in the 1959/40 season the natives refused to accept it even on free issue but were not able to give any satisfactory reason for disliking the better seed. Partly, no doubt, it was due to the fact that the Indians offer no better price for it. INDIGO is found on the Island but since the synthetic product has superseded the vegetable one there is no profit in the crop. GROUXDNUTS were tried in 1988 but proved a failure and the Agricultural department do not recommend another trial. COFFEE. Robusta coffee was tried and, hardly surprisingly, was a failure. CLOVES. The Germans tried for ten years before the 1914-1918 war to grow cloves to compete with Zanzibar and Pemba. Up to 1914 their efforts, though pursued with the energy characteristic of them, had been fruitless. In his last report the local official stated that he hoped he had demonstrated that cloves would not flourish in Mafia, but the only reply he received was an instruction to redouble his efforts. There are a few discouraged-looking trees at the Customs. GINGER,with expert attention, might be made a crop in Mafia and the roots already sent to the Agricultural department showed prmise. DFRRIS RCOT.also shows promise (see extract below). There are a number of seedlings from 1958 in the valley below the District Office. A single plant of Colombo root was doing well in 1959 and might be further tried out. has not been tried but an Agricultural report of 1959 suggested that it Cshould do well and would have a good sale as most of it is imported to this country from India. CINAMO. There are two trees in the valley below the Boma and many seedling germinate from thm There have been deuandzby natives for some of these and it is proposed to distribute thm According to instructions-the shoots are out from the tree at 2-5 years when a thiok as one' s finger. Cutting is done when growth is active after rainy weather has set in The bark is removed with a curved knife. slits being made on either side of the stem.

It is heaped and allowed to ferment slightly. The outer skin of the bark is scraped off on the next day and when placed to dry in the shade forms quills. has been tried. COTTON was tried by the East African Coconut Plantations Limited at Utmaini but was a failure. VERMIN. In practical every part of the main Island of Mafia, as well as on Juani Islan it is necessary to build stick fences (locally called makoti or majengo) to keep off pig. Near Chunguruma some rice shambas have even been protected from Hippopotamus by stout pole fences. Apart from these the blue sykes monkey is a pest just as damaging but impossible to fence out. Up to 1940 the only steps taken to assist the inhabitants to combat the evil were the occasional distribution of ammunition (12-bore) and one or two pig-drives. The ammunition was valuable against monkey as a herd is quick to move on when one or two of its number have been killed. An area may be left in peace for weeks after one or two herds have been punished. The ig-drives, however, were a complete failure; in one drive, when more than 200 turned out with dogs, spears and guns, less than half a dozen were killed. Suggestions have been made that were a really big pig-drive to be organised the pig could be driven right out of certain areas of the Island. This, however, would be quite impossible without first clearing many square miles of dense bush. Much of the land in the centre of Mafia is covered with dense bush which is perfect shelter to pig as it can only be penetrated along recognised paths or by cutting a way through. It could be cleared at great expense but would quickly grow up again, even cultivation would be no solution as the fallow years would allow it to grow practically back to normal before being out. A few more head have been accounted for in this way and it seems fairly certain that at least 20 head have ultimately been accounted for out of a total population of less than 100. The damage to shambas has been greatly reduced. In 1940 12-bore ammunition was issued, first free of charge, then at half-price. No other incentive was required to encourage the shooting of vermin and gun-owners were ready to buy monkey ammunition at the full-price. No rewards have been made but receipts for ammunition go to the war fund(1941). The most effective campaign, however, and the one most appreciated by the inhabitants is arsenical poison. This was issued throughout 1940, for the first time, with remarkable effect: not only were large numbers of pig killed but the remainder generally moved off and left the area for several weeks or months. The poison was issued by the Administrative Officer in charge personally and lists were made of those taking poison bait. Only certain areas received poison and that after full warning had been given two months in advance so that anyone objecting could have his "say. In the following areas, the only ones supplied, no objections whatever:- Bweni(w Kanga), Magemani, Baleni, Mohangani, Kipandeni and Juani. The most powerful incentive for the proper use of the poison was the threat to withdraw it completely if there were any troubles or complaints. For pig the most effective bait is * cigarette tin of arsenic to * W& of fresh pounded muhogo. For monkey the arsenic was mixed with an equal quantity of jaggery and used with mango scraps or mealy cobs. This was sometimes very effective. During 1940 a 1 cwt dru of poison used and a good many head of vermin accounted for but it is too much to hope that a year, or even two or three, will have a really serious effect on the numbers. There are probably at least 10,000 pig on the Island and nearly as many monkeys. Possibly 600 pig and 100 monkeys have been killed in 1940. GEN 3L. Agriculture in Mafia is dominated by the coconut tim and its products (copra is dealt with under a separate head). The Island is not, has not been, and will not be self-sunurting in foodstuffs as long as the coconut tree play this

The latter are paid to clear the shambas, when there is money to pay for this, and to carry out all the stages from picking of nuts to the marketing of copra. Inevitably therefore the effort devoted to food crop cultivation is proportionately diminished. For many years it has been the persistent grumble of Agricultural and Administrative Officers alike that there was not nearly enough cultivation of annual food crops. Recently, however(in the last three years), the Agricultural Department has begun to appreciate that it is going to be more profitable to develope the copra industry, which is the essence of prosperity in Mafia, and leave the cultivation of crops as the secondary consideration. This was a wise policy and, from 1957 to 1959, Mr. Brown, Agricultural Assistant, pat a great deal of work into the improvement of the coconut shambas and the copra produced. Then, with the coming of the war, he was removed but the improvements lived after him and helped to tide over the times of bad prices when nothing could be done to the shambas. Attention throughout the Island was then devoted to food crops and a remarkably good effort was made in 1940-41 to make up in crops what profit was lost on the copra. Pressure for the cleaning of coconut shambas was relaxed by Government instruction but the shambas did not go right back and copra production continued on a good scale in spite of handicaps. The experience of 1940 and 1941 has shown that, with the exception of Arabs and Baluchis whose caste appears to preclude them from manual labour, all classes of inhabitants are willing to make as good a job of their annual crops as any coastal tribe, provided they can see it is worth their while. The probability is that when copra prioes return to a good figure annual crop production will fall again to a corresponding extent. The best will then be got from the Island by pressing for better copra and better coconut shambas. Food crops will only be planted in quantity when the need for money proves, as it has in the first years of the war, that the work is going to be worth the labour. The Mafia

CINNAON giD. Five pounds of cinnamon seed were received in June, 1955 and planted in nursery beds on the 15th. Transplanting is to take place when the seedlings 3 inches high. During the course of enquiries in regard to the cultivation of the cinnamon plants in time past, I discovered that a large number of cinnamon trees including seedlings were, unknown to the estate manager, growing in the valleys of the Usagara Company's plantation at Dundani South Mafia. After communicating this information to Herr Hirschmann, he agreed to allow Government to take a large quantity for distribution amongst the islanders.

CASHEW NUTS. The trees have grown and spread naturally in Mafia for many years. Up till recently there was no outside sale but some of the nuts were eaten locally; the great majority, however, rotted on the ground. The fruit below the nut has always been used to produce a fermented liquor, "Uraka," which leads to much drunkenness between October and January. - The first attempt to find a market was made in 1955. Figures given at the time show that there were about 1 bearing trees on the Island and that the local market price for the nuts was about =/05 Cents per lb. The demand, however, was small, about half a ton a year passed through the hands of Kilindoni traders. Mafia has by far the greatest number of trees on the coast. It was estimated in 1955 that there were about 1000 bearing trees between Tanga and Bagamoyo, pbout the same between there and Kilwa, and 5000 in the Lindi, Mikindani area. It was further stated that the yield was 40 to 45 lbs of roasted nuts per tree giving a total production for the territory of 550 tons, 400 tons of which would come from Mafia. The Mafia yield has riot yet reached this figure. An exclusive buying licence was issued in 1954(General Notice No.976 of 1954) to Messrs. Gibson & Co., for seven years for the Eastern Province. Their ±iroe, through their agent Mr. P.N. Remedios, was -/44 Cents per kilo. An attempt was begun in 195 to encourage increased marketing but the results were very disappointing and very few nuts were brought in. It was stated that if the nuts were to be processed locally then 44 Cents per kilo was the highest feasible price. On the othe hand if they could be exported to Bombay 10 to 14 Cents per kilo could b offered. In 1988 buying places were established at *ilindoni and Kirongwe and Messrs. Gibson and Co. agreed to pay the same average price for nuts as is paid by buyers in the Southern Province. A weekly telegram from the Agrioultural Officer, Lindi, fixes the price. Messrs. Gulamali Bros., were appointed local agents to buy three times weekly, or daily, as desired. This system still continue(941) and the

CASHEW-NUT TREES. A count made in the month of December, 1955 reflected the following:LOCALI 0T. OF TREES. 1. Chem-Chem 2. Magemani 3. Marimbani 4. Kirongwe 5. Unyambwa 6. Baleni 7. Kipandeni 8. Miscellaneous 290 5,000 3,500 354 TOTAL

AN EXRACT FROM TH.E EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNALVOL.VI - NO.1 JULY 1940. Page 51-53. DERRIS OR TUBA ROOT. By R.R. Worsley, A.R.C.S., B.Sc., Ph.D., Biochemist, and F.M. Rogers, Superintendent of Plantations, Amani. Derris root is one of the most powerful insecticides known, but is harmless to man and animals. It does not possess the rapid "knock-out" power of pyrethrum, but weight for weight its eventual killing power is greater. It is finding increased commercial use in househod sprays (mixed with pyrethrum), in fruit sprays, and in cattle dips; the powdered root is also much used for dusting purposes. It is obtained from various strains of Derris elliptica and D. malaccensis. Rotenone is the chief toxic constituent of the root, and the content varies very greatly from 0.2 per cent up to about 12 per cent. Malaya is the chief source of this root, although recent plantings have been made in the Dutch East Indies and other parts. The bulk of the root coming on the market is on very mixed botanical ot-igin, and many complaints are made about , its variable quality. In 1928, Amani obtained cuttings of a high-grade D. elliptica from Kew S Gardens, and it is thete original plants that have been propagated for distribution throughout East Africa. The introduction of poor grades from Ceylon was made by one Planter, but every effort has been made to destroy all the cuttings that he distributed, and legislation has since been passed to prohibit the importation of all derris material into East Africa. Planters should make certain that any derris they plant is of the approved Aaani strain, which contains 9 to 10 per cent roteeone Reproduction and planting. - Derris elliptica has not yet been known to produce seeds in East Africa, and the method of reproduction practised has been by stem cuttings. Seedling plants cannot be relied upon to reproduce exactly tW parental characters, but this is assured by the use of cuttings. Cutiings

The cuttings should be selected from matured wood, the thin whip-like ends of the runners being discarded. Node cuttings - that is, with the base of the cutting cut immediately below a node - are preferable to internode cuttings. The basal cut should be made cleanly with a sharp knife; ragged or sawn-off cuttings do not root readily. The length of the cutting is of little importance so long as one node, preferably two, is left above the basal node. All foliage being removed from these upper nodes, the cutting is ready for planting (see A.). The actual rooting of the cuttings presents little difficulty; in fact, quite a fair percentage can be rooted by standing the base of the cuttings in fresh water. For rooting under plantation conditions, however, it is advisable to prepare beds of river sand four inches deep with a light shade erected five feet above the beds. The cuttings are then inserted three inches into the sand, an inch or so apart, and the sand pressed firmly round the base. The beds should be kept moist throughout after planting. It is of course essential that the cuttings be inserted the right way up; we have heard of cases where complete failure was due to their being planted upside down. In approximately eight weeks the shade should be removed. This allows the plants to become more hardy before transplanting. In ten to twelve weeks from planting the cuttings should be rooted sufficiently for transplanting to their plantation quarters (see B.). It is not advisable to take cuttings from plants that are being grown for the crop, since the root yield and even the rotenone content can be adversely affected by much cutting back. A plot should be set aside, preferably staked, for the supply of cuttings. In Maui a plant left for two years gives 20 to 25 cuttings, or for three years 50 to 80. C Spacing. - The most economic plantation distance has*ot yet been determined but the question is under investigation in Maul. With spacing 4 ft. by

The stems and leaves have no commercial value except for cuttings, but, though no exact data are available, it is obvious that a high increase in leaf area will cause some increase in amount of root. If the derris is planted 2 ft. by 2 ft., one stout stake about 10 to 12 ft. high (with about 5 ft. more below ground) to every four plants should be satisfactory. Close spacing considerably reduces the number of stakes required, and it is also probable that, other things being the same, staked plants need a somewhat smaller area than unstaked for the same amount of growth. The stakes are not.put in until the plants are about one year old, and have begun to send out long runners. Old iron rails, etc., with wire between, also make efficient supports, but these are generally too expensive. The staking of plants grown especially for multiplication also accelerates the maturing of the stem wood for cuttings. Cultivation. - The only cultivation required is periodic weeding until the derris covers the ground. Harvesting and preparation. - In Malaya, plants are harvested at 18 to 24 months old, it being stated that rotenone content drops and root yield does not increase beyond this age. This is not so in Tanganyika, where yield increases steadily up to three and a half years at least, and where rotenone content remains constant from two years onwards. .Taking into consideration seasonal conditions, i.e. the advisability of planting during the long rains, we have found a three-year cycle to be the most satisfactory. Cuttings are taken and the roots dug during March to April in Amani, i.e. about the beginning of the rains, and the rooted cuttings are then ready to plant out towards the end of May. The roots when dug are thus about ( 34 months old.

The roots should not be washed when dug but should be dried in the sun, or beneath a metal roof exposed to the sun, or by moderate artificial heat. Exposure to the sun should not last longer than necessary, i.e. only until the roots become brittle and snap when bent. They are then ready for marketing. Until more is known about the market requirements of East African derris, roots should be shipped whole, i.e. not chopped nor ground. Pressing the whole root into bales, and covering the bales with hessian cloth, has been found to be the most economic method of packing for export. Yield of root. - The average yield per plant in Amani at 4 ft. by 4 ft. spacing over an area of one acre was 0.55 lb., or 1,445 lb. per acre; this was for plants two and a half to three years old. A preliminary result for a spacing of 2 ft. by 1 ft. is 0.2 lb. per plant, or about 2, 900 lb. per acre. Soil, Climte, etc. - Derris has been grown successfully in Tanganyika from the coastal belt up to an altitude of 4,500 ft. The soil should be well drained and, for ease in digging, of light texture. This is important. In Amni one man can dig 14 plants', spaced 4 ft. by 4 ft., per day, whereas an instance has come to our knowledge where, on a very heavy soil, a man was able to dig only one plant a day. The plant has grown well on soils generally regarded as of very poor quality. Preliminary manurial trials with dung, compost, superphospate and lime

THE HEEKEEPING INDUSTRY IN MAFIA Up to the present, very little beekeeping is carried out on the island of Mafia. So little in fact that the Liwali and elders considered that there were only about twenty beekeepers on the island and each had no more than three or four beehives. However, at a baraza at Kilindoni, two beekeepers declared themselves, one with forty hives and the other with fifty. One of these was a Mgindo from Liwale, a tribe renowned for its beekeeping. Again at Kirongwe, one beek9Oer declared himself but was reluctant to state how many hives he possessed. The wakili stated that he himself had two hives. Bearing in mind the reluctance of the African to declare the numbe of any of his sessions and the caution he exercises before eve admitting he has any beehives it is considered that the beekepers are very much more active than the Liwale and elders stated. It is evtdent that Mafia is an area in which bees flourish. In half an hour& walk round Kilindoni, six wild colonies were seen, two of which were changing in the open below the branches of mango trees. These were in the sheltered strip behind the beach between the Boma and the Customs shed. At Utumaini E'te another exposed colony, of great size, was fouhd in the branches of a low trees in a * flooded valley a couple of hundred yards from the house. At Ras Mbisi, a colony was well established in the branches of an orange tree near the house. All the honey bees seen were the common African honeybee, Apismellifera unicolor var. adansoni. Latr. It was reported that there were also some smaller blak' bees with white hairs which are said to be extremely vicious and not so productive as the prolific adansoni. It is thought that these black bees might be either var. ucolor or var. intermissa . The adansoni bees seen showed all the characteristics of pure adansoni and no trace of hybridization with unicolor or interuissa. The very heavy rainfall on Mafia and the high water table makes water collection a problem for the bees in few areas. No definite information was obtained on flowering seasons but the indication are that the main honey flows occur at the beginning of and during the rains. Those beekeepers who were discovered and questioned revealed that they were in the habit of leaving the brood combs in the hives so that the bees would remain. The honey is consumed by the beekeepers and their families and the beeswax is usually thrown away. The low price Daid by the dukas for beesy does not encourage i co-le6 ion aid prepa-aion. A reasonably clean cake of beeswax weighing 8j' kilos (i4 lbs) prepared by the Mgindo beekeeper had realized only Shs.86/-, a rate of Shs.4/25 per kilo or Shs.1/92 per lb. In the trading centres of the forest villages in Western Province he wo ld have recieved Shs.85/75 for that wax at the current rate oShs.7/0 per kilo or Shs.5/40 per lb. Clearly there is r for improvement in the marketing of beeswax to give financial incentive to its collection and preparation. If the maximum price is to be obtained by the producer, ,

-17 - proper preparation of the beeswax must be insiested on. No trader can be expected to pay the full price if he has to remelt and strain the wax, and whit is more important, overseas buyers do not like the wast to be melted up in bulk, they want proper rendering in the first place so that the wax receives no further treatment until it reaches the overseas refiner. Stanley & Sons are to be approached to act as buying agents for beeswax in Mafia. In encouraging the expansion of the beekeeping industry Q in"Mafia, there are three aspects to be stressed. (1) The production of honey for consumption by the inhabitants. (2) The production of clean beeswax for sale for export. (5) The pollination of nut and fruit crops. The insiderable increase in the Cahhew Nut crop obtained by adequate stocking of the plantations with hives of bees has been demonstrated in Southern Province. The position with regard to Coconuts is clearly stated by Sampson (1925). "Fertilization is largely, if not entirely, done through the agency of bees". Thus the two most ijmrtant crops in Mafia are dependent dn the honeybee. Therefore, baited beehives should be abundantly distributed throughout the coconut and cadoew nut plantations, drums of water provided in the dryer places, and the colonies of bees preserved from destruction. It is not proposed that any beekeeping instAictors should be posted to Mafia. The agricultural Instructor, Edward Suanga, has attended a beekeeping course at Ukirigau and is keen to demostrpte the making of suitable log hives and the cleaning of beeswax. It is considered more useful to encourage leading beekeepers in different areas by lending them equipment to try out and report on; then to pay an instructor who may or may not do any work. The District Comnissioner has made available axes, adzes, and a saw which can be borrowed from the b ma by leading beekeepers for hive making. Shortly, bee smokers, veils and protective clothing will be made available for trial by leading beekeepers. A supply of pamphlets on "Beeswax" and"A Course of Twelve Lectures on Beekeeping " are beinj provieded for use by school teachers, Agricultural Instructors and Planters. P1opy of ( "The World of the Honey Bee" is being issued to the Boma for reference. Mafia- F.G. SMITH 15th June, 1955 BES YOFFICER wax

C 0 P R A. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date Conversion Frasila - Kilc Table of figures General Cultivation ( ~Coconut bud rot) Wilt ) Gwumosis ) Selection in Zanzibar Copra Press Fwr c.n F~ [ 5 - 11 12 - 15 14 - 15 16 - 17 D.W.I. Piggott. D.W.I. Piggott. D.W.I. Piggott. " The Planter." The Mycologist. East African Agricultural Journal R. Johns. Government Analyst. 1 ---- January 1941. -do -do September 1954. 1952. November 1958. 1940. 'i I

CONIESION TAML. Copra prioes per Frasila to prices per 100 4s. in Shillings. 1 rasIla. :100 kgs. Prasila 100 Kgs. i - 9 1

Total Value, Total Value Copra Value "Copra RainF'all Year Mafia Exports Copra Exports Per Frasila Tonnage in inches. 1915 Rs.486,196 Rs.4/74 1601 1914 1600 1915 Rs.398,800 Rs.3/53 1766 1916 1771 1917 Rs.475,725 Rs.4/08 1822 86 1918 Rs.297,158 Rs.275,174 Rs.5/= 1555 72 1919 Rs.517,226 Rs.5/40 1550 50 1920 Rs.5/80 1527 55 1921 Rs.475,170 Rs.6/20 1595 65 1922 Change Zanzibar Tanganyika. 42 1925 Rs.6/45 1560 1924 Sho.755,720 MS.718,526 She. 6/75 1664 42 1925 Shs. 644,555 as.652,595 Shs.6/50 1569 54 1926 Shs.659,442 Shs.614,840 Shs.6/05 1587 70 1927 Shs.524,504 She.5/80 1410 78 1928 Shs.620,554 Shs.5/60 1726 80 1929 Shs.554,984 Shs.4/90 1699 45 1950 Shs.480,100 Shs.5/75 1997 60 1951 Shs.501,200 Sft.2/50 2042 87 1952 Shs.555,280 Shs.54,500 Shs.2/65 2025 66 1955 %i.288,016 Shs.268,460 Shs.1/96 2141 57 1954 Shs.166,524 Shs.146,840 Shs.1/20 1905 81 1955 Shs.526,892 Shs.500,752 Shs.2/55 2002 84 1956 Shs. 515,567 Shs.488,115 Shs.3/55 2279 109 1957 Shs.555,911 Shs.507,676 Ss.3/45 2292 68 1938 Sh. 549,901 Sh. 266,549 Shs. 2/17 1919 65 199 Shs.567,089 U.276,525 She. 1/80 2405 108 1940 SW.529,100 Shs.258,810 Sh.1/52 2456 70 These figures are the best available but are not necessarily accurate. Certain discrepancies were found owing to the Customs division of copra shipments into export beyond the territory and coastwise shipments.

KILINDONI MARK7W COPRA PRICES. (Average between maximum and minimum prices each month per 100 Kgs.). 1935 1954 1955 1956 1.957 1958 1959 1940 1941January 12.50 5.80 11.46 12.85 25/= 14.- 8.90 11.50 7.48 February 12.20 6.10 11.75 14.80 22/50 11.50 8.90 10.65 7,95 March 10.00 5.60 10.40 11.50 25/= 11.45 8.80 10.07 April 8.85 4.80 10.00 11.67 22/50 11.05 7.60 9.55 May 1L75 5.40 11.87 9.57 18/= 10.75 9.55 9.52 June 9.70 6.25 11.- 10.86 17/= 9.05 8.85 5.97 July 8.44 5.80 10.- 11.20 17/50 9.85 8.- 7.05 August 8.20 6.05 11.12 15.65 18/= 10.60 8.05 5.50 September 6.27 6.25 11.75 15.50 18/= '10.- 7.- 5.60 October 8.90 7.52 15.55 15.25 19/= 9.65 8.50 5.70 November 6.60 8.95 16.50 22.80 16/- 9.95 15.12 6.40 December 5.90 9.05 27.05 15/50 10.10 14.62 10.88 17 / I I I,4 ,~ CC I 'I F

COPRA. The prosperity of Mafia depends on the coconut tree. Besides copra the tree provides the materials for coir:6 rope, house-building, domestic firewood and and a foodstuff, as well as "Tembo." Copra, however, is the main product and the figures on the firk page give some idea of the place of copra in Mafia. The local consumption of coconuts is difficult to estimate but in Zanzibar it has been assumed to be about one nut per household per day. This gives a figure of about a million nuts for Mafia, or just under 200 tons of copra per annum. Agricultural Officers have stated that the Mafia coconut trees are the best on the East African coast. The average rainfall is much higher than in most other suitable areas and is sufficient t9 ensure a good crop provided no other vegetation competes for moisture. Such rainfall figures as are available have been inserted in the above table to bring out the correlation. The relationship does not show up as well as it might because many other factors such as dfry shambas, disase, eto., affect the yield.

The following observations have been made on European plantations:in 1918 - with four pickings a year the average yield was 28 nuts a year (per bearing tree); in 1920 - the average rose to 31 nuts; in.1932 - the average at Ngombeni was 46 nuts per tree. For the last two years on the European estates, at present run by the Custodian of Enemy Property, nuts have not been picked but have collected as they fell. In 1952 on Utmaini estate it was found that 5880 picked nuts went to the ton of cop&, whereas of ripe nuts which dropped t6 the ground 5130 produced a ton of copra. Ngombeni estate in the same year produced 24 frasilas or 865 lbs of copra per acre, that is 50 trees. It can be taken as a very rough rule that a native shamba in od condition will produce an average of 50 picked nuts per bearing tree per year in a good year. Again it may be taken that in a native shabba 5900 nuts go to the ton of copra, that is 19 to 20 sacks, which means that about 300 nuts go to the sack of copra& From these figures a rough calculation will show the general economics of a native plantation:- 100 good bearing trees should produce 5000 nuts per annum, that is just over 500 kilos or 10 sacks of copra. At Shs.10/= per 100 kilos or Shs l/60 per frasila the owner would receive Shs.50/= gross per annum. In 194o-41 the costs were:(a) Picking nuts @ 11 cents per tree (six times a year) = 3..5/= per 1000 nuts. (b) Collecting the nuts at a centre = S.-/50 " " " (O) Husking and breaking, and drying the copra - fs.V60" " " (d) Hire of donkey to the market -.1/60 Total overheads for paid labour = ft. 8/70

Corresponding figures were prepared in 1919 by Lieutenant lrving, Financial Officer who obtained the following result:The estimate of yield was the same - - 5000 nuts;. Picking (200 trees producing 1000 nuts) = 5/- Rupees per 1000 nuts. Collecting = 1/- """" Husking and breaking, and drying = 2/. " " Transport 2/5 " " " " 8/50 Rupees 25/50 for 5000 nuts. 5000 nuts produce 56 frasilas copra @ Rupees 5/50 per frasila. " 126/= less expenses " 25/50 100/50 Cleaning expenses Rupees 24 per 100 trees 2 Rupees 76/50 Therefore the clear profit on 100 trees was ft.115/-, that is over Sh 1/= per tree per annum after allowing generous expenses for cleaning. could be afforded steadily fell off. The whole thing was a vicious circle and pessimists repeatedly pronounced the imminent collapse of Mafia prosperity. European managers imported contrmct labour up to the outbreak of war in 1959 but since then the labour forces have been reduced and at last the local supply has exceeded the demand. Many Arabs hare sold their plantations to the Europeans and to Indians though the difficulty in obtaining clear title to the land has acted as some check to this. Towards the end of German rule and during the Zanzibar regime no Indian could purchase a plantation and Arab debts mounted to fantastic figures, one Indian alone in 1916 was a creditor to the extent of 58,000 Rupees. The following table gives some idea of the changes that have come about Palms owned by small owners (less than 200 Palms owned by Arabs and Baluchis Palms owned by Europeans Palms owned by Indians and Goans

This gives an average size of holding in 1935 as 104 palms. The Chief problems in copra prodaction in Mafia to-day are, inorder of importance:(1) Dirty plantations. (2) Theft. (5) Poor quality of copra prepared. (4) Fire. (5) Poor yield. (6) Disease. (1) Dirty Plantations. The European and Indian owned estates are on the whole kept reasonable clean, the native estates, at least the small ones, can be kept clean by continual pressure and persuasion. The real problem lies with the Arab plantations. In the days of slavery, however inefficient the labour might be it was there and cost litte to maintain. Since that date the trees have, in many cases been so badly looked after that their average annual yield is less than 10 nuts per tree. The important items in cleaning are:(a) Cutting out all standing bush every year. (b) Grass-cutting twice a year. (o) A circular area should be scraped with a hoe round eah

It is said by the physicists that the universe is running down, slowly but irrevocably. Similarly most Arab plantations in Mafia are running down and unless prices soar to an unexpected height they also will move slowly and irrevocably to their end. Most Arabs with large plantations have one or more small areas with trees which bear well, perhaps near their house and getting better attention than the rest or perhaps on better soil. These areas are attended to and regularly used, they provide their daily food and keep the family going. In the end it seems probable that these trees will be the Arabs' final care and the rest of their large patrimony will become valueless and unwanted so that Mwy can be taken up anew and replanted by fresh people.

Unless the condition of the registered trees is examined the entiries in the book appear quite correct. (b) They mix their copra in with that of a friend and have it sold as one lot. There will be no cure for theft until plantations are kept clean and owners come to live on their estates. However, it could be very greatly reduced if legislation were introduced, as it has been in Kengya, to put the onus of proof on the thief and not on the complainant. At present once the nuts have left the owners' shambas a thief cannot be detected because he c annot be called upon to explain where the nuts come from. The Agricultural Department has more than once proposed suitable legislation W it has t been passed ( (5) Poor Quality of Colra. It was stated by the Senior Agricultural Officer in 195:- "There is nothing fundamentally wrong with the present system. It is only the details which require attention. It is a fallacy to suppose that artificially dried cop is necessarily superior to sun-dried copra. On the contrary, good sun-dried oex in quantity would command a premium. At present "quality" in the ordinary e copra trade of Tanganyika and Zanibez' is hardly a factor at all* It is all sold f.m~q. (fair medium quality). Exceptionally poor stuff may of course be subject, to an arbitration allowance. The so called "quality" which makes for variation in price per frasila to the grower who delivers his copra at a shop or markt i possibly lead to a definite premium quotation for Mafia copra. Individual producers of better quality produce are powerless, and cannot obtain any appreciable reward for their care. The general standard must be raised to have any effect." A contributory cause to poor quality is the prevalence of theft which compels owners to pull the nuts six times a year and to pull any nut which is nearly ripe. A few unripe nuts in a consignment affect the whole. It can be a said that at present the Mafia producer gets a very fair evenlgood price in times of bad prices, for his product. Until the Indian ceases to find a market for apparently unmarketable copra the quality will not be improved except by legislation. In the last few years before the war the Deutsch Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft owned a kiln at Utende and made regular contracts with near-by Arabs for the purchase of their nuts. The arrangement was that the Arab received his payment in advance on the Security of his plantation. The nuts were to be del1vc at a certain rate each month and the advance was paid off by crediting the owner with the value of his nuts at their time of delivery less 1% to.i% t is now

(6) Disease. This has been an everpresent danger from the numerous unkempt plantations in Mafia. In 1937 when Mr. Brown, Agricultural Assistant, came to concentrate on coconut trees in the Island disease was beginning to take hold. Vigorous measures were taken and in 1940 and 1941 there were few signs of disease to the eyes of a layman. Notes on disease are inserted below.

EXTRACT FROM THE PLANTER, DATED SEPTEmBER, 1954. COCONUT CULTIVATION. The following notes in the Cultivation of coconuts in Ceylon has been extracted from an article by B. Bunting in the Malayan Agricultural Journal, August, 1950. WEEDING. The clean weeding of coconut areas is not practised in Ceylon and the majority of the estates are under light grass, which is usually kept grazed by cattle. On some estates, however, the grass is gradually being replaced by low-growing cover crops. Such areas are hand-weeded monthly, but those under grass are only weeded once in three months and this merely consists in the removal of shrub and the sensitive plant, MIMOSA PUDICA. COVER CROPS AND GREEN MAM2M. A few of the more progressive coconut Planters are beginning to r value of low- growing leguminous cover plants and on quite a number of es grass is gradually being removed and DOLICHOS HOSEI (Vigna) planted in i In the majority of cases where Vigna has become established it has shown good growth and forms a very thick cover, about 6 inches deep.

The more shrubby types of cover plants, such as TEPHROSIA CAIDIDA (Boga medeloa) and CROTALARIA ANAGYROIDES, are also being grown to a certain extent as green manures. In such cases the seed is usually sown in lines either between each row or between alternate rows of coconuts. When the plants beging to flower they are cut back at intervals of about 4 to 6 months and the loppings allowed to remain on the surface as a mulch. At the end of two years the whole plant is uprooted and ploughed into the soil as a green manure. The more woody types of green manures, such as ERYTHRMIA LITHOSPEIA(Dadap), have also been given a trial on some estates for the purpose of green manuring, but the results have been far from satisfactory and their cultivation with coconuts is not recommended. CATCHOROPS AND INTEROROPS. On one estate, where an area of coconuts was interplanted with tea, annatto and fruit, the average yield was only 18 nuts per palm per annum, but a few years later, after the removal of these intercrops, the average yield on this particular area was increased to 62 nuts per palm per annum. This clearly indicates the danger of interplanting other permanent crops with coconuts. CULTIVATION. The general practice is toplough and harrow alternate rows every two years. The soil is usually ploughed to a depth of 6 to 8 inches and then harrowed with an ordinary disc harrow in order to break down the surface lumps.

Mycological Circular No.1. COCONUT BUD ROT. Danaer of its appearance in Tanganyika Territory. By the Mycologist. Bud rot of the coconut palm has recently been proved with some certainty on the Kenya coast. The results of an investigation were published by Mr. C.A. Thorold, Mycologist, in the East African Standard in 1951. The discovery is of considerable importance to the industry in this country, for the disease has a notorious reputation wherever it occurs. As yet this specific bud rot has not been observed in Tanganyika, but since it may appear at any time, it is necessary that some account of the symptoms and control measures be available to persons in any way associated with the plantations. These are described below, and are followed by notes on other common diseases which may be confused with true bud rot. If bud rot is suspected it should be brought to the attention of the nearest Agricultural Officer without delay, in order that control may be supervised, and material sent to this laboratory for examination. L.B UD RO0T. SymDtoms. 1. "Discoloration and youngest leaves. The heart

Unless these measures are carried out, diseased material may be a source of infection to healthy palms for many months. The Palmyra palm is also susceptible, and if affected would require similar attention. Ii. COCONUT WILT. No fungus parasite has been associated with this disease. Symptoms. The two main symptoms are:1. The leaves of the palm wilt, commencing with the outer older leaves. 2. Beetle injury and Bacterial rot of the bud. The bud in this case is not completely rotted before the majority of the outer leaves are dead and hanging down. So far as observed on the Tanganyika coast, the primary injury appears to be beetle injury of the bud;* this being soon followed by the penetration of saprophytic organisms of many kinds. The production and distribution through the tree of toxic substances has been advanced as a cause of the wilting.. III. GUWMOSIS AND NUT FALL. No parasite has been found to account for these very common types of diseases in palms.

THE t ni AtlCAN A0RItCULTURAL 16UNAL NOVEMaR, 1938 A Study of Coco-nut Palm Yields and Seed Selection in Zanzibar By RO ERT JOHNS, N.D.A., C.D.A., C.D.D.. A.I.C.T.A., Acting Senior Agricultural Officer, Zanzibar The Zanzibar coco-nut industry exports approximately 12,800 tons of copra and 96,700 lb. of oil per annum, valued at £128,800 ind £930 respectively. The quality of the copra is very inferior and is classified amongst the world's worst. It is not readily acceptable to the English buyers and finos its way to the cheap Marseilles and Genoa markets. The oil, which is expressed from the better qualities, usually produced by Government estates and a few enterprising manufacturers, is sold along the East Coast of Africa, and in Egypt. Arabia and South Africa. The above figures by no means represent the total production of the industry. as large numbers of nuts are consumed within the Protectorate, probably on the average one nut per -house per day. equivalent to 50,000 nuts per day, It is not possible to estimate the acreage of coco-nut palms, because, except for the sandy coastal belts, where one finds pure stands, the coco-nut palm is very often interplanted with clove trees, jak fruit, bread fruit and miscellaneous fruit trees. Until recent years the industry was in a deplorable state, and it can be stated that the above figures of export only represent about 60 per cent of the true value of the industry to the Protectorate. Certain improvements have. however, been effected recently through a "bettercopra" campaign. The neglect of the coco-nut industry in the past can be attributed to the existence of a clove industry which produces large profits in good crop years, and the tendcncy of the local landhoide-.s, owing to lack of knowledge of the potential value of the coco-nut industry, to neglect it in good clove years and to treat it as a sustenance crop in lean clove years. Even in the latter, coco-nut cultivation and copra manufacture receive little attention, and are only utilized to obtain as large a return as possible with the minimum of effort. Since'1934 the industry has received the continued attention of the agricultural service with the object of improving and establishing it as a substantial subsidiary to the clove. The efforts of the service have been directed towards the improvement of copra quality by utilizing only ripe nuts, by improved methods of drying and by the provision of superior planting material, which is the subject of this article. Observations recorded in the majority of coco-nut-growing countries show that conditions of growth and quality of material are similar in many respects lo those obtaining in Zanzibar Protectorate. Peasant holdings intariably present an overcrowded appearance and a wide variation within the palm population, while well managed estates present remarkable uniformity. This uniformity is well illustrated in Ceylon and Malaya. where seed selection has been undertaken. The method employed on a well man- til teEAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL aged estate in Malaya was the selection of seed from well-known high-yieldin3 palms and the establishment of progeny Hocks for seed production. An examintion of the Zanzibar plantations shows that very wide variation exists. This lack of uniformity is accounted for by the collection of seed nuts at random from storage heaps in the field. Within the population various types exist. from those possessing a wide open crown with an even distribution of fronds (Fig. I to the bunchy-top type illustrated in Fig. 2, which seldom or never bear a nut, and thus wide variations occur in yield of nuts, size, shape and colour. Fig. 1-Frond orientation of a high yielding palm NOVEMBER, 19

THE IAST1 AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL 3OIRNAL Fig. 2--Frond orientation of a low yielding palm The variation in yield in well illustrated in Table I which consists of records taken from commercially managed Government estates. TABLE I 1937 ESTATE - . -__Palms Nuts Climbed Gathered toni...... 29,883 283,854 Kigomeni 6,760 77,770 Selm . 23,261 356,521 Machui 58.799 917,875 .Lunga 29,446 306,554 Uhukwani .. 27,729 307,500 TOTAL.. 168,878 2,250,074 1936 Palms Nuts Cimbed Gathered 29,267 243,059 6,233 1 57,782 26,204 3 300,636 56.623 754,894 22,830 302:841 24,434 242.102 165,591 1,901,314 1935 Mean per I -. Palm Palms Nuts per Climbed Gathered Annum 28,073 224.093 34.4 5,718 55,432 40.8 40,489 483,673 50.8 48,201 850,937 61.6 21,942 249,682 51.2 28,687 285,540 41.2 173,110 2,149,357 ME" . 41"76 188 NOVEMBER, 1938

These figures do not, however, express TABLE 11 the complete extent of the variation, as in commercially managed estates only p N. Nuoee or Nu, r. .U . palms bearing sufficient nuts to make 1933 1934 1930 1936 1937 them sufficiently attractive to climb are recorded and the low yielders are omitted. ' 7 12 3s 22 17 16 2 2 36 53 43 34 37 truer indication of the variation in 3 - 2 20 37 0 17 nut yield is shown in Table 11 in which 6 3 0 344 8 9 25 34 the figures represent the mean nut yield 7 5 23 31 42 1 23 8 7 64 5 40 34 46 over a five-year period, and are extrac- I9 1 3 251651 14 tions at random from an experimental 10 6 - 4 - 9 1 12 26 2 block where a large number of palmsare s i a 10 42a 147 22 is 5 26 1 being individually recorded. 15 32 37 20 94 30 45 16 10 4 2 1 4 1 6 The variation in size can also be in- 17 23 36 35 3 6 26 IS 41 60 16112 51 26 dicated from similar records, and Table 1 - - .2 1 10 23 63 III shows the number of nuts required to 21 13 36 27 32 36 27 22 3 8 3 6 15 makeonetonofcopraonanumberof 23 4 21 13 26 45 21 estates widely distributed in the Protec- 24 11 11 s 36- 24 torate. These figures do not, however. 16 19 33 27 6 23 21 27 - 15 12 44 14 give the true variation of individual trees 6 20 13 -- 14 4 29 614 4 9 44 as they are records from groups of palms 30 17 12 37 144 s9 49 and as such only indicate average nut size in different areas. Mean annual yield per palm . 21 nut. TABLE I Nusuzia oF NuTs TO PnODUCE ONE TON Or COPRA YEmI Mean for Nut4-year Cope4 1934 1935 1936 1937 Period Ratio Lb. Sandy Coastal Belt .. 6,591 5,609 0,546 5,842 5,663 1: 039 ,, .. 5,972 5,777 5,962 5,914 5,917 1:0-38 6,100 5,866 6,230 6,183 6.099 1:037 Mixed with Cloves 5,934 6,261 6,173 6,484 6,231 1: 0.36 , .. 6,397 6,351 6,311 6,464 6,380 l:0.35 Coral Outrp ,535 6,250 .6,192 6,642 6,390 1: 0 '5 CloveArea 6,757 6,880 6,426 6,230 6,426 1.034 Mean nut-copre ratio .. 1 ;06 lb. E__ - N TIHE EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL NOVEMBER, 1938

1152 EAST APRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL NOVEMaEft, late Nuts collected over wide areas also exhibit a wide variation in shape and in colour of unhusked nut, from different shades of green and yellow to bronze. As a result of these observations it was' concluded that the average Zanzibar yields were low, that the average nut size was small, and that the population as a whole presented a sufficiently wide variation to justify selection. It was considered that selection could be effected by adopting either of the two well-known methods -1. Controlled pollination of high yielders. 2. Collection of seed from high yielders for the formation of isolated, progeny seed blocks. Where practicable, controlled pollination has much in its favour, as the performance of the male parent is known. and the progeny should conform more to type than that produced by the second method. Unfortunately cont:olled pollina tion requires a skilled staff and constant supervision. For the Protectorate the second method has therefore been. chosen. Numerous workers have held that owing to natural cross-fertilization it is difficult to predict the performance of tle progeny and that only about 60 per cent breed true to type, but in the view of the writer this figure is too low.: Breading experiments with naturally cross-fertilized perennial forest trees in European countries showed that trueness to type was manifested to a maximum of 80 per cent in the progeny; and also observations in Ceylon and especially in Malaya show that a selection carried out by the second method produces remark- able uniformity in yield and a high figure for trueness to type'. One cannot without trial predict the performance of coconut palm progeny, but it can be stated that observations indicate that trueness to type may possibly occur to the extent of 80 per cent. The details of the selection procedure are as follows. TIhe Experimpt Station is situated approximately in the centre of 3.000 acres of mixed coco-nut and clove tree land which contains a palm population of approximately 45.000 palms. This was considered enough to provide sufficient numbers of palms and to be representative of the local palm population. The whole area was traversed and some 300 palntls were selected which exhibited characters of high yield. The selection was limited -to 300 as a convenient number to deal with. During the selection isolated palms and palms growing near' homesteads or abandoned homesteads were disregarded, and every endeavour was ,made to avoid the effects of soil fertility. drift by selecting an outstanding: palm within a group of palms. The characters of' high yield were considered to, be: Q) Large number Of visible nuts, evenly distributed around the crown. 00 Large number of visible immature nuts, Luttons, and flowering spathes evenly distributed around the crown. (4i) Short flower stalks. (iv) Wide open crowns with evenly distributcd fronds. (v) Freedom from gummosis. (vi) Absence of immature nut fall. Consideration was also given to previous history if available. NOVEMERk, 19Ag THlE EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL

THE EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL NOVEMBER, 1938 As these selected palms were scattered GRAPH II over 3,000 acres, each palm was labelled DisThmVTrow o CoL. YIsLD with lead seals, and banded with white paint for easy recognition. looit was decided that the local procedure of climbing palms and the dropping of ripc and partially ripe nuts should be I adopted and arrangements were, there- 80 fore, made to climb each palm every ninety days and to collect, the nuts. Accurate records were maintained over Sthe three-year period and the final results > 60obtained for nut and copra yield are U shown on Graphs I and II. lZ JO0' Triauuio.It OF NUT YIELD 100. 20 8o o. 002050405obo7080 u LBOFDRIEDCOPRA U Although it was considered that the total number of nuts would be a good 40. criterion of yield, it was also considered necessary to make a study of the nutcopra ratio, of the quality of copra and 20 of the individual oil content. To facilitate this study the nuts were, stored inseparate compartments, as illustrated in Fig. 3, until fully ripe and then manufactured i - 1, , into copra. The distribution of nut size NUMBER OF NUTS is appended in Graph IT. 191 F+ .. ... +-=

THE EAST AFRICAN AORICULTUIEAL JOURNAL NOVEMBER, GRAP III NUT SIZE EXPRESSED Tr LB. Or DRIED COPPA "20 100 go. U Zbo I' ocular selection, but the average of thE selection was 85 nuts as compared witl the Zanzibar plantation average of 41 nuts per annum and thus shows a markec superiority. (b) Weight of Unhusked Nuts.-Re cords show that there is a strong positive correlation between number of nuts anc weight of unhusked nuts. (c) Descriptiorn of Nuts.-There was wide variation in colour of the husk, fron various shades of green to yellow anc bronze, and also in shape and size of un husked nuts, but hone of these characten could be correlated with yield. (d) Weight of Husked Nuts.-Then was a strong positive correlation betweer copra. 40 (e) Yield and Quality of (opra.strong positive correlation was showri between number of nuts and copra yiel T Rubbery copra is usually associated o i ly with immaturity, but the examinatiod| of the various parcels of the copra over a period of three years indicates that this character may be inherent. Some copra. It may be that this chracr 'A. 1/. 16 . I. is associated with antritional defcic LB. OF DRIED COPRA andastudyofsitequalities sindiated. As a result of this study a mass of (f)Nut-Copra Rato.-The averag information was obtained. which can be ratio of 1:0.44 lb. of copra for summarized as follows:- selected trees indicates theismalnln o the local nut. The selection, however, (a) Number of Nuts-The average showedavariationfrom I:0.26to 1:0.76 annual yield per pam over the thre-year perid a surprisingly wid via- (9) Imosis. - This n athe h yieldinpalmaver- disasis inZaibar J aged~~ 174 nusand4 the lowest only 26.soeplsaertohwacrai :1 These figures indicatethe unrellabitity ofreitn.Thsfcowatkn t 192 a- THE EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL NOVEMBER,

THE EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTLRAL JOURNAL NovENtSER, t535 Fig. 3-Compartment storage of nuts of individual palms cunsideration during selection of tho palms and as far as possible thoA apparently susceptible were excluded Subsequent examination of the nuts, how ever, showed the disease to be present t a fair extent. Results of the investigations show tha the disease does not affect copra qualit, and only in cases of severe attack doe it affect yield. (h) Oil Content.-The wide variatio in yields of copra suggested that a simila variation might exist in the oil content. A preliminary investigation was made * but so far it has not been possible to confirm the initial results. Samples of o copra from twenty-six different palms were analysed for oil content and the t figures returned showed a variation from y 61.7 per cent to 70.9 per cent. A 9 per s cent variation is significant and would probably introduce a new factor into a selection, but, as already stated, these r figures require confirmation. 193 NOVEMBER, 1938 THE EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL

THE EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL On the completion of the three-year records. that of each palm was considered. As a result the palms in Table IV Pa No. were selected as seed bearers for the establishment of seed palm lines and eventually blocks for seed production for a3 distribution to the local public. The palms 71 in Table V were retained as seed bearers 1og for immediate distribution to the public. 20 208 TABLE IV 32 ii 5 1~ i 5 247 19 79 $689 åt. 379 191 38 106 166 63 3- ysao I M- 286 203 44 136 136 3 Po.,as No. Noll e[ ot C'ap - 1986 193I 1927 1,i4 T 714-4198 74 1165S 7 7ta 4 126139 77 ____1s 136139119331 73 No.~opa B l1 :049 114 173 88 101 121 69 116 109 64 102 12 67 The superiority of the original 300 and 166 t04 92 70 162 61 the two final selections is shown in Table las 230 9 74 134 63 VI, where the flgures are compared with 194 161 93 44 160 62 figures extracted from Tables I and II. 241 197 92 114 128 77 266 176 73 78 107 68 361 19252 72 $2 69 M . - Nbo 271 214 21 136 120 77 y241=S 'n'29= Rua a 279 20292106121 69 P 300 126 98 122 119 60 919919lotio. Ib. 2 TbI .. H9" 1,6 -97 5.93 Total .. 26 1 -"d 8~ios, - T.lV . . 111 l 049 4.271 N1.p- 1.4El:Is9.7 Z..asi. ot 42 10-56 6,158 _J9 5- NOVEMBER, 193 TABLE V No' Y~ 1935 3989 1937 8a 67 136 80 47 90 121 55 15 141 113 t1 142 109 10o 1 21 u6 U 152 94 144 194 144 114 31~ M-s Nol i119 cod 161 15 129 63 930 17 121 m4

AN EXCERPT FROM THE GOVERYMUTT ANALYST'S EX RACT FROM HIS FILE Oil COPRA PRESSES. LOCAL METHODS OF 1UNUFACTURE. One of the works visited employed their own methods of expressing the oil. In England it is usual to use the so-called Anglo-American presses (Fig.1.) The copra after being reduced to powder is laid on the shelves shown in the figure. Hydraulic pressure is then applied and the oil runs off and is collected. The primitive native method which I understand was in use in these parts consisted of a weighted wooden log (A in Fig.2) which was drawn round by an animal, the log being pressed against the copra. The oil is collected in the pail placed under the apparatus. The photograph exhibited was taken in the Seychelles recently. , A r, 1. It was interesting to find in the works visited that the German firm of Krupp have designed machinery Fig. I Battery of four apparently based on this old principle although of course Anglo-American presses. (Manlove Alliot) the apparatus was of iron and was worked by machinery. The advantage of this type of apparatus is that it can be worked on a small scale. It was claimed by the owner that his machines reduced the oil content of copra to 5%. A sample taken at the works, on analysis was found to contain 10.6% of oil. This works specialised in the manufacture of the local blue mottled soap. The owner gave the following details regarding the proportions of materials:Coconut oil ...... 20 kilos Blue ...... *1b Soda s.g.l.56 ...... 16 kilos.

OIYONUT PAI1S ON ALL EUROPEAN-OWIIED ESTATES IN MAFIA. Taken from a report showing totals as at the 51st December 1958. ESTATE BEARING NON-BEARING Ngombeni 32,215 31,108 Dumdani 15,727 11,919 Chake-Chake 3,411 1,893 Minaki 8,920 41,654 Utmaini 27,017 30,825 Ras Nbizi 10,813 49,367 96,103 166,766 96,103 TOTAL 262,869

Analysis of a sample consignment of copra sent by the Custodian of Enemy Property to the Tata Oil Mills, Bombay, in January 1941. Tons. Cwts. Landed gross weight in Bombay ...... 5 Landed nett weight in Bombay ...... 25 15 Loss in weight in transit from Mafia ...... 2% Nett payment .... Shs.216/= per ton landed. This copra was Kiln dried and stored for several months before despatch. It had darkened cosiderably owing to this storage but it had also dried out somewhat compared to the freshly made product.

GOVERNMENT NOTICE NO 298 OF 1941. The Coconuts (Theft) Ordinance, 1941. TE COCONUTS (THEFT) (APPLICATION) ORDER, 1941. In exercise of the powers conferred upon the Governor in Council by sub-section (2) of section 1 of the Coconuts (Theft) Ordinance, 1941, the following order is hereby made:1. This order may be cited as The Coconuts (Theft) (Application) Order, 1941. 2. The Coconuts (Theft) Ordinance, 1941 shall apply to the area of the Eastern Province. Made by the Governor in Council at Dar-es-Salaam on the 4th day of September, 1941. M -- 0

TBERAPTUS AIMh AIRSPRAY. BY DR. L.YAILR PLANK For many years it has been known that all over EoAfrica that Coconuts did not grow as well as in Ceylon and elsewhere, and that the young nuts (Vidaka) fell off and the older ones oozed gum. These were called Nutfall dispase and Gumming Disease of Coconuts. There were some go different theories as to the cause, but no one had ever suggested that an Entomologist might be of help. In 1951 the Zanzibar Agriculture Department was offered a spare Entomologist Mr. Way and he was asked to investigate this Nutfall disease which the local Arabs claimed was due to Ants. Mr. Way soon discovered that it was not the ants but a plant bug. (Coreidae) This bug was found to be a new species and has now been named Pseudothraptus Wayi (short Ps.Wayi). The adults are about I long, winged, relative poor fliers. They lay their egges on the freshly opened inflorences in thp Coconut. Each female can layup to 5 a dayand flies from Palm to pikm to do so. The eggs take 7 to 9 days to hatch, they are 5 stages or instars (or changes of skin) the 1st stages takes 1+ to 2 days 2nd 4 to 6 days 5rd 10 to 15 days 4th 7 to 10 days then adults. The male is potent after 4 days and the female starts laying after 10 days of the final moult. Both may live ever 5 months. These bugs feed on coconut flowers young and old nuts, they put their long needle proboscis through the calyx (always the calyx) pou in saliva which dissolves the young growing plant tissues and suc( up the contents. All stages except the first instar cause damage to the nuts in this way. They may feed 5 times in 24 hours and the tissues of the nut die at the site of the bite. A young nut or vidaka falls off an older one becomes scarred and oozes gum. So theoretically and in practice one bug can destroy 5 potential nuts a day. A palm has roughly 70 flowers every three weeks, so one bug can completely destroy the crop, but it often happens that the bug will have up to 10 feeds on one nut, and again there may be 4 or 5 bugs in one palm. The bug has many enemies or predators and even some parasites. The main predator is the Red tree Ant ( Maji ya Moto Ant or Oecovhylla. Where there are strong colonies of this Ant 'esting in the palm, it protects the palm from damage from the bug. There are some other pests that also do similar damage to the palm but these are of minor importance. The Ant Oecophylla has various enemies, chiefly other ants and this is why the Arab in Zanzibar thought they were doing the damage, since where these Ants advance they kill out Oecophylla but do not control Ps.Wayi which thrives and lives in peace. This is the main outline. It would be cheapest if we could devise some method which would bring back or cause all the palms to have Oco-phylla.Various methods have been tried. The most successful is in using a selective DDT insecticide known as 10 DRDK. This is 10 parts pure DDT 1 part Indene resin in a 50:50 mixture of Diesoline and Kerosene costing about Shs.6/- a gallon to Government or say Shs.8/- a gallong to public. If sprayed evenly in droplets of 60 to 80 microns diameter each at I gallon an ao1e it will kill 97 to 99%.#the °-but not the eggs. The egges hatch within 9 days at the most. So iftoapplicaion are given within 10 to 15 days the combined effect is to kill 99 to 99.9 of P Way providing it is applied evenly all over the Area. Of all methos red to date Aerial spray works out the dheapeut and most economical providing at least 2,000 acres are sprayed at a time. In the recent spraying at Mafia 2,000 acres have been sprayed

-2- twice with w gal/acres of 10 DRDK with a 10 day interval in between the tdapplications. Unfortunately the pilots flew too law and a complete coverage was not obtained every 1st and 5th row being more or less missed. This means sone 40I of the area was missed by the Spray and the result is that instead of a 9q reduction in Ps.Wai as expected only 75W reducotion has been obtained. The increase in yield will only cover the cost of the spray. The spray used hap been tested on 100 acres in Zanzibar for ( 5 years, it does no hm to the bees and other benefical insedts, Bees and Oecophylla have increased several times in sprayed areas it reduces the Rheno beetle Oryctes does not ham its main predators. Crops have increased from 4 to 10 nuts/palm/ annum to 40 to 55 nuts/palr/annum for costs under 70/- an acre. The value of the extra crops is 56 x 50 or 45 x 50 nuts per acre/annum, that is 1,800 to 2,250 nuts say worth 100/- per 1,000. That is £9 to 11 per acre at a cost of £5 ;profit £.5-V7 per acre. Since 1d of the bugs escape and these breed rapidly it is necessary to do 4 double sprays a year. This has to fit with the Weather and the breeding rate of the bug. It is suggested that 1st Spray takes place in end of Sept/Oct 2nd end of Dec/Jan. 5rd March and 4th if necessary in June (This may not been necessaryj It is thought as a result of work done in Zanzibar that the *first year 4 double sprays, the 2nd year 5 double sprays and perhaps afterwards, Only 1 or 2 double sprays per annum will be necessary. It may be psible eventually to eradicate Ps.Wayi but a great deal more work will have to be done before this end is in sight. Signed: L. VARIDER PLANK 7th November, 1955. C

COMMUNICATIONS-1a) Railways, (b) Main, District and, Village)roads, (c) Aerodromnes and landing grounds, (d) Motor transport, (e) 1postal and Telegraphie, (f) Harbours

C0ItLTUNICATI0NS. (a) IIAEBOURS AND PORTS, SEA TAFFIC. Mafia has always been a centre of the dhow trade. Some of the fastest and most seaworthy "mashuas" on the East Coast of Africa have been made at Chole. During German rule there was also a monthly service of steamers on the route Dar-es-Salaam, Salale, Mafia, Kilwa, Lindi, Mikindani, Kionga and return. The steamers called for 18 hours on the Southbound journey and for four hours Northbound. Larger vessels on the India run also called on their journey between Salale and Lindi. The headquarters in those days was at Chole Island but the Customs had moved to Kilindoni some years before the 1914-18 war as steamers were not able to call at Chole itself. Kisimani Mafia was considered as a port because deep water is found right up to the shore, it is the only point on the island approachable by steamer, but Kilindoni was finally selected for general reasons of convenience. During the interim rule from Zanzibar there was a fortnightly steamer service to maintain communications with headquarters. There was also a motor boat in those days but this was later removed and for many years there were only whalers to deal with harbour services. An irregular steamer service was maintained until the outbreak of war again in 1959 and for the last year or two lighters (two of thirteen tons capacity each) were available for loading. During the war the steamer service became more and more irregular and finally ceased. All goods were carried by dhow and, indeed, this caused practically no inconvenience or hardslip. KILINDONI PORT. A safe anchorage for dhows and lighters except when the North monsoon is at its height from Christmas until the middle of February. All dhows and native craft are then moved to safer anchorages. It is advisable to secure the motor boat and lighters by two anchors each during this time. by lighter are then difficult and often impossible.

2. (b) ROADS. Up to 1935 all transport was by donkey or by dhow. There was a flat rate per sack by dhow, depending largely on copra prices, for the transport of copra from practically any part of the island to Kilindoni. Roads of a sort were in existence from the early days and the Germans had prepared permanent bridges on the routes from Utende to Bweni and Utende to Kilindoni. These are still kept up to some extent for foot traffic. During the Zanzibar regime new bridges were built on the Kilindoni-Kirongwe track. Thereafter little was done though in 1950 a sium of £1000 was promised but not received. A Public Works Department survey for a new Kilindoni-Kirongwe road was made at some expense later and in 1955 thirteen miles of this road were constructed (without however following the surveyed track for much of the way). By 1955 some seventy miles had been prepared on the island. The first car arrived in 1952, and three more in 19.0 but the n=mber in working order has never exceeded five (1941). In 1959 the Kirongwe-Bweni section was abandoned as the traffic is very light and dhow freights are lower than the cost of ear hire. In 1940 the followingkroads were motorable:Approximate Mileage, Kilindoni-Kirongwe...... 16 Kilindoni-Utende..... 10 Kilindoi-Ngobeni ...... 1 (public section). Kilindoni Minor Settlemeilt ...... 1 Daweni-Terene (loop road extended to Terene) ...... Kilindoi-Utende turnoff to Vimanazi ...... 1 M

,Rm mwm;

POSTS AND TXLXRAPHS. Mails were normally carried by dhow or steamer until the airmail feeder service was introduced in October 1954. From 1915 to 1925 there was a wireless station sited next to the present Agr icultural house. This was operated by kke tlltary. It was removed shortly after the administration was taken over by Tanganyika as it had been chiefly required by the Zanzibar headquarters in order to maintain close touch. Thereafter, ( until 1952 there was no telegraphic communication. For two or three months in 1952 experiments were carried out with wireless on the island (which incidentally saved the life of a German boy who developed tetanus). Nothing further was done until 1955 when a helio station, working to a hill North of the Delta, was established under King's African Rifles' control. This continued for some years. A wireless station was set up in 1958 and it opened bn 6th January 1959, since when it has worked continuously. Since 1954 all first class mail has been carried by air but other mail was sent by sea at first. There was a weekly dhow service with Kiasi connecting via Mohoro with the Dar-es-Salaam-Kilwa mail route. In 1957 this service was taken over by Mr. Caley, who owned a motor boat, but it ceased in 1959 and the mainland postal connection was dropped. Nail was stijl brought by steamers when they called but normally all classes of mail from that time came by air.

(c) LATDING GROUD. The old aerodrome was the open mbuga on the right of the Kilindoni-Utende road. It required little attention and was in use from 1915-1936. It was first used in the operations carried out to sink the "K6nigsberg." In fact Mafia was captured from the Germans at an early stage in the war for the express purpose of using it as a base for these operations. The two aeroplanes that were used both took off from that aerodrme. No further landings were made until 1932. In 1935 a new aerodrome, not liable to flooding and more convenient, was prepared next to the District Officer's house. The airmail feeder service from Dar-es-Salaam began in October 1954 anid has continued without interruption (1941). A plan of the present aerodrome follows:-

M a ,cL - AiroJr o tnt. 2o4 36 00 YA& Lthqw tnoih r4,,way 700 YA9. Lvi lt su6s;Aia7 ruriway 600 X-4. N Sc.ruL t r....

EDUGATION Subjcct J~ Sh..t No ompfled and inærted by Date 'J:~Wi r~år

E D U C A T I 0 N. A school was first opened by the German Government at Chole in about 1907. It was a substantial stone building whose walls still stand at a crossroads in the middle of the town.I There was an average attendance of about forty children of all races, including Indians, some coming even from the mainland. No fees were charged and free rations were issued when necessary. The Uwalim was a Swahili and he received regular European inspection from Kilwa. The Koran was not taught and there was no great enthusiasm on the part of the parents. This school was continued dring the Zanzibar regime in the same building and the attendance was about 25 pupils, including Indian children. In 1925 the building in Kilindoni previously used as a wireless house was taken over for the school but the attendance was still low, partly because no food was issued now. From 1924, however, the attendance rose to 50 and there were two teachers during this period. Some of the children used to sleep in a house in the town leased by the Kadhi. As time went on the attendance fell and in 1928 the school was closed. A new native school was not begun until 1938. The Koranic shools in 1925 numbered thirty five and were attended by some 15D pupils. In 1940 there were twenty four of these schools. - An Indian Community school was opened in 1951 with a Government grant of Shs.2000/. per annum. This was closed in 1958 because the Ismailia Community objected, to the lack of religious instruction and withdrew their children. Subsequently thi s Community opened their own-school in the old premises and engaged a teache of their own religion. After inspection by a Goverment Inspector in 1958 they received a 'rant anf- ", 1940 this was f. 240/- per annum. There were 58 children on the regi at the beginning of 1941, including some who were not of the Ismailia sect, and it wa propesed to engage a second teacher.

Norio. Sc.ýAQ01 «njý jé4Ckw t'WA 194(

FORESTRY-And notes on minor forest produce. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date

Forestry-And notes on minor forest produce. Sheet No. I There is little to report on the subject in reference to Hafia; the only forest trees of value being gum-dopal and mangrove trees. The Germans prohibited the export of gum copal, the reason presumably being to prevent trees from being tapped unscientifically. A large number of trees which have been tapped have died, probably from a wrong method of tapping. The majority of them trees are at Kilindoni but there are 1000 at Utmaini and 150 at Dundani. An application in 1955 for permission to tap the gum copal again was refused by the Conservator of Forests. The chief mangrov areas are:(1) Kilindoni to Kisimani Mafia. (2) Between Ras Mbizi and Mshonzini. (5) Kirongwe to Kanga. (4) Mchangani and Chole Bay. (5) A restricted area near Ras Mkumbi, not usually marked on maps. There are about 15 square miles of mangroves round Mafia, excluding the narrow coastal fringe(shown in a small plan under "Physical - Soil"). Proclamation No.11 of 1950 declared the Mangroves a Forest Reservo. In 1954 the Liverpool Uganda Company, the concessionaires over the mongrove in the Rufiji Delta and in Mafia, were working the Mafia areas for bark. Again in 1940-41 they were being worked. The concession expired late in 1940. There is a forest at Chunguruma, Ras Mbizi, where the rubber vine grows in profusion. Tapping was allowed by the Germans at one time but it was later stopped owing to the labour shortage. P po-1*1 The Rufiji Delta and Mafia Mangrove Concession from the Ist April 1941 for five years has been acquired by Mr. M. Ghaui of Kilwa. 4 k,-,2

A GTR 7" ! 1 TRIS AGJ --2 made this First day of Aril, 1941, between the (ovenior of Tan anyika Territory of the one part and "r.. Ghaui (hereinafter called ?t'e Licensce") of the oIt or Ivrt. IT>SS ... that ii consideration ni' the pacia ets h10inaftcr reserved and subject to Lhe co ditions hereinafter set out: 1. 'H] GOVElt OR in exercise of the owers vested in him by Section 6 of the F'orest Ordinance hereby grants to the Licensee for the period of five (5) years from the date of this agreement the exclusive right except as hereinafter mn toned to cut and remove mangrove produce from any land wit!in the boundaries of the Rfiji District being public land or land u on which the Governor has any right to the mangroves thereon excepting and reserving for the Governor and the 7ative Authority the right to cut and remove such mangrove poles timber and withes as the District Officer, Rufiji District, shall certify in writing to be required by them or either of them for public purposes and ieservin g for the Governor the rght to gran-t licences for local native inhabitants to cut and remove mangrove produce within the boundaries aforesaid for the uses and purposes and subject to the same oo ditions as are comprised in the two provisos contained in rule five of the Forest Rules, 1933. TO HOLD unto the licensee from the First day of April, 1941i, for the term of five (5) years subject to the payment to the Forest

HISTORICAL-(a) Tribal legends, (b) History before British occupation, (c) History since British occupation, (d) Antiquarian (e.g. ancient ruins and burial grounds, subjects of historical and/or "sacred" interest, stone implements, rock pictures etc.). (e) Note of any isolated European graves. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date ~W.i. A-,A,..;v 42-Zr- r~~41 1%.: Pp I'S,- 1-9 to -17 X6. ii - 7. 2-I 3 "P. r IIT Or"Or - Q,,. a.

UsVell~ 'MMRi kJ~~ ~X w4 ø r «»J i

Historical-History before British occupation Sheet No. I HISTORICAL. From the earliest time the importance of Mafia has depended largely on its geographical position in relation to seaborn trade. As an Island offering sheltered anchorage in all weathers and protected by a wide channel from land invasion it became a useful link in the string of alien coastol settlements. It has been visited from time to time by travellers who have described their experiences, but as it was but a stage in the dourney we get little information on the people and their doings. Lying off the Rufjii Delta and having no direct connection with upcountry trade routes it could never attain the importance of Kilwa and many other coastal towns; had it held a slave market and exported ivory, history might have had a different story to tell.. The Periplus of the Brithraean Sea, a kind of pilots guide to the Indian Ocean of the first century A.D., refers to the Asania coast as follows:- "The voyage to all those far-side market-towns is made from Egypt about the month of July ... biugIng the products of their own places, wheat, rice, 0 girdles and honey from the especially to these market * oil,

-2 - The Mapharitic Chief governs it under some ancient right that subjects it to the sovereignty of the State that is become first in Arabia ... and these markets of Amia are the very last of the continent that stretches down on the right hand from Berenice, for beyond these places the unexplored ocean urves around towards the West, and running along by the regions to the South of Aethiopia and C Libya and Africa it mingles with the Western sea." The identity of pjapta is uncertain but its importance suggests that it had an extensive caravan route for the purchasing of ivory upcountry and it is not likely to have been on the Rufiji Delta. About A.D. 600, when the Indian Ocean emerges from the darkness it is seen to be studded with Asiatic merchant ships. Their furthest point Southwards in Africa was Sofala and it is significant that beyond -5- The Shirazi under Bashat found a native tribe called the Wambwera already in residence on Mafia. This tribe also occupied a considerable stretch of the mainland coast and Songo-Songo island, near Kilwa. it is said locally that the Shirai settled in the North of the island, where the Wambwera had their headquarters, and intermarried with thn. The remains of an ancient Mosque% of Shirazi type at Muskitini could Cbe seen until quite recently. There is another on Jibondo Island with the walls still standing, which is also attributed to them. The Shirazi dominated the coast from their headquarters at Kilwa 0 and were at their zenith from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, when their rule extended from North of Mombasa down to Sofala. Their chief source of wealth was the gold from Sofala but in addition they are said to have levied extortionate customs dues on all enm ere pauesi Kilwa. Their relations with the Arabs is not altogether clear. Before their arrival the coast had been loosely controlled from Arabia and mud

-4- been inhabited by the Wadubuii, a Moslem clan, while local tradition in Mafia also mentions the Wadebuli as the earliest inhabitants. Nothing seems to be known of them though they are similarly connected with Pemba and Zanzibar. It has been suggested that they came from Dhabol on the West Coast of India. Kislnani Mafia rains lie on the Western tip of Mafia overlooking the delta whereas Kua is on Juani, C a small island; very hot (hence the name) and rather inhospitable; the water supply &Iso is poor, The relations between Kiu and lisinami Mafia may well have been hostile. Soe say that the Shirazis founded Kisimani Mafia and were then driven out by the Arabs and settled at Kua where they were not likely to be disturbed. The rains at Kisizani Mafia cover only a few assand can barely be traced on the humooky grassland of a coconut plantation.

-5- The Kua rains cover a large area on the West of Juani and near to the shore. They appear not to have had a protecting wall. The buildings are rather roughly made and characterless; most of te are now only piles of rubble but a few in the most influential part of the town still have standing walls. The archways are not interesting and there is no good dressed coral to give distinction to them. Opposite the town, and indeed all round Juani island, the beach is rocky and the tide dries out some distance on bare coral so the population canot have depended on sea trade, they must have cultivated extensively on the island. The soil is good but rainfall is low. The ruins are heav13 overgrown with bush and are periodically cleared to some e.tent. The Portuguese first came into the pioture when Vasoo da Gana sighted the island on his famous voyage in 1498. Mafia was then under -6- This fort is reputed to have been near Klrongwe but in 1895 Bamann could find no trace of it. Chole and Juani are reorded as paying an annual tribute of gm copal and cooonut fibre so perhaps the town of Kisimani Mafia had already been destroyed. The n]=tu'e:Atself ma be * of signifioance as the first mention of "Mafia" Island is by the Portuguese, who called it Monfia, and they probably heard the C name in relation to the town of Mafia at Kisimni. The Swahili name for the island to this day is Chole, Chole Island Itself being Chole Mjini and Mafia Chole Shauba. It is at least possible therefore that the Portuguese found the headquarters of the islands at Kisimani Mafia and thereafter called the main island by ft name. In the early seventeenth century the structure of Portuguese imperialism was orbling, the Persians had taken Hormuz in -162 and'

-7- The news was immediately sent to Zanzibar where an expedition was made up and sent to chase the invaders. They were found on a small island and defeated, the prisoners being brought triumphantly back to Mafia. The date of this event is difficult to estimate but was in the days of Sultan Said. Mafia was already under his control in 1812 as Prior reports at that time that an annual tribute of 9 .1,5 was paid to Muscat (Zanzibar paid 412,O00). It must have been before 1858 because in that year Sultani Said who was trying to extend his dominion ever futher southwards, made a treaty with Queen Seneekoo of the Sakalava to protect her against the dreaded Hovas under Queen Ranavolana. Under this treaty Said was granted full dominion over the little island of Nossibe off Madagasoar. Now the local tradition is that the invasion of Kua was by people froa an island

-8 Chole Island was less than a square uilein arei and when all the influential Arabs had built their town houses (of stone) nearly half the island was covered. One of the Liwalis had had the unusually tidy mind for an Arab to cause the town to be measured out in parallel streets with cross-roads. There must have been some disgust locally at this diuption and undue orderliness but the design was followed. To this day the decayed ruins of Arab houses in this rather zad town, aptly described in the phrase "Troy was", are seen to follow a rectangular design. A ocompass survey has shown that the angles were not right angles but the intention was

- 9- Life was carried on peacefully and uneventfully until the Great War when Mafia early became of importance to the British as a base for ships and aeroplanes to attack the "Konigsberg." The Island was captured by a British Expeditionary Force landed from the "Kinfauns Castle" on January 10th, 1915, at Ras Kisinani. The swall German force was defeated at Ngoubeza on the 11th of January and there was no further resistance. The "Konigsberg" was then attacked in earnest and a local native described the times expressively when he said that the British ships turned night into day. After a short period of military rule the islands were administered under Zanzibar, though 4how not as an integral part of that territory. They were handed over to Tanganyika Territory in November 1922. W1, Z6W#SWr9" -b be- M-bf--Pf

A HISTORY OF MAFIA FROM LOCAL INFORLATION COLLECTED BY AMUR BIN OMAR, KADHI. Before dealing with the recent history of Mafia it is first necessary to describe a little of what is known of the early Arab days in East Africa. The dynasty of Bani-Abas reigned in Arabia from the year 158 A.H. and the first King was Abulabass Abdalla Sifahu. In his time a great traveller by the name of "Africa" was killed and his murderer was Yazid bin Abi Muslim. Fromhat time Arabs have come to the East Coast of Africa to trade and to propagate the faith. In all the countries they came to they married the children of the African rulers and became rulers themselves by inheltance. They built stone houses and brought cloth and/trappings of civilisation with them. Their trade and the extent of their rule followed the Coast. Year by year they extended it for many hundreds of years. To this day the remains of this early oivilisation can be seen in the walls and copper coins at Kilwa Kisiwani, Kisimani Mafia and elsewhere. The ,coins bear the Arabie names of the rulers such as Hasan bin Selemani Saadi. Another great traveller, Ibn Batuta came down the coast over 600 years ago and saw Mafia and Kilwa, he described them and their rulers in his book. After the Arab rulers had become established the Portuguese came to the country on two voyages, on the third voyage they came to Mafia with 40 great ships, called Laka. In those days the chief town was at Ras kcumbi, and the ruler of th time was Mfaune Ngazi. That was over 400 years ago. The Portuguese brought animals to Mafia, cattle, pig, squirrel and monkey. With them came Mugwai wife Simaovu from further South in Africa and they built a town at Joo. W10ithose times are still to be seen at Bheni and in other plaees. In the German rule over Mafia a4letter came from Lisbon to enquire about the des Simaovu and her husband, also about the eattle at Pieni which even then

The King died at Muskat on 5rd Ramadhan 1125 A.H. At first his Kingdom was powerful but after he had defeated the Portuguese it weakened and eventually broke up from internal dissension. The people of Africa then discussed who should be thel next Kingand representatives came from all the countries to Mombasa for the meeting. There was a Baluchi at Ngomeni in Mombasa called Jamadar who persuaded them to go to Muskat to ask for a new King. The elders of every country went together in their dhows and when they arrived they found that the family of Sefu bin Sultani had been deposed and the new dynasty was that of Albusaid, the rulers to this day. Their mission was successful and the Sultan himself, Said bin Sultan, came with them and landed at Zanzibar. He ruled from the 20th December 1804 and his rule extended over all the coastal settlements. He established his Liwalis from Warshekh, Mogadisho, Iarka, Barawa, Kismaya, Lamu, Malindi, Takaungu, Mombasa, Tanga, Pangani, Bagamoyo, Sada3, Dar-es-Salaam, Kilwa, Mafia, Lindi and down to Tungi. Sultan Said died on the 1t October 1856. There ruled Savyid MaJid bin Said from 28.10.1856 - 7.10.1870. I'. I

They then asked for the Li*ali and were told that he was on Mafia Island; at that time the Liwali was Khalfani Kanjoro, an Arab, who was the representative of the Sultan of Zanzibar. Before the Liwali returned from Mafia to Chole three elders of Chole were taken on board the ship namely Mohamed Bakari Hasan, Mwalim bin Abdulla, Kanaani, and Sadiki bin Ahmed. They were received on the ship and a European who knew Kiswahili came to speak to them. They promised that there would be no resistance so the European said he would go ashore at 4 p.m. Some Europeans did so with askaris and they paraded through the town until 5.50 p.m. when they all returned to the ship. The Liwali returned from Mafia about 9 pem., and on the next day at 8 a.m. the Europeans went ashore and spoke with the Liwali, and gave him a letter from the Sultan of Zanzibar. When the Liwali had read the letter he gave instructions for the Zanzibar flag to be hauled down and the German flag was hoisted. On the third day the ship left. The Germans left Saidi Afandi with 24 askaris, a year later thea appointed Mhamed Omar Pongwa as Akida and there was a European n bamdReter in o of both native affairs and Customs. The Liwali then was Nabaheni bin R . Aft Bwana Reter, there came Preshtan, then Drege, Aeim, Steiner, Altman, K , Altma again, Martis, Mauke, Shlaine, Kansbmidt, Hoiser. It was Hoiser who moved theBoma to Kilindoni and began the town of Kilindonai. Then came Mey and finally another was

Then in December a steamer came again to Kilindoni at 11 a.m. and fired 48 shots smashing the Government boat and killing one man. Bwana Mayer then moved from Kilindoni to Chole Mjini. In January 1915 Bwana Schiller, with three Europeans and 60 askaris, went to Ngombeni. Later there arrived many ships off Kisimani Mafia and British soldiers came ashore on a Sunday. On the Monday the war began at Ngombeni. By 1 p.m. the camp of Bwana iller had been taken. That was on the 15th January 1915. The news reached Chole that Mafia had been captured and Lieutenant Schiller had been wounded. On Tuesday 14th January at 5 a.m. a dhow arrived at Chole containing 12 Europeans. At 6 a.m. a warship was seen at the Miewe gap and they were signalling to the dhow. By 8 a.m. Europeans and many native troops landed at Utende. One named Sadiki Mohamed Samaki brought a letter to Bwana Mayer at Chole who sent a Goan Customs clerk, De Souza, to go on board the dhow. Later he returned and the dhow went to Utende where it waited until high tide and then brought four Europeans and a Goan Clerk of the Usagara Company named Da Silva to Chole. Ewana Mayer came to the beach to meet them. They went to the Boma where everything was taken over, then Bwana Mayer was taken to Utende. He returned later to fetch his luggage and to say goodbye and was sent away from Mafia. At that time the Officers in charge were miitary, Lieutenant Commander Mackay, Captain Lehman, Major Norman King, Major Bag, Colonel Smih.

ILI When the Arabs arrived they found the Shirazi already dominant and they intermarried and founded/Ras Kisimani and Kua. An Arab by the name of Mohamad bin Jumaa Barwani came to Mafia and settled at Chem-Chem before the time of Said bin Sultan. When Said bin Sultan came to reign he appointed Muhamad as his Liwali. When Muhamad bin Jumaa died the Liwali was his son Nassor Jumaa Barwani and it was irv his time that the Wasakalava from Bitdni(Madagascar) came in their boats called Laka to attack the four towns at Jibondo, Juani, Chole and Kua. They captured many people and took them to an island called Msimbati near Palmal. There the invaders dug holes and put the prisoners in them and covered them over. The Liwali sent the news to Zanzibar when the attack came, the Sultan sent Abdallah, the Liwali's uncle, with three tribes of soldiers, Washihiri, Wagunya and Wabuluchi. They came in dhows and followed the Wasakalava right to Msimbati where they attacked them with guns and swords; they recovered all the prisoners and returned them to Mafia. The first people to colonise Koma Island were the people who ran away in this battle with the Wasakalava. It was Abdullah bin Junaa of. Zanzibar who built the Bona of Chole in the time of Said bin Sultan. When Nassor died Salm bin Said was made Liwali and he lived at Terene, his authority extended up to Kisiju. They say that it was he who started the intensive cultivation of coconut palms in Mafia and he was Liwali in the time of Sayyid Bargliash. When he died Hamdan bin Hafid was Liwali a returned to live at Chole MjinL. He was followed by Khalfan Amur Kanjoro Riyami, who ruled Xbogani and during his time the Germans came and took the island. After Khalfan Kanjoro the Germans put Nabahani bin Nassor Lemki in his place,

When Kna was attacked ltvanzuwani moved to Chole and built a part of thetown called Taif. Alawi built a mosque there and died. Later Mwanzuwani died and was buried in the Chole mosque of Mwapopo, her grave can still be seen. The chief of the tribe was now Sayyid Bakari Abdulla called Shumu Lkibar, meaning "large nose," and he took over the whole of Mafia by payment of tribute to Sultan Said of Zanzibar. He lived at Hkarangama and gave such punishments to all the people and slaves of Mafia that it was said after his death that flames came from his grave. They buried him elsewhere and still flames came from his grave. The ruins of his house can be seen still near Mkarangama. In the days of Xwanzuwani there was much illtreatment of the people and slaves in Mafia. There is even now visible a house with a portion set aside where women were put to husk paddy into rice with their finger nails. The slaves were not allowed to draw water from the same wells as their masters, nor could they look up when they passed under their masters' houses nor swing their arms. If a slave was seen doing so he was killed there and then. Slaves were brought from Lindi and Kilwa and Kbwera; the Arabs used to go with money or grain to buy them. The people of Kilwa themselves caught the slaves by safaris in the interior and they were brought to the slave markets for sale. From the first Mafia had no slave market. The slave task before the Europeans came was 50 to 80 yards and the slave had to finish in one day. Elderly men were given 05 slats of makuti roofing to do each day, or other such light work. Both men and women slaves were made to work. The owner arranged marriages between the slaves. Anyone failing to work or refusing had a forked tree fixed to

When in 1922 the British ordered the release of all slaves there was great rejoicing among the slaves but the masters were bitter. Mlany masters died, others went mad and some begged of God that they be allowed to die. This was because every house had its staff of slaves before and now the master had to do all the work himself. When Government abolished slavery the poptlation decreased because many released slaves went to other districts. Those slaves however who had been happy with their masters remained of their free will and had pity on their former masters. But these were mostly women and elderly men. The owners grumbled much because they did not get compensation, as had their friends in Zanzibar. 'SPIITS PAST. At Bweni there are two Spirits who were worshiped by the Wambwera:(1) Wito; (2) Mwana Karingwa. Whenever anyone was siok and lacked a child or had other difficulties he went to the guardian with an offering and explained his need. The spirit of Mwana Karingwa dwet in a well. There were steps down and at the bottom two pools of water, one with fresh water and the other with salt which holds the Spirit. When a suppliant arrived he went. down with the guardian after first calling "Hodi" and then explained his need. They say that the suppliant received all he asked for. The spirit of Wito was a piece of living rook below ground level and one went down to it with a guardian. There was a stone table with stone chairs and on the t stone cups and saucers. Here the suppliant beggd. and received his wish.

THE FALL OF RAS KISMII AND KUA\ THROUGH THEIR WICKEDNESS. When the dynasty of Kaidi L'ardhi had passed away and before that of Albusaid, and before there was a meeting to choose a King, the people of Kua and Ras Kisimani were the chief peoples in Mafia and each thought themselves the greater. The head of Kisimani made himself a ship and when he had finished building it he called the people of Kua to come and join the feast at the launching of this ship. When the people of Kua came they were seized, bound and laid like logs on the path C of the ship to the sea. Others then launched the ship over their bodies and it passed over the backs of all of them, killing them. This was a great tragedy for Kua. The King of Kua however bided his time for a few years until those of Kisimani should forget. Then he arranged a great wedding for his child and invited the people of Ras Kisimani to the wedding. The King arranged a room below ground which was approached by a ladder and when the guests arrived they were all invited into this room. When the time came for the feast the food was brought to them and an old man was left to talk with them. After a bit the ladder was removed and all the guests together with the old man were enclosed by building a wall across the entrance so that they all died. Because of these foul deeds God sank Ras Uisni town into the sea, and later there came the Wadibri who sacked the town of Kua and killed its people so that both towns were destroyed on account of their wickednss. C lä.

THER A -BT-SAID DNA=i'" 'SULTANS OF OMAN AND ZANZghAR. Ahmed Bin Said Sultan C 1 Sultan of Oman. Sultan of Oman. i .1 I 4 4 I! z I .4 4 Lu -5 *< ______I ~I.__ 1w tA. .-.-.----.-.--~-.-.II -i i II li ~Jjj~ z -*< '' m. I' 5VW~b.Sai v I w I '.5 I.4 -i g Q {.. t'~ I i.-

REPOPT ON T13 CAPTURE GF - lYXIA BY THE BRITISH. ------BY MAJOR NORKAN KING IN 1915. VM tsland ma capturod by tha BrttfInh cýrpcdfgtvna unjer R.,,tohltch-'',1.,andeld-lfren tho, - gtjvgunla, Jantla » on jonuarm lOth. at attrcktng :Orgo garjy_£nWWmomtng after~ tko gzow Vle CWSTWO had noarched tU ~Co for haljf -an hour In hrwa, t1w 2m.Itna Wwuldbo-vppomW. natt" ncn-ccrlbatant ktfled by thfn bcnbcrýý,wnt. flo oppcctILfon uaa.ýofýpor-ad to &?w lamt)l and tha Ist. WhO landod ftrat. qu'4ckly PI~ & fomaM tnt the buch and nhanbca.,ýto- narcan the ront tha troope. Pha indton ccnCnpont 2o JIK. 8. rewrvt3U landad gfUrwarda, and f-oriw4 a bontq'at Älnntmont to toh"cl, all nattvos capturod wera- Ront baok. äsanttrw tuo reconn

From His Highness Seyyid Khalifa bin 4rub. To All the Arabs, residents of Mafia Island. Dated 16th El-Keda 1333 corresponding with 25th September, 1915. After ompiments :- ...... I hope that you now enjoy a state of prosperity that is very good inceed. I mean the happiness and prosperity which God showered on you by relieving you from the sway of your former despot and arrogant Government - a (overnment which useito torment you with all kinds of tormentations - which used to threaten you with all kinds of threats and which used to pay no care whatever of you or of the preservation of your honour - a government which cared not in what manner she misappropriated itself with your goods - a government in whose days you were robbed of all kind of tranquillity and always felt as that man who found himself seated at the edge of a high cliff with a chasm under him expecting every minute to tumble down into it. Now that God has overtaken you with His mercy and sent to your rescue a Government which is widely known by its kindness towards its subjects - a Government which attend with all pleasure to the requirements of its people - I mean the Government of His Britannic Majesty's Government. Now under the administration of Great brita1n you find yourselves safe from +any fears which you formerly entertained. Under Great Britain you will be fre to do the best you could do for yourselves in regrd to both promotion in life and inerAAA A....

4. affair in connection with its people's customs and traditional practices. It is the only Power in the whole world which grants to each member of its subjects the freedom to do what he can best do towards the promotion of his affairs in life and in the exercise of his religious obligations. You surely are well aware of all this and you got it now. It is therefore incumbent on you' to meet any act of kindness which the Government does to you and to return it with similar act but even tenfold in greatness and generally act loyal and obedient in the manner I which a pious child does towards his kind parents. I need hardly remind you to do a thing which your sentiments enjoiu. on you to do. Do not be hypocrite but endeavour to show both in words and deeds how grateful you feel towards the Government. It is of course out of place on my part to endeavour to impress on you to behave loyally because you are Arabs and Arabs are known as sensible persons and a sensible person does what his conscience directs him to do. Avabs can hardly enumerate the kindness of Great Britain towards their welfare in the past. Every person knows that Great Britain is the first Power which set its foot in East Africa and being thus she is considered to be entitled to the prior right to rule it in preference to any other Power. None of you ever doubt that wheriever there is English Rule there appear tranquillity, happiness and prosperity, good schools and prosperous trade and every sign of promotion in life. For an example I beg to draw your attention to your brethern who reside in East Africa and Protectorate ok- those who reside in Zanibar. Both of them enjoy much prosperity in spite of troubles there exists now in the whole world which is caused by the recent war. They are not required to under-take ay fighting nor do any inconvenience wrk in A 4 1 with the war. If you compare them with your Arab brethern who reside in German East Africa, you will see the latter to have been subjected to all kinds of degradation and coercion - they are made to carry arms and to fight a thing which they are not accustomed to nor have the talent to do. They are isolated with the mainland under the strict watchful eye of the despotic, Germans. Comparing what our brethern now made to suffer in German East Africa it is not less in harshness than what they were subjected to previous to the outbreak of the war many of whom wel) strangulated with the most trifling cause - the property of many have been confiscated wrongfully and many similar outrages which their bretbemn under the British Rule are quite free and exempted from. We here (under British Rule) feel much to hear and learn of what befall our brethern with the Germans. If you call to mind what I related here above you will see the difference between your state now and theirs. Be it not hidden from your understanding that people of all nationalities in all parts of the world are very very anxious indeed to secure the British Rule and protection. Especially in these dark days - now that the difference between those under the British Rule and those who are under other Powers' rule is very great f- those under the former are in great prosperity and can hardly feel that there is any ttrouble in the world whilst the latter are in a very straigtened condition of finding their necessitites of life. Great Britain is the only Power which always keep in mind the propoperity of its subjects - whoee powerful fleet has spread the peace in the world - paves a free passage for its trade and protected its enumerable * people - that all the affairs with the British is goin on as happy as could be. Be assured that once araA+

Britain has set its foot in your Island it will never quitted it - and I think you do not entertain any doubt of this, I and all the Arabs here join me in offering out heartiest congratulations to you for the favour which is showered on you by God and wish that it will continue permanently with you. The mean in God's sight Sd/- Khalifa bin Harub with his own hand ( Seal )

HISTORICAL NOTE. Sherif Musa: There is a rough native hut built over two sets of gravestones on one of the most inhospitable stretches of coast in Mafia between Mumbo Bay and Chole Bay. It lies on a cliff overlooking the Indian Ocean rollers and the path to it from Mrora indicates that it is a regular place of pilgrimage./ The story is that Sherif Musa was a famous religious teacher who died many years ago. A local Arab who died recently at the reputed age of 104 claimed that even in his youth Sherif Musa was as legendary as now. It is said that he came from the Hadramaut and lived near Mrora. He was killed by his slaves and buried on the cliff edge together with his mwalimu. Mkarangama Ruins: These were the original home of Sayyid Bakari Abdulla, Shatiri, one time Liwali of Mafia under Sultan Said of Zanzibar. His father is said to have lived at Kua on Juani. Sayyid Bakari died Peee4l a hundred years ago and his sons left the site as they found it a lonely spot. His grandson lives now at Luale, an island in the mangroves near Banja but still claims title to the land round MkarangAma. - The ruins lie in fairly thick bush off the path from Baleni to Mohangani They are heavily overgrown and not very interesting. There seem to be no particular architectural features of note and the walls are built of stone and red earth. The buildings were constructed with slave labour as Sayyid Bakari was a rich man and owned many slaves. Sayyid Bakari was reported to have been extremely harsh during his administration of aiaafter his death flmes rose from his grave. (see Local Traditions of Mafia written by the Kadhi).

This is said to be named from a very early Mosque on the beach near the stone buildings of Mohamed Abubakr. It fell into ruins long ago and this is unlikely. Moae bbk sspoe ohv eovdtesoe o i wstog

INSGRIMTON INI ÅMAIG CII R0GiF2 TRtANSORIED FROM A HEADSTONE POUN1D ON CHOLE ISLAND NOW IN DAR-E-SALA.AM MUSEXM The Date works out as approxlinately A.D. 1791. 1~aik ya lcufa Mwana Jwnbe binti Bwana Haji Omaar bin Sheikh bin Daudi Elwatwamniy 26 Ramadhanl siku ya Juma pili usiku baada ya kuhama Muhaimnad Maka 1215. (26 Ramia~hn Jwna pili 1215) Inserted by Diigald G.Cameron D.C., 25th August, 1955 ARCIIEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION The Expedition to T.afia was made under the auspicies of4newly formed Tanganyika Archeological Society. It was lead by Sir Mortimer 'heeler, M[.I.E, TI.C., and included Dr. The Reverend Gervasse 11athews of Balliot, Oxford, and 'Tr. J. F. Kirkman, trcheologist of the Kenya Government.Conducting the party were Mr. C.S.P. Freeman Grenville Assistant Provincial Education Officer and Secretary of the Society and his wife, the Lady Kinloss. The expedition stayed at the Big Game.Fishing Camp, Utende from the 13th to 18th August 1955, though 11r.Kirkman returned to Kenya on the 17th, . Press Cuttings concerning the expedition are attached and I have asked for a coy of their report. In brief they visited Kua which was cleaned for the 1st time in 7 years. They visited Kisimani and Chole 11jini. A fairly extensive of pottery collected by my wife - Mrs. June Cameron was submitted for examination. M1ost appears to be of 18th century, though one piece which she found at Kisimani is believed to have been 10th to 12th century. It is hoped that this expedition, which was in the nature of a recconnaisance,will be followed by a full scale expedition in 1956. 7, 1?0 4 ~-j&~4

DIGGING INTO THE PAST A LARGE audience that-nearly filled Karimjee hal. Dar es S. laarr, on Friday, heard Sit' Mortimer Whoeler. leader of thr Tnanyika Ar'haeological Society's expedition. refer to the deserted city ol Ku. o(u Mafia, as the possible "Pompeii of the East Coast of Africa." lie also gave a warning that unless work was put in hand to clear the town properly "this monument to human achievement before very long will perish." lie referred to the iown as a" very astonishing collection of biildir." brred iII the bush, whirch. when teared, were dramatic in their vivid state uf preservation. If the town was e!eared pr;errly. arid scientifically investigat l and itd out. it could easily be oescribed as the Pompeii of the East Coast. The first urgent need where all these historical sites were concerned was bush clearance and conservation. At Kilwa and Mafia ancient buildings were being torn apart by trees, and wall.s required "transfusions" of mortar. We had to preserve what was now being destroyed every day by nature and man. An analytical list was also required. so that, the sites could be mapped and excavations planned and controlled. While excavation itself was not a proper activity of the state, but more properly of private organisations souch as the Tanganylka Archaeological Society, some measure of flinancial and other suonort was necessary from the state. In Tanganyika. he knew that those concerried were very Iuch alive to this need. !t was necessary for tIe private enterprise engaged in excavatios to have 'oOve form of "remote control" in ordler to iiisure that the work was of the requisite standard arid quaitv. and one of the first requirements would be to attract realty ertous students to the work. THE Schools of Archaeology ir -other cOlltries were-very largely financed by the State, but they had in most cases been instituted by private initiative, and tire State did riot interfere with their administration. This was one of those "curlols compromises" between official control and individtal freedom. Without state sunnort. sch Srhools wotulr close their door tormorrow. Sir Mortimer said that lie reparded the Governor's statement concernine the possible establishment of a School of Archaeology at Bagamoyo as "a turning point iri East Coast archaeology". In so far as it was within his (the Governor's) nower, he had offered accommodation for tire school. an sf'r which was, of course, subject tO the usual discussion and. Sir Mortimer hoped. confirmation. Surh a School would be of rse not merely for people living in Tanganyika. but for students all over the world. They would he able in get together rnit share their problems., so that tie school would really be organised oi a worldwide basis. Sir Mortimer had begin his talk bv referring to the other memhers of the : dition Dr. Gervase Matthew. Mr. Fre.man-Grenville, secretary of tihe Society ("our guide, philosopher, and patient, longsuffering friend, to whom we owe most sincere thanks for the careful planning and administration of our tourn and his wfe. Lady Kinross; and Mr. James Kirkman ("who was an attache from a neighbouring arid reasortatly friend)y power"), Dr Matthew-who. ad Sir Morlilner. was one of the very few people with air extensive and comprehensive knowledge of the history and archaeology of this region-and he ("I came because I know nothing of this area") and tire other mernbees of the expedition undertook if in order to explore the possibilities of deve. loping the study of the history and archieology of Tanganyika and the adjacent territories. S P KNG of the necessity to integrate the past present and the futiure, Sir Mortimer said that throughout the world there was a dual urge toward the future OF EAST Sir Mortimer Wheeler. 1i tire one had, and towards tire past on the otlher. "It is fair to say that air litterest in the past is today one of the symptoms of a really lively nation." he said. "If you find a state which doesn't care tswoece Ioc what happened yesterday or the day before. you find they know awfullv little of what they are going to do the (lay after tomorrow," he went on. Excavations ie Irad carried out iii the n)owly founded state of Pakistan. to nradrse evidence of renturies old civilisatlion there. had created an enormous amount of irrteret among members of the public in that rountry. wiro had packed excursion trains to visit tire site. This was tite to this new consciousness and the looking towards the fintre. and at the same time building downwards scle sort of foundatlon of tradition on which to sind. Sir Mortimer mentioned that in Pakistan excavations had been taking place at Debul. from which the art Sultan of Kitwa had come at the beginning of the sixteenth century. TlHE East Coast of Africa. said Sir Mortimer, was a great meeting-place of nations. le knew no nrel of the world at the same time so rosmonolitan and so integral i i1: markerup. The story of Fast Africa had been recorded since tie first centur A. D.. weIen "in one Of the mrost fuscinaiirg bkurirs ever written." an EgyptUin inerliait described his visits to inarkets in the Coast. Greeks. Egynians. and Arabs from Yeiren. were already converginit on tlhe Fast Coast of Afrira and giving it some of that 'osriopolitanisni. Ptoilemy had later written of the East Coast of Africa, joining it on the map will Malaya, thus turning tie Indian Ocean into a sort of Mediterranean Sea. ont a larger scale. Aitheough his geography "woitr] not get fill marks in a modern examination." there was ar enormous amount or essential trth in Ii6 idea. Througlhout its history the ndian Orean had been a cultural unit, and there was air element of unity which made the history of one part essential to the history of aI otier. Tire achievements of the Portuguese. Germans and British tad riot altered tie iistory of the East Coast of Africa. bill had amilified it on traditional grounds. Newcomers had added to its relies aid increased its potential for the future, and it was at the same time the meeting place of nations today as it had been two 4housand years ago. It continued increasingly in the closest commercial relationship wirh other parts of the world. AFRICA TflE histor'y it[ l' Eist Cro,. i~l our .. aisd Io 5ow i bou' a it l, 1 0i ow ,ig iall nit lt of hun . unir i it it'o turtt' uit ip ti,- Irese11 int , l yhowevir, vtry lillie ihad been duon to iircase tis knowciiU ge. The historical information w' tsar' wautof the slightest, and allhough here had been Arab chronicles aind writings in Swahbl. Portuguee and Chiese. iley tol t,, little of how the tiple rid lived Archaeological work would stippnlot this sketchy ihistorical kiowledge. l,2 bringing order and system ito the male.riots that rould be seen around ns. There was a great mass of local maleriml of entirely unknown date an. origin "Yot can walk along the Cora and fill your pockets with pots and pans made centuries ago, but you might as well fill your pockets with bus tickets." said Sir Mortimer. emphasising the need for dating and cataloguing the discoveries. One of the important potential sour.'es of information said Sir Mortimer was the it.mber of Greco-Roman trading station, on the Coa't. One was not very far from Dar e. Salaarn, tiorig to records. olhers were between Dar es Salaam and Cape. Guardafui. If one could be found and visited in order to obtain tine assovration and ilcietlilki associations between the known products of the Mediterranearn arid the unknown products of Africa, there would thus be a starting point for a further stage of African culture. Dr. Mathew and he had a "hunch," he said, which wouuld take them this week into Italian Somaliland to see if their hineh was worthwhile. 'If it succeeds, we shall c aim all credit for prophesy and perspicacity." said Sir Mortimer, amid laughter. ' If it does not, you will hear no ore aotro it." THERE was another posible source of information along the East Coast which, said Sir Mortimer, hadi scarcely yet been tapped. "I have never in my life seen so much biiken china as I have during the past fortnight between here and Kiiwa - and that china is China and literally so Chinese porcelain," he expliet "Y'ou can gather fragmerb of Chinese porcelain by the shovelful." So far as the Middle Ages were -onrerned, from the teth century onwards. thn very history of Tanganyika was "written in Chinese porcelain." and it therefore now requniredi scientific digging and scientific assc.'ation - finding it in the floors of houss, for exarple - to extend our knowleige' of that periad of Tanganyika's history. There was no reason why in five years we should not quadruple our knowledge of the archaeology of the territory. When you had information about the toast. yen could thrn work inwards, working front the known to the lesser known, arid then to unknown, finally building rip a picture of what hnin achievermrent had meant to tbis part of Africa. REFERRING to Kilwa. Sir Morimor said there were scketr.ry bit apireciabe historical documents on which historical investigations could be ba-ed. Tie Kilwa sultans prodr'ued vast quantities of coinage - which Mr. Freeman-Grenville had spent a considerable part of his life In identifying - the approximate dates of which would help considerably in bringing new order and metlhod into the investigations of that part of East Africa. Dr. Gervase Matthew, assistant director of the expedition, referred to the explorers who were travelling through Africa a hundred years ago, and likened their vision and spirit of adventure to that which people were experiencing at the present time in their endeavours to investigate the history of East Africa. Sir John Gray proposed a vote of thanks to Sir Mortimer and Dr. Matthew. which was seconded by Mr. A. H. Pike, Member for Lands and Mines. Sir Elred Mitcheock. chairman of the Tangaqylka Archaeological Society, presided at the meeting. 0 - I

TITTIMS. P4lok/J9 The Ancient Africa Until recently, historical and archaeological study has develoned in Africa in odd patches, dependent mainly on the interests and finances of individuals or university institutions. If scholars from Britain and British Africa at present lead the way, it is because of British Africa's sixteen-year start in the foundation of univ rsities there. Other territories are now following this example. There are already two universities starting up in the Belgian Congo, and one in French West Africa. Four years ago the London School of Oriental and African Studies played host to historians, archaeologists, and others, almost all from British territories, at a conference which had as its objective the pooling of knowledge and taking stock of the situation. A second conference, which ended its proceedings yesterday, has - been sitting at the same school during the past week, again checking on progress and planning for the next leap forward. The main contrast 4 with the first conference has been the presence this time of many French, Belgian, and Portuguese scholars of note who have given the proceedings not merely an inter-territorial but a truly international flavour. There are two reasons why a study of the history and archaeology of Africa should be pursued. If one looks for a practical reason, it is that the African peoples are acutely conscious of their alleged lack of cultural background. This made with the peoples of Europe and Asia. All the same. What digging has been done in Africa. Whether by accident or design, has tended to show that Africa culture is not altogether as thin as has com-only been assumed. For this reason alone, therefore, it is incumbent on the Governments of African

-2- territories, and particularly, one might say, of the emergent territories, to Dress on with the unearthing of their past. Secondly, study of the past is desirable per se. Expressed in political terms it might be said that interest in history is one of the necessary qualifications for being fit for independence. The conference just ended has been able to report marked progress in this four years. Field work has been ca ried out according to plan in many of the areas earmarked last time for investigation and survey. There has been a significant change in the attitude of Governments. Archaeological departments have been set up, legislation for the preservation of antiquities drafted, museums opened. The British Government have played their part in sponsoring the compilation of a volume on the pre-colonial history of East Africa. But much remains to be done. In particular, the project for starting a British school of history and archaeology in East Africa hangs fire. I®

TIMES , I i ARCHAIOLOGY IN PAST AFRICA Hope of establishing British School soon. Dr. Gervase Mathew, speaking at the second conference on Africa history and archaeology yesterday, said that Sir Mortimer Wheeler and he had good hopes that the British Government would soon approve the setting up of a British School of Archaeology in East Africa. The conference opened yesterday at the London School of Oriental and African studies. Dr. Roland Oliver is chairman and delegates attending come from all over British Africa, as well as from the French, Belgian, and Portuguese territories. The first conference was held in 1955. Dr. Mathew, reviewing, the progress made in East Africa since the last conference, said it should be noted how very closely the recommendations of the last conference had been carried out. He would divide them into three categories. First, there was the field work. Secondly there was the creation of the institutional framework of research. Here he was speaking for Sir Mortimer Wheeler, who unfortunately was prevented from attending. Finally, there was the publication of results. MAP OF COASTLINE Dealing with the field work he said that it had been suggested in 1955 that the archaeological survey of the East African coastline and islands should be completed by the close examination of two stretches of the Tanganyika coast and of the Mafia group of islands. This had now been completed and it would be possible to bring out a complete archaeological map of the area from Somaliland to the southern boundaries Qf Tanganyika. The Mafia islands had been surveyed in the summer of 1955 by a party that consisted of Sir Mortimer Wheeler, Mr. Freeman- Grenville, Mr. James Kirkman, and the speaker. He knew that there was work waiting to be done in the

-2- Aden Protectorate. He knew, too, that the work was less satisfactory for the hinterland than for the coast. The battle for the antiquities laws had been half won. A law had been drafted in Tanganyika and agreed to in principle in Uganda. There remained so much to do to get the laws implemented . Tanganyika had appointed an archaeological officer. The Uganda Government had appointed their first director of antiquities and built a new museum at Kampala. These new departments had to work out relations with the administration. The whole idea was so unfamiliar to the average colonial administrator. THREE MAJOR NEEDS They had achieved so much in the last four years. Why should they not do the same in the next? They had to concentrate on three things. First, there was the field work. Secondly, there was the need for a properly serviced antiquities department in each territory controlling its own museum. There was the need for a British School of Archaeology in East Africa. They had backed this strongly four years ago. It had been agreed in principle by the Oolonial Office, and by the Treasury. Sir Mortimer Wheeler was sure that by September, after one more crucial interview with Mr. Lennox-Boyd, the objective would be achieved - Sir Mortimer Wheeler was always an optimist. 'Finally, there was no use spoiling good work done by not publishing it. It was a scandal that work of the kind contained in some of the papers circulated for this conference should not be published in any other form. Maps were very important. The projected

*APIA GROUP. asimani Maia (see sketch plan). The Site lies about 1 km. E of Ras Kisimani, on the Southern shord'lnd is marked by tie conspicuous well (which has the appearanc4 of a tower) on the foreshore. The low cliff in this area is entirely composed of occupation-debris and the ruins of walls, some of which can be seen in section; its maximum height is about 2 m. Traces of occupation extend in all for about 300 m. along the shore, the deposit naturally becoming thin at the extremities. The visible constructions are:(1) The well (hence perhaps the name Kisimani; others have described this structure as a tower, I think wrongly) is now below I.W.M..S. T. 7 and stands to about ft. above the shore (presumably its original height) but somewhat ruined on its S. side. It is built of rough stone in lime mortar, the interior being lined with small blocks of ashlar (coral rag) of moderate quality (photo). (2) A building (seemingly a house) exposed in the cliff and in the process of being washed away by the sea (see sketch plan). Walls of rough coral with very hard plaster surface. Two at least of the walls are double-skinned. *dran is visible issuing beneath one of these. The floor is o.60 em above the sand or the shore (photos). (5) Mbsque I, of which the N. and IL walls surVive (see plan). This is of little int4rest, and I have the feeling that it is later than the main priod of settlement. The nihrab has a plain apse, with triple-mouded nointed wch, the innemst arch resting on miniature colmns 6f stone, with square capital. The mosque is much overgrown. (photos). (4) Mesque IL Only part of the mihrab survives, of good moulded stone. The w* Is of much higher quality that msque L Heavily ovepWn. There are some graves about completely destroyed.

F Sherds -blue Flazed islamic 16th - 17th centuries ? Sgraffiato blue-green glaze ware ? 15th century, ?? Persian 15th century, 4 Coins, (one in sit half-way up deposit) in',Hasan ibn Suleiman (and of. many others 'ublished by F. renville and others). There is nlentiful evidence of erosion by the sea (e.g. the well) but it seems that the walls said by locals to be under the sea are not in fact such (see Piggott in District Book). Proposed work, Clean the bush from two mosques. Repair mihrab of mosque II. Excavate building on shore. Attempt to build small protective wall to preserve the same. Near the tip of Ras Kisimani lie the remains of the wholly destroyed tombs of sherif Salim Umr and his daughter, who is alleged by All Muhainad Rashid (a useful local contact) to have lived 400 hears ago, but after the abandonment of Kiuimani. The place is still much revered, and the bones of the sheikh are visible in the ruins of his tomb. MA.H-i itC

RUA. The site of the town covers 50-40 acres. The mosques are described in order from north to south. E12!I. Is much ruined; the eastern wall is completely destroyed. It measures about 6 x 4 m. internally: There are no pillars. The mihrab is more or less intact, and is built of small blocks of carved coral stone. It is decorated with two rows of square recesses for plates, of which three of blue and white porcelain are in place (two sherds of a similar plate were found in the debris and removed). Above these are arched niches and the springing of the semi-dome, which shows no trace of the usual esch decoration. The mihrab is framed by 'pilasters' decorated with chevron pattern. The workmanship is very good. The rest of the mosque appears to be undecorated. The building was heavily overgrown. Moscue nf has six octagonal pillars with plain square capitals (see plan of site). The holes left by beams in the wall . and W. of the pillars are visible. The mihrab (see photo) has six narrow pointed false arches (compare mosque I at Kisimani Mafia) with vertical panel of 'rope-pattern' decoration (double, - chevron, and single alternating) all in coral stone. Above is a very crude sanh-hell (the ribs being almost parallel). There are recesses for three plates above the mihrab arch. The minbar is close to the mihrab on the L side. It is built in the thickness of the wall, and consists of three steps with an arch above. Behind it is an 'arrow-slit' window. (UIis is presumably F.. Proville's Friday mosque, which he ompares to the Nabahani mosque on Songo Snara island, and assigns to the 14th or 15th centraries). To the L of the mosque are some rectangular graves with stepped walls and, on the west side, a larger grave with rounded head (photo)., Shas four square pillars, mihrab with a plaster aws-shd and a raised band below, but otherwise quite plain (see photo). Nearby is a group of recangular graves, mostly of the stepped type, one having a pillar, all of very poor stone. To the west ) the mosque is a similar grave with a very crude and pretty wel illegible inscription scratched in the plastor on the inside of the headstone, having a date reading '/IV* (presumably 1175 Hlijria). oscue IV is of noor workmanship. The mihrab is quite plain, with pointed arch (see photo). Two of the four rectangular pillars, with square capitals, survive. Xogme Y. which adjoins mosque IV, is also poor. It has four cOtagonal pillars, and a square mihrab. The walls are built of mall rough stones; no plaster is visible. There are graves close by. F-GrevMle says that there are seven mosques, but the other two were not foAd e 'M o', near the landing place, is of two storeys, but little survives of the upper. The salient feature is the long narrow rooms - 1wo of these (one of *iioh has plastered stone benches on either side) are moreLike passages than rooms. The ceilings are of small square coral 'tiles' or in some oases rough stone, formerly resting on poles. There is little light, the windows being a few 'arrow-slit' affairs, Two chinney-like latrine channels desend from the upper floor to a considerable depth in the ground$ one eac on the 16 and T. of the building. She rest of the buildings are fairly widely mattered - oe may guess that the spaoe between was occupied by houses built of shorterlived materials. The stone buildings fall into two groups: (a) Houses with several rooms. There wer too little studied to be able to generalize about their plan (but see .renville's rmazk,) Mny have square wall reesses (probably serving as cupbearde) some -of which are pleasingly decorated with incised plaster. Similar geometric decoration (in diamond pattern) was seen en a door Jamb M? (see photo). Wb Plain e nclosures about 3 0 m. square (the walls having a/ 0 0 o6ping which presumably served to enclose a courtyard round a house; or were possible used as yards for animals. FJjnd. There are spare sherds of blue-and-white porcelain on the shore by the landing place; this appears to be 19th century (as also most of the boxful collected by visitors and kept at the Mafia Fishing Club). There was also one sherd of blue Islamic ware. No pottery was seen inland except the blue and white sherds found in the mihrab of Mosque Is which looks considerably earlier; here there were also some sherds of buff native ware of apparently modern type (perhaps used comparatively recently to bunm incense in - oompare Juani Ijini below). Nothing was seen of the age of F-Grenville's celadon. mnral, and Prnosed Wok. Most of the buildings at lua are uninspiring and I fancy, of no great antiquity. The mihrab of Mosque I Is however a fine bit of work and almost oertainly older than the rest. As many as possible of the buildings, should be kept free of bush; the muhrab of mosque I merits repair. .The ceilings of the 'palace' (one of which is already caving in) should be shored up, and the vegetation and fallen & removed from the upper floor. The stairway should be strengthened if so""A /lS7.

,The ruins nenr the Boma nre evidently (late) L t', century; a them ay be nerttored: Ysuue I. In use - nrobably l th oertury. No freestanding interior Allars, but there arc ,entaeonal engaged uIl]ars In the F. W. walls (see 'i1m). The nihrab has a cinquefoil arh (rith trinle moulding) aTmarently in plaster (photo). The apse * has a 'euh shell' semi-dome with a frieze of' rope- pattern in a groove belen, an l bemeatl this t-o rows of nrched recesses with a row of rectanglar rcesses between. All the wor is of Indifferent quality. The mibaris outside, at the R. end of the No wall, and consists of f fife steps rith a -!alJ to the rear. The ablution tank and a biL well lie to the N. Home II is not far distant and Is also in use. Similar to mosque I but bigger, having four octagonal pillars. The mihbra is like that of mosque 1, but shallower and wider. The mimber, consisting of three steps, is to the B. of the mihrab. The ablutions anW a wall lie to t he north. (see plan, and photo of mihralb). The other settlement lies at Ifapepo (sp ?) 10-1 minutes walk East of the Boma. The relies here include: ~g.. (in ruins). In plan this is xodh like Mosque 37, but the back of the mosque has been walled off on the line of the southern pir of pillars (presumably when this part was alread, falling into rain), The zibrab (see nhoto) has a septtoil arch, with fu plates (? 19th century) above, and, rope design decoration. The ,,,rab apse has slender pointed false arches with, successively, a row of scuare recesses, a rope-pattern frieze, and a .sma shell above. The wf Is better than msque I and 17 The site was ver heavilyo There Is a large house ajoining, -Js in ruins. This is alleged to be not Germean, but looks later than the mosque ?~e *late 1Mt century)o There are grave neaar, som with t' stoppe surrounds# some with stpped heasu only. A few have hole hr plates have been set. oine, with rond-toppod had has a Vr badly written Inscription (scratched in plstor) dated 1238 (uijria). Between this loc)lity and the old Boma is a big tomb said to be of a 'sherif'. It is square, witlh pyramidal upper part capped with carved coral stone; there Is an opening at one end, and a pillar with cap (photo). m . Two big pyramidal tombs, and a nmber of rectangular graves with stopped headstones. A few of thse have plates (? 19th century); one has a carved plaque (photo). oetery II is not far distant from cemetery I. The graveyard is enolosed by a wall; the graves have all four sides stepped with miniature 'turban' topknots carved in stone at each corner. One has an inscription with good A lettering carved on good coral stone having the date 1191. Two others have pillars) one of which has fallen. There is no traoe of any bowls. WorkDone. Mosque, adjacent tombs, and cemeteries I and II cleared of bush June 1957. Annual clearing will be necessary, but six mandays will be ample. The jumbe is splendid. No other work proposed. /4 ./ .A-4A Olt **.-A - .I^ IM

Above the blnding place, near the new end of the island, are the ruins of a muall mosque ()* without pillars, half of which has collapsed onto the shore (see plan). The five doors are all arched. The walls are plastered, but there is no decoration. 1 in the village, is in use. It is very similar to Ohole mosque I (see plan). The zuhrab has a degenerate oonah semi-dome, with two rows of square recesses divided by one of trianglep below, all in plaster. The worbuanship is very poor. The roof As of stone over mangrove poles. Nothing was seen of F.Grenvilles 'numerous shards of the 16th and following oenturiesO on the shore. The little pottery there was looked very late. r~ LThC A; ZA, 6- Y" ~_~1 & I. (by the landing place). emcte. Rectangular graves with rounded heads and plates (19th century). Also plain headstones marking flush graves. Mosme 1 (1-200 m. inland) evidently in use until recently. Usual pla, with very poor plaster work, and plain,round,mihrab. lDeLn (2-300 m. south of landing place) is completely ruined except for part of the N. wall and Mibar. Originally perhaps 11 x 11 m. Thqkhrab, the stones of which are visible, has collapsed down the low cliff onto the shore. The-steps of the miabar, which is of good out coral stone, are piled with modern potsh)erds in which the inhabitants bring incense. About 500 m. inland are a few ruined stone walls of poor quality, apparently part of a house. rn. Mosque I not worth doing anything about Mosque II Is too far gone, bat it might be worth investigating the fallen stones of the mihrab. Am (Ju inand). Near the landing place is the rectangular grave of a 'sherif' suTounded by a rough margin of stones and having a matting roof; it is of no interest. The inhabitants bring inoc:in potsherds to this tomb, Near the village is the debris of a 9que with part of the m1brab (plain, but with good stone ;aabs) smviving. earbty are two pairs of reotangular Istopped graves. All are thickly e oovergrsnMOMMX01,Have m"oclear the mosque (say Nis. 5/- p. a.).

LABOUR NOTES Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date I: ~1

LAND AND LAND SETTLEMENT-(a) Native, (b) Non-native_(including lista of astates and estate holders). Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date General Dates Position in 1911 Wakf German Law 1 - 5 5-4 5 6-7 8 9 -10 D.W.L Piggott. W. Ronayne. Norman King. D.W.I Piggott. D.W.I. Piggott. Norman King? January 1941. 1955. 1915. Januay .91 -do 1915.

LAND AND LAND SETTLUEMT: Tradition has it that the Wambwera were the original tribe in Mafia, being found from the Mafia group down to Kilwa. They lived the ordinary native life on the Island and are also said to have had shambas on Mwera in the Rufiji Delta. Later the Island of Mafia was occupied by small isolated alien settlements sited near water and a suitable anchorage for dhows in both (monsoons. The first such settlement was probably at Ras Kisimani where the earliest known ruins are found. Later Utende, Chole, Jibondo and Juani developed settlements of their own, though the ruins of an ancient mosque at Jibondo suggest that that Island may have been one of the first to be occupied. These new arrivals drove the Wambwera further North as they extended their domination. First the Shirazi held the settled areas, later thy themselves were driven further afield by the Arabs. The Portuguese captured some parts of the Island at the beginning of the 16th century but beyond establishing a fort with a garrison they had little direct effect on local affairs though by breaking the Kilwa power their indirect effect was great. It is probable that throughout these early centuries the colonisers looked more to sea-trade than to the Island of Mafia for their support. Perhaps they cultivated a few crops but found the sand as discouraging then as now, though the Shirazi at Juani may have been self-supporting by cultivation. It se to have been after about the middle of last century that the plantations of coconuts began to spring up. There are one or two trees near the Customs at Kilindoni which are said to have been planted about 80 years ago by the grandfather of Al Mohamed, Arab Jumbe of Boydju Island. No doubt previous to that there had been occasional trees in settled areas but without a particular demand for the nuts or copra they were not li~ely to have been widely planted. From the fact that the sandy soil in the South of the Island is only suited to coconut trees, Cashewnuts, ogR andrice we may deduce that until the coconuts were planted up extensively by the Arabs wit slave labour. the maoritv of the South of the Island was covered with quito4

At that time the population was divided into two groups. In the South the Arabs dominated affairs and, indeed, most natives were slaves. The Island belonged to the Sultan of Zanzibar so the land was technically his. The Arab ruler appointed by the Sultan was able to parcel out land as required and once a newcomer had planted up his coconuts that land became his freehold property. An Arab document was usually prepared, giving the boundaries, whenever a sale or transfer occurred. The early documents usually quote the r"pori"? (especially "pori ya Chatu" which is the common "tree heath" found on very white sandy ground) for at least one boundary. In those days there was no need to plant up plantations next to each other, every owner needed room to expand. The boundaries, then, were very loosely and flexibly described. The trees were the thing, but the surrounding bush was also important to give room for expansion; hence many Arabs and some Indians even now lay claim to actual undeveloped bush surrounding their plantations. The other part of the population, the smaller part, lived up in the North of the Island. They had been driven there by the Arabs who were steadily grasping all the land at the South. They consisted of free tribes like the Wambwera, freed and escaped slaves. Some of the wealthier Arabs with many slaves had plantations near the coast right up to Bweni. Therefore the natives concentrated more on annual crops, also their soil was suited to Mtama, Maize and rice but was mostly useless for coeonut trees. They developed a different system of land tenure for their land. All suitable land within a convenient distance from the village, the siting of which depended most on water-supply, was parcelled out among the regular inhabitants. Particular stumps and bush-trees were accepted as boundary marks and the whole availabl land was divided on a five-year system; four years fallow and one under cultivation. The land was not exactly freehold, it belonged to the head of the family to divide out; he could not arbitrarily dispose of it but he could allow a stranger to cultivate part of it for a given year. If the soil would carry coconuts, only the family owning it,

It has often been said that there are large areas of untouched but good soil up in the Bweni area. This appears to be an ill-considered statement as all my experience goes to suggest that the land syitable for crops within an econohic range from the villages has already been divided out. Unless the rotation is made more frequent, which may well reduce the yield, there is no room for any considerable immigration into those areas. To develope new areas means first sinking wells through the coral and starting a new village on the Eastern side of the Island to tap ( new ground. There is however good soil available in the area between Baleni, Mchangani and the Indian Ocean. There is a stone-lined well which requires very little attention and would form a good nucleus for new settlement if needed. Chole Island has much uncultivated ground and is fertile, but unfortunately practically the whole island is claimed by Arabs and Natives will not risk planting on their land. Furthermore much of the Island is covered with huge old mango trees which cast too much shade for crops to be planted under them. Juani has much good undeveloped land but before new villages can be started it would be necessary to sink wells through the coral about 20 feet deep and this would be an expensive undertaking. The following dates and information W collected in 1935 by Mr. Ronayne. It is followed by a brief note on the alienation of land by Major Norman King in 191. I - (h) Two reminders referring to (g) were published: the people were warned that failure to make the required declarations within a period of 14 days expiring at the end of October, 1920 would expose their land to forfeiture; that is to say their claims would be rendered null and void and their land would be claime by the Government as Crown property and the occupier would be called upon to pay rent to the Government. - 1920. () All Arab and German documents required to be registered and stamped with British revenue stamps; and to be supported by oral evidence of an elder or a Headman. - 1920. (J) The Zanzibar Government handed over the administration of Mafia to the Government of Tanganyika under Ordinance No.55 ( of 1922. 1922. (k) The planting of coconut trees on Crown Land forbidden. - 1922. (1) The Kilindoni Trading Plots were sold and the collection of rents began. - 1950. (m) Land registers opened and a comprehensive investigation of claims commenced. - 195. Special attention is called to (g) above in which I mention a document headed "LAND TITLE," There are hundreds of these in the possession of the islanders

NOTE ON LAND QUESTION IN MAFIA. / Next to the labour question that of land will, in all proability, present most difficulties in the future. It is already complicated #ing to the unbusiness-like habits of the natives. The Military Administration has continued the policy of the Germans as a general rule. 1. LAND ALREADY OCCUPIED. Under German rule sales of land or contracts of lease for more than 15 years, to which natives were parties, were invalid without the sanction of the authorities (over? 1000 Rupees value the sanction of the Governor was necessary). In 1915 the District Official called the attention of the Governor to the danger of land getting into the hands of the Indians in Mafia. A list of the shambas in the hands of Indians up to October 1st 1915 is enclosed. The Governor replied instructing the District Commissioner not to sanction any f er purchases or foreclosures by Indians himself or to forward them to Dar-es-Bal for sanction. We have followed this policy except that during the first months of t Military Administration a small number of palms were acquired by Jaffer Pirl out 86. Idonot knowofany other Indian who has acquired land since our arrival in Mafia. We have, as a matter of fact, been much stricter than the Germans with the Indians, to the disgust of the latter. It seems that the Germans allowed Indians to bid at auctions when land was sold (e.g. estates of bankrupts) and they certainly allawed

When Mafia was taken over from the Germans it was found that the debt question in the Island was serious. The Indians bought up the crops for years ahead at a low figure from plantation-owners and others mortgaged their shambas to the hilt. Things came to such a pass that it was nearly impossible to buy or rent a shamba without getting permission from the Indians. The Indians could not foreclose as they were not allowed to purchase the shamba themselves and would therefore recover but a small proportion of the debt. It is not clear how the debt question was finally settled, or more likely shelved indefinitely, but there is not a great deal of mortgaging of shambas now. Under Tanganyika Ordinances the Indians have been able to buy shambas outright however, and in this way a substantial proportion of the planted area has come into their hands (see under head "Copra"). Fortunately there is no actual land shortage so that new plantations may be started by those energetic enough to do so. The nee to encourage more copra production is so important for the progress and development of Mafia that no restriction is made on the planting up of new areas by Arabs and Natives. As far as they are concerned this is a satisfactory arrangement but it is undoubtedly true that Indians, especially Guladal Brothers (Ali Rashid Alibhai), who ownsmore coconut trees than any other individual on the Island, are taking advntage of this to extend their far-to-hazily-defined plantations. There seems to be littli to do about this as the whole practical land policy of Government is so vague and non-committal. If any objection were to be made, the Indians would claim that the plante~rea was within their shamba bomuladies. From the vague definition of the qW

This has been done, I believq in Pemba. The following notes on Land Sales were collected from German records in 1915. C

1ATIVE LAND 0URHIP 1U B31T AREA. In 1938, in order to encourage the cultivation of coconut trees, instructions were issued by the Agricultural Assistant. that anyone might plant coconuts where land was not in current cultivation. If a stranger had obtained the permission of the owner of certain fallow land and had planted annual crops there he could, by putting in a few coconut seedlings, establish a right to the land in virtue ( of its now being a coconut plantation., This appeared to be an infringement of the rights of the inhabitants and furthermore permanently reduced the land available for the rotation of crops. Accordingly, in a baraza at Kanga, the following points were set out as the present attitude of Government towards the ownership of fallow land in the Bweni area. They were subsequently submitt6d to the Provincial Commissioner and approved by him (file 1/10). (i) The community have cultivation rights over crown land but no ownership * p

W A K F. A large number of coconut shambas and some stone-built houses have been dedicated in perpetuity to sacred and family purposes which, under Mohammedan Law, became wakf property. Some of these estates have been given in perpetuity for the support of a particular mosque, but more commonly they become non- transferable ( property whose usufruct may be enjoyed by a given sequence of inheritors. A document is prepared, setting out the exact use which is to be made of the products of the shamba and, if it is to be inherited by individuals, then they are specified. If by any chance there are no inheritors then the wakf property would be devoted to religious purposes, but the wide range of "asahaba," or relatives entitled to inherit from a given person, makes this rare. The great advantage of wakf is that it is not fransferable, nor can it be divided or otherwise disposed of. In fact it is not property, or "mali," and strictly belongs to God. When inherited it does not necessarily follow the usual Mohammedan Laws of inheritance as the instructions in the Wakf Deed must be followed. Only its usufruct can be disposed of by the individual holding the wakf. Frequently there are conditions that the revenue from the wakf must be devoted to an annual religious feast or the expenses of making certain prayers on behalf of the original creator of the wakf. Unfortunately this method of tying up property to certain defined fmily

LAND SALES. (German Law prior to 1914). No.67 Sec. 1 All land unowned is Crown Land. Land occupied or owned by natives is not included in Crown Land. For the purpose of deciding what is Crown Land and to take formal possession of this Commissions are " 69 " 1 - appointed in each district under the Presidency of the Bezirksamtma " 70 " 2 - the principal native authorities are members of these Commissions. Where a tribe has sovereign rights to land not actually under their occupation, the Comission negotiates for its transfer to the Crown " 68 " 2 - and in the event of no agreement being arrived at with the natives the question is referred to the Governor for decision. " 70 " 2 - The Commission is instructed to reserve land for natives to the extent of at least 4 times the area cultivated by them to allow for future development. &i ms to private lands are admitted if title: " 68 " 5 - were binding according to principles and iews of law at the time o: if the land has been cultivated, fenced or occupied for two years

The purchaser binds himself to part with such area s is required for Public Works against payment of his expenses and value of improvements. Navigable rivers and minerals are not included in the conveyance. The land must be surveyed at his expense and he must pay a proportionate share in the cost of a survey of the whole district. The conveyance must be registered and can only be transferred under the same conditions. No.76 Coloured pprsons may register their lands as well as natives. The above (No.149) does not apply to Township plots. Government-servants of any race or colour must obtain sanction for acquisition of land.

NATURAL HISTORY-(a) Game (shooting or photography), (b) Fish and fishing, (c) Shells, fossils, etc., (d) Butterflies, moths, Insects, etc., (e) Birds, (f) Reptiles, apes, rodents, bats, etc., (g) Flowering plants and grasses, (h) Trees and shrubs. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date General Birds " Birds " 1-5 4-5 6 -1i 25- 2 D. W.I. Piggott. -do R. E. Moreau. January 1941. -do January 1940. A4Jl.

SICTION (4). NATURAL HISTORY. (a) Game:- The only sporting shooting-available is:(1) Hippopotamus. (2) The royal antelope (native name "Chesi,"t) common all over the Island though difficult to come upon except in the North. (5) The pigmy goose on inland ponds. (4) Delalande's Green pigeon, seasonal. ( Fishing however is excellent. Fish to be caught on a trolled spoon are:(1) Kalambesi, the horse mackerel. (2) Koli-Koli, " " (5) Ngulu, King-fish. (4) Pandu, Queen-fish. (5) Mzia, Barraoua. (6) Chewa and other varieties of rock-cod. (7) Kifimbo, the tastiest of all - and many others. Numerous other varieties can be obtained by bottom fishing. There are also small freshwater fish to be obtained In 4 4ght rod in most ponds and streams" The following notes have been collected upon fauna and birds but do not attempt to be exhaustive;-o Mns: The largest mammal is the HipDootamus, a regular inhabitant from the

The DuanE: is another large mammal found among the Mafia Islands. It is after the style of a large seal and is reputedly the origin of the mermaid tradition. It is known off Boydju Island and outside Kirongwe creek but is probably widely distributed. A few used to be caught in nets and sold in the market. The meat is excellent (not prohibited to Mohammedans though seldom "chinjaed"). They are found up and down the African coast in fair numbers and a grandmotherly Government has seen fit to protect them. They graze on grassy patches of the seabottom, normally at night and are usual only seen when caught in a net. The Bush Pig is the biggest scourge of Mafia; the pig population in Mafia probably runs to 10,000 and the amount of damage is impossible to assess. With the use of poison it is being combated fairly successfully in 1940 and 1941 but there can be no hope of extermination without clearing all the bush. Even the use of portable fencing and pig drives would not do so unless the bush were first cleared, a herculean task. There are patches of dense bush on Utmaini estate that have probably seldom been visited. Pit traps are occasionally successful, noose traps have been tried elsewhere in the Territory and found useless. Poisoned bait issued monthly and distributed wisely has been found most successful and loses none of its efficiency after repeated baiting of an area. Inefficiently distributed, however, it is practically useless. Pig are found on both Mafia and Juani Islands, but not on Ohole or Jib There is a rumour of a white feral pig but this is not known to natives.

Giant Rat:- (Native name "Kupe") is common all over the Island. They are particularly fond of copra but also do damage in the shambas. They are remarkably large, the overall length of the body without tail is about a foot. There are two kinds of Elephant shrew (Ndoro), a red one and a white one. They are common in the dense bush and can frequently be heard scuttling away at the side of the path when passing through such bush. There is a mongoose but I have not seen a specimen.- A civet cat was shot at night in a Kilindoni chicken-run. The pigmy antelope, Philantomba Caerulus Pembae, of Mafia has its nearest relatives in Pemba ( and not Zanibar) and the Ulugurus. It is common from end to end of the Island but is extremely clever at concealment. There are people who trap them regularly and after the rains the meat is very tender. They proceed in short irregular bounds when alarmed and are quite remarkably small for a member of the Atntelope family. Other animals:- Large python (Ohatu) are occasionally killed. The tortoiseshell turtle is fairly common round the coast; a young one kept in an aquarium proved extremely docile and gentle in spite of the fierce hawk-like beak. It grows to a large size; a 8 feet 6 inches carapace was seen on Shungu- Mbili recently. The ordinarv turtle is common and in the breeding season. during the rini

Natural History-Birds. Sheet No. I A useful description of the birds of Mafia is given in a paper by R.E. Moreau of the East African Agricultural Research Station at Amani, entitled "Contributions to the Ornithology of the East African Islands." Seabirds: Nyororo and Shungu-Mbili Islands were reputedly one of the very few breeding-grounds for seabirds in East Africa, others being "Kisite" on the Kenya border, Latham Island (largely Gannets, the blue-faced Booby), Fanjove (Kilwa) and Mongo off Mikindani. On the other hand it seems that Nyororo Island is not now of great importance as a breeding-ground as it is inhabited. Vast numbers of eggs have been collected from it in the past. There is no very recent evidence regarding Shung-Mbili but it is certainly not now the happy hunting-ground for seabird eggs that it used to be. Von der Decken reported in 1870 that seven dhow-loads of eggs could be obtained annually from the two Islands. Nowadays native information merely states that "Vidowerowe" (seabirds) breed on the Island still. Perhaps fishing has intensified in those areas and so the birds have moved to less accessible reefs. Reef herons breed in May - June on some of the isolated table-topped rocks about Mafia, also in the thick bush around Ras Nkumbi,

The barred Owlet (Glaucidium Capense Scheffleri) is to be seen on the main island of Mafia. One was shot at 2 p.m. in a mango tree on a sunny afternoon after it had stooped at a lizard. There may well be a larger owl aCo on the Island. From early descriptions there were many duck and geese on the ponds throughout the Island. Now there are only pigmy geese and several varifties of small moorhens, coots etc, (e.g. Porphyrio alleni).. The Guineafowl (Numida itrata) also have been greatly reduced in numbers but flocks are met with frequently in the Norh of the Island. Indigenous Francolins are absent from the Mafia group but there is a Kwale, Francolinus hildebrandtii, on Boydju Island. This has caused considerable interest to collectors as specimens are greyer on the head than the typical Francolinus h. Johnstoni, which is found in Lindi and Mikindani. They were reporte to have been brought to Boydju in 1880. Actually, according to the native who wapaid by the Jumbe Ali Mohamed to bring them, they came from the Lindi-Kilwa border in about 195 so it is difficult to understand how they have tered much from their relatives in Lindi..

EXTRACT FROM Al ARTICLE BY MR. R.E. MOREAU lNY THE "IBIS" PRINTED AS AN"AMANI MEMOIR." Although geologically Mafia was separated from the mainland in very recent times, and the existing strait is less than 20 miles in width, brokeii by an islet in the middle, the Mafian avifauna is to a surprising degree poorer than that of the opposite mainland. Even though the general aspect of the vegetation is so similar, and is to all appearances equally capable of supporting them, the Parrot, Turaco, Hornbill, Coly, Woodpecker, Honey-guide, Broadbill, Lark, Babbler, Helmet-Strike, Tit, Drongo, and White-eye families are absent J, although recent collections have verified that all exist on the mainland within 20-50 miles of Mafia. Moreover, the Parrots, Turacos, Hornbills, Woodpeckers, Drongos, and White-eyes are represented on one or both the islands of the Zanzibar Protactorate. Specific absences from Mafia that seem particularly inexplicable are Euplectes spp., Ploceus aureoflavus, Ploceus kersteni, Pytelia afra, and Chalcomitra V xii. "Laniarius sublacteus," of which Voeltzkow (1923) gives a circumstantial account in Mafia, seems to have disappeared since his visit in 1903, and so does Ploceus aureoflavus. The absence of the latter is the more surprising because it breeds on Bwejuu, the islet half-way between Mafia and the mainland. The paucity of Hirundinidae on Mafia, in both species and numbers, is most remarkable. The family seems to be practically represented by a very few H.s. monteiri, which, incidentally is not recorded from either Zanzibar or Pemba. The absence of I smithik and H. abyssiniQus from Mafia might perhaps be only seasonal, but G parti noted the almost complete absence of Swallows' nests on suitable-looking buildng It may be noted that bath he and the Afrioan oollector are thoroughly familiar wit

No Palaearctic birds figure ii-the systematic list, but this is of no significance, because the collector was not working in the island during the northern winter. Erythropygia barbata greenwayi was described from our Mafia collection, but Pakenham has since found that Zanzibar birds belong to the same form, although the birds of the intervening mainland coast are quite distinct. It is also noteworthy that Mafia shares with Zanzibar and Pemba Cisticola juncidis perennia. This Grass-Warbler has not been recorded from the coast of Tanganyika ( Territory, and with certainty from only one locality in Kenya ; the collector made a special search for it, without success, on the coast just opposite Mafia, Other points of interest are the occurrence of the little-known Neafrapus 116hmi, perhaps as a breeding bird, and the breeding of Merops superciliosus. Since only one pair, not a colony, was seen nesting, it may not be so firmly established in Mafia as in Pemba and Madagascar, but on the mainland coast it has yet to be found breeding anywhere north of Beira. I have measured all the specimens collected to see whether there is any tendency for the island population to be stunted. I find that, on the contrary, with practically no specific nor individual exceptions, the Mafia birds are within the size range of the respective maifland population, and, moreover, not within the lower part of that range. The insular Cyanomitra is, in fact, slightly but consistently long6r-winged than the mainland birds. On the islet of Bwejuu, howeve4 the Ploceus aureoflavus population has wings a little shorter (about 5 per cent) than those on either the mainland or Zanzibar. 6. The Local Phenology.

In the Zanzibar Protectorate it appears that amongh the Ploceidae a certain x amount of breeding takes place all through the year, with two m"ta, May-June and October-January (Pakenham, in litt.). It is interesting that the Passer griseus of Mafia group have quite a different periodicity from that of the Zanzibar P. domesticus indicus. The latter are stated to lreed between October and January, but the Mafia Sparrows are in post-nuptial moult July-November. (We have no statement of When Passer grisusitself breeds in Zanzibar.) In the'Mafia Cyanomitras post-nuptial moult is so general in June as to make it clear that a definite breeding season has ended in May. There is some evidence that this may apply also to Zanzibar birds (Pakenham, in litt.). The Camaroptera appears to have a definite period ending about June, but in Zanzibar the birds "do not appear to have a definite breeding season" (Vaughan, 1929), or, if they have, it is "November to January or February" (Pekanham, 1956). Pogoniulus bilineatus is in full breeding condition in Mafia at least from August to October, yet in the Protectorate its seasons are "between October and January and also, perhaps, in April and May" (Vaughan, 1929). This is particularly interesting because the E

7. The Land-birds of the Islets. The land fauna of small islands is always of intrinsic interest. I therefore arranged for the collector to visit as many of the islets in the neighbourhood of the Mafia group as he could and to make a list of the birds he saw on each. Time permitted him to collect only a few specimens, and, moreover, for superstitious reasons, the local fishermen did not favour his activities. In the following lists I have used trinomials with brackets where the subspecific name rests on very strong presumption (the subspecies being present on both Mafia and the mainland), and I have omitted the brackets only when the identification could be fixed by specimens. I give the islets in ascending order of size, the first two being of much less than 100 acres. Considering the teotonic instability of this coastal region it is probable that the islets in their present form are very recent indeed. Shungumbili is a waterless sand-bank with a girdle of Casuarina trees

The finding of the Ceuthnochares and the Centropus on these islets, to the estimated number of two or three pairs on each, was quite unexpected. Anyone familiar with these species in the field would have supposed them most unlikely to cross even the six miles of sea that separates Barakuni, the least isolated, from Mafia. For Ceuthmochares at least it is, however, true that the woody tangle on these islets is not unlike the vegetation the bird favours on the mainland coast. The occurrence of feral domestic fowls - too wild to tolerate approach has an interest of its own. According to Baumann (1896), about 1890 Barakuni, Shungumbili, and Nyororo (which was then uninhabited, like the others) all abounded in "verwilderte Haushiihner ... den Geistern gewelht." Although Barakuni is frequented by fishermen, the fowls still survive, evidently sacrosanct, on that islet. Quite independently the African collector noted their existence, and commented: "The fishermen have kept them because of their spirits (mashetani yao). The people themselves say they get fish because of these spirits, and if these are angry they get no fish whatever." He reports, also, that the brood of young Crows was destroyed by the fishermen because they were regarded as enemies of the fowls. Bwejuu, the largest of the islets that are essentially sand-bank with Casuarinas, has a longer list of birds. Although it is only a narrow strip about half a square mile in area, 240 men, women, and children live on it, supporting themselves by fishing and the produce of the numerous coconut trees. It seems to have been colonised first about 1870 by an enterprising Arab who dug wells. The most surprising feature of the avifauna is undoubtedly the Francolins. As already stated in the systematic list, they are said to be the descendants of a pair brought -fro Kilwa. They live perfectly wild lives, however, and the collector was told that if their eggs are hatched under hens the young depart into the bush as soon as they can travel. Many scores of Francolins are estimated to exist on this little island of three or four hundred acres, a large par of which contains no cover for them. They are sharing this small area with a human population of nearly one per acre, with numerous rats and with cats imported by the islanders to deal with rats. It seems impossible that the Fncolins should have survived at all umde such conditions, let alone be so fli ,i f tey had not received som protection from the ilande .

As an independent effort of a Bantu population this is most unusual, and one can only conclude that to some extent the birds partake of the sanctity of the Barakuni fowls. Others species on Bwejuu are: AEdicnemus vermiculatus; Streptopelia s. (Semitorquata) - the second most abundant bird in the island; Centropus superciliosus (burchellii); numerous Merops superciliosus; Tachynautes parvus (myochrous) - nesting in the coconuts, and the commonest bird of all; Acrocephalus baeticatus suahelicus; Cinnyris bifasciatus (microrhynchus); Anthreptes collaris zamberiana; Corvus scapulatus - said to be only a visitor; Ploceus n.nigriceps - several colonies in the coconuts; Ploceus aureoflavus several small colonies of three to four nests, but actually only the males were seen. No evidence could be obtained as to whether the Bee-eaters (merops) nested on the island or not, a point of much interest in view of the very peculiar breeding range of the species.

Natural History-Fish and Fishing. Sheet No. I SPOONFISHING IN THE -AIA' GROUP. The best general description of spoonfishing on the Tanganyika coast is given in Lieutenant Commander Cole's article in the third volume (1937) of Tanganyika Notes and Records. These notes are supplemental to that and also deal with Mafia reefs in rather more detail. They are the result of a year's fishing in 1940, mostly with handlines. The Mafia Channel provides perhaps the best fishing for number and variety of fish on the whole tropical Fast coast of Africa. The shallow water with numerous reefs provide shelter and food for a large fish population and there is every variety of conditions. The largest fish and the biggest catches are to be found at the continental shelf edge on the extreme East of the group however, and it is probable that anyone only out for record size would find few advantages here over other centres, except at Miewe. Handlines were used because they are cheap and provide a bigger catch and more variety than can be obtained with a rod. No fish was encountered that pr'ved too heavy for a good handline though two fish, each probably well over 60 lbs in weight, were lost through a fault in the line and too light a hook (the standard

It may then last for years if used sparingly. The native preservative for lines becomes brittle after a time and the line weakens unless oiled. The piano wire trace ahd spoon must be removed from the line as soon as fishing is over and greased carefully. The point of the hook is occasionally honed on a carborundum stone and the swivel replaced when worn. A single strand of piano wire, replaced every month or so, is quite adequate but at the first sign of kinking or rust corrosion must be replaced. It was found safer to use twin piano-wire twisted together for heavy fish as it is less liable to kinking when bringing the fish on board. This tackle was used for days of really serious fishing but on safari by motor-boat fish were caught regularly without accident using an 80 yard line and an ordinary light 6-inch Wilson spoon with one strand of piano wire. I am rather of the opinion that the finer and longer the trace-wire the better the chance of bites. A trace over six feet long however is difficult to handle. The line is never put away wet. The end of the line must be made fast either to the boat or to a drum which can be cast overboard ( an attractive idea but very seldom used). The next stage is the most important of all. The line must be coiled down in the bottom of the boat so as to run quite freely without knots or catching under floor boards. It is best to coil it down in three piles, a reserve of backing at once side, the main line of fifty yards for playing fish and twenty to twenty five yards of line to be ru out for trolling. It needs an expert, usually a native fisherman, to keep the line in condition so that it will lie in easy coils on the floor without twisting up, One of the best knots to us for atiching the swivel and trace is the bowline whi

14t There are a number of useful rules in the playing of a fish which the beginner is likely to forget in the excitement of having a good fish on the end. It is not normally necessary to strike but it is important to try to maintain a steady even pull whatever the movements of the fish. The first rush must be checked according to circumstances of the moment and the size of the fish, if it is a rock cod or if it sets off towards shallow water or any point where it cannot be followed then every effort must be made to stop it. Apart from such emergency measures, and the need to stop a really heavy fish before all the line has gone, it is advisable to play the fish gently and patiently. Instead of concentrating all attention on the line in the water it is as well to prepare for the landing by moving into such a position as to allow the man with the gaff room to get into place. Also a quick round the boat to see that the line is not getting fouled is worth any amount of visual concentration on the fish, whose movements can quite well be judged by feel. Always remember there is plenty of time and that the first rush is always the worst. In the mean time the engine is cut to slow and the cox steers away from the reef and turns continually to keep the fish on the same side of the craft, abeam if possible. When the fish is under control and the gaff ready I find it best to stand amidships and bring the fish alongside the boat astern. If the fish is tired there should then be no difficulty in gaffing it first time and, with barracouta especially, this may make all the difference between a catch and a lost fish. It is well to act on the assumption that every fish only retains the hook by the pull on it; about 10% of the fish spit out the hook at the moment of gaffing leaving no margin for error, barraoouta usually do. A final point as it comes over the side is to see that the trace wire is not being kinked. It is instructive to see just how each fish has been hooked. Apart from f oul- hooking it will, be seen that there are only a: few points where thel iook penetrates the flesh properly and cannot be dislodged by the fish itself. It follows that many fish that come to the lure are able to bite on the hook and spit it out before the barb can take hold in a soft place. Many of these "bites" ar. V not even felt on the line and to remember this point is some slight onsolation after a nlaer of tentative jerks without result; at least one knows they are to

A number of controversial points are introduced below as they all affect the success of fishing and a true knowledge can only be obtained by experience and the pooling of observations. They provide infallible subjects for discussion and I think their study is one of the most interesting sides of fishing. They also usually afford, a scientific elcuse for failure on an unlucky day, and to a fisherman that is a Godsend. (1) Length of line out. Twenty to twenty-five yards is a good average for a handline, more is very heavy on the hand and less might possibly be too short. When fish really are biting even ten yards are quite sufficient, but it is not easy to be sure that the circumstances then are not exceptional. The theory is that the passage of the boat disturbs the fish and drives them laterally and downwards. After she has passed they return into the wake, perhaps from curiosity. American owners have even plated their propellers as an additional attraction and there is no doubt that a motor-boat is always an object of some curiosity to fish. On a really calm clear sea it is possible to see the fish down to five fathoms or more and I have frequently observed Koli-Koli and Kalambesi of all sizes from the bows of the boat. My experience is that whereas the small fish run for shelter up to a distance of four fathoms or more, the larger ones take very little trouM'e to get out of the way and definitely take an interest in the craft without fear. I have had a spoon taken when barely more than the trace wire was banging over the side and the spoon was just flopping On the

Thus the mouth is likely to meet the hook on its rotation, or by soe fluke the hook may catch in the eye-socket instead. Even the tail may be caught as the fish turns away. Experience has shown that brass spoons are rather better than nickel ones but so far they are not on sale at the usual retailers. For general all round use a spoon seems to be the most efficient lure. Some people add another hook from the head of the spoon for fish taking it from the side. (5) Speed of Bat. It is generally agreed that for ordinary fishing round reefs 4 - 5 knots is the optimum speed and at over 7 knots there is seldom a bite. This is not because the spoon is travelling too fast for the fish. I have caught two pound fish at six knots. Probably the best speed is governed by two factors. The boat must be going fast enough to spin the lure correctly but it must not be travelling so fast as to take the lure out of sight of the fish before it has had time to take an interest. In general few fish are nearer than fifteen feet from the lure when they notice it, hence a dirty sea reduces the catch. If at the moment when they see it the lure is ahead of them and travelling at seven knots they will probably have to do fifteen knots to catch it up quickly. Unless the water is very clear a the fish very interested it will not trouble to investigate at all. A little irregularity in speed is often useful; fish are frequently hooked just when pullin in the line as the boat slows down. Usually a line is pulled in in series of rush and this is probably the reason for the bite. A boat travelling in a sea frequent catches more fish going with the sea than against it. This may be because she ii When fish are biting well a flat calm is often no handicap though it ought to be a disadvantage as the boat and line must be more clearly visible. (5) Time of day or tide. Early morning and late afternoon are generally best and spring tides better than neaps. I prefer a rising or a falling tide to high water or low but in spite of careful statistics it has not been possible to correlate the catch with these factors at all accurately. Clearly other factors are of even greater importance. It is probable that were fishing done regularly and systematically some general trends' could be proved. It seems that time of day, or perhaps light intensity, are of most importance and about sunrise and sunset certainly seem best. Nevertheless owing to force of circumstances most of my fishing is done on safari between 11 - 5 p.m. and many good fish have been caught in the heat of the day. (6) T.Re of Bottom. Sand or sand with weed on it are useless for spoonfishing, though bottom fishing often produces results in the weed. Coral provides by far the best terrain for good fishing, whether on the steep edge of a reef or over a flat surface just covered at low water springs. There should be at least two fathoms of water over the coral when fishing and up to five fathms is satisfactory. The optimum depth is usually about three fathoms, when the bottom can just be clearly distinguished. A visit to these grounds at low water on a really calm day is a revelation of beauty which enthralls the most hardened fisherman. It also provides a lesson in the habits of fish which well repays half an hour's rubber-necking over the side of a motionless boat. The profusion of fish of all sizes and colours and their fearlessness is sufficient to show why the large predators find it so good a hunting ground. Off a steep edge such as an outside reef it is not a question of the actual depth but rather of the distance from the reef which counts in fishing. It is best between twenty and fifty yards from the reef according to circumstances, the closer the better. 0 - M

(7) Temperature and current, Monsoons. Small coral fish live in an astonishingly wide temperatur range but the larger carnivorous fish taking a spoon are sharply restricted. It is probable that a great dal of the variatton in catch from day to day is due to alterations in current bringing different water to the reefs or to changes in the amount of sunshine which have affected the temperature of the water. Partly for this reason the outerreefs bordering on the continental edge and witeally deep water beyond are the most reliable fishingfrounds of all, their temperature hardly varies from day to day. There is a seasonal variation in current due to the monsoons which probably affects fish migration along the coast. The East Coast of Africa is swept by a regular oceanic current from the South which never alters in direction off the continental edge. This current also sweeps through the Mafia Channel, though the shallow water and the effect of tides tend to obscure it. Off Ras Kisimai on a rising spring tide in the South Monsoon the current may reach a velocity of three to four knots. At other times it may be barely noticeable. The enormous quantity of suspended matter coming from the Rufiji delta is carried Northwards out of the Mafia Channel and the actual mouths of the river have turned Northwards, also probably under the influence of this current. Thus the reefs in the Mafia Channel are swept clear of coastal water and the coral is able to grow in the oceanic water it requires. The current is helped or hindered by the monsoons and its temperature varies also; thus it has a dominant effect on the

However, during much of January and part of February the North-east monsoon blows so hard that fishing is out of the question and the safest time is at the beginning of the long rains, late February when the monsoon is on the change. If the rains are delayed and the sun is very strong day after day, the water inshore becomes too hot and local fishermen say that the big fish will only return when the rain (and overcast sky) has cooled it again. Fishing is at its worst from May to August and all that can be expected then is the occasional King-fish and barracouta. Furthermore the fish are spread out and are not found in known places round the reefs. Both King-fish and barracouta can be caught occasionally almost anywhere in the Mafia Channel at this time, but King- fish are also commonly found inshore round Mafia island. Terene Bay and off Kanga, at the North of the island where the mangrove swamp runs into the sea, are both possible fishing grounds at this time when few other places offer much sport. It looks as if the King-fish are feeding in the water that runs out of the mangroves, whether becaise of the food or a suitable temperature range however, is uncertain. During this time it is worth trolling with a spoon in any part of the Mafia Channel and I have caught a number of King-fish from dhows when on safari. From the beginning of September the Monsoon begins to change back to North and takes three months to do so. Dring these three months the weather is good and King-fish are plentiful in certain parts. Undoubtedly the best ground is off Fungu Sefu and here fishing dhows collect from all around and a number even come from Zanzibar every year just for this season. Two hundred or more King- fish is notan unusual catch for a boat during the three months.

The best catches are made off the extreme end where the reef comes to a point but fishing is good right down to Bweni on the Western side and for an indefinite distance on the Eastern, or continental edge, side. More kalambesi are caught on the West, and on the East more fish of the Rock-cod type. Bweni beach is a safe anchorage for fishing in this area. On the 6th January 1940 I caught 14 fish of 280 lbs here in less than two hours on one line; the North-east monsoon was not very strong that year and perhaps fishing was better than usual. Nyororo Island. A very dispersed and confusing reef but an excellent fishing ground offering more variety than most other places. It is difficult to give details of the best spots but the North and West are generally found to be good. There is good water on the island and a satisfactory sand-bottom anchorage on the Western side. The craft must be anchored close in as the sand turns to coral at low-water mark, so it is advisable to arrive on a fairly full tide. Barakuni. Poor fishing obtainable on the East and South of the reef. British warships were anchored off here during the "Konigsberg" episode in 1915. Mwamba Mien(opposite Barakuni). One of the most reliable spots and with a long fishing season starting early. The fish are found on the narrow seaward edge facing Barakuni on a two mile length. O" the whole the fish are small; Koli-Koli and Pandu are particularly found there and are rare elsewhere round Mafia. Wui Patches. Only visited once and, except at low-water springs, very difficult to find as the reef does not uncover. It is advisable only to go on a calm sunny day when the reef can be seen as a greenish patch from up to half a mile away; compass bearings should be taken on Kilindoni bluff and Shungu-mbili island. It was visitl in early March and only produced King-fish; a remarkable result worth oonfirming Reported shark-infested.

From September to November however it is good for King-fish. It is worth trying past the Salim bank buoy when going to or from the reef. Terene Reef. Close to Kilindoni but disappointing. The best circuit is "round the buoys," anchorage buoy, spit buoy and Terene buoy. When all else fails a buoy will often yield a good fish if the spoon passes really close to it. Al Hadliri. Not very good and rather a vague fishing area. Nothing is caught over the sandy part. Shark seem particularly to favour this reef. Maduvi (native name "Chooni"). A good fishing ground at times and worth trying in conjunction with Ras Kisimani and Belami reefs. All the fishing is concentrated in a small area just South of the prominent sand-bank. Ras Ksimai. Usually a good reef but disappointing in 1941. The fishing area is along the edge of deep water from a mile North of the sand spit due South along the reef running off shore. The fishing suddenly stops at a slight projection in the reef about a mile South of the point. Here there was a school of barraoouta infallibly providing a bite or two throughout 1940. The bites were all recorded in a stretch of water about two hundred yards long. Belami Reef. The most prolific reef of all in February and March 1940 but with a sho. season. It is particularly noteworthy for Kalambesi (one of 73 lbs on 25.2.40). The fishing is over the top of the reef which does not normally uncover. Toedfu Island. The fishing round Boydju reef is poor. Kauri.

Chole Channel. Provides an occasional Kalambesi or King-fish one to two miles South-east of the Utende-Chole ferry. Chole Bay. Apparently useless. Kinasi Pass between Miewe Island and Juani. Probably the most promising area in which to achieve records but only usable in excellent weather. The best fishing is in the pass itself and for a mile or two along the reefs North and South in the Indian Ocean. The reef is fantastically steep, one hundred fathoms are recorded less than a mile from the cliffs and the shore is extremely inhospitable. Shark abound in the entrance and really large fish also. An 81 lb Tunny was caught here by Commander Blunt in January 1959. The snag is the tide rip in the pass which runs at about 10 knots through the narrow Channel in springs and would stop all but the most powerful craft moving against it. As there is no shelter whatever outside, the expedition should only be made in really fine weather and March to April is best. Chole Island is a good base with a suitable anchorage and a restcamp at the old German Boma and headquarters. My two best fish were lost here though neither was seen; one broke a faulty line and the other straightened the hook in its first rush. These tragedies both occurred on the same day, the only day when I had the opportunity to fish here. However twelve fish were caught, in three hours,-of five varieties totalling 163 pounds.

Note: Natives pay little attention to actual high or low tide and have no simple terms for these states of tide. They think in terms of tides rising or falling. The Swahili or Mohammedan month, being lunar, gives an immediate indication of the tidal conditions. Full springs occur on the 2nd and 16th of the month and on any given day of the month high tide is at roughly the same time each month.

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T1ARI1E AQUARIUI! - MAFIA The tank we have here on Mafia is built of cement, 1 ft 4 ins. deep, 2 ft 9 ins. across by 7 ft 10 ins. long, and has two panes of glass let into the front. It is situated on the downstairs verandah and so does not receive too much light or any direct sunlight. Aeration is the problem here as we have no electricity, but our present arrangement though definetly "Heath Robinson", appears to work very well. We have a half 44 gallon drum on the top verand connected to the aquarium by 15 ft of hose pipe, into the bottom end of which is inserted a small pipette. Every morning the drum is filled with four buckets of fresh spring water,(the aquarium is marine, but with evaporation the salt content remains constant), the pipette placed in. aquarium and the stream of air bubbles thus produced aereates the tank. About once a fortnight the tank is completely drained, cleaned and refilled with fresh sea water, No sand is placed on the bottom, only shells and dead coral arranged to rpovide shelter for the fish, The coral must be quite dead as nothing pollutes the water quicker than live coral. We have had the aquarium going now some eight months and this arrangement seems to work very well as long as it is not overstocked, 25 to 95 small fish being about the maximum. We still have some of the original inhabitants, but although we have had casualties, we have never had the whole thing go bad and all the fish die. We have no thermometer but the water in the tank is fairly cold and care must be taken when instroducing new fish, which usually arrive in a bucket of warmish water, that the change in temperature is not too great. Most reef fish must, I think, from necessity be able to stand quite considerable changes in temeprature as they are left behind by the tide in small pools Which quickly cool when the tide returns, but to be on the safe side we immerse bucket in the tank for a couple of hours until the temperatures are similar before releasing the fish in their new home. The fish appear to thrive on a diet which consists mostr y of finely minced lean meat together with minced raw fish, roe and oysters, thwn available. But care must be taken not to overfeed as the surplus food quickly pollutes the water. I intende trying copped lettuce and other greens as I think some of the fish probably re-uire a certain amount of clant. food. We have kept the following fish in the tank with varying degrees of success, Some of the larger are now about six inches long and although these have grown, must still be juvinile. We have identified them from Professor Smith's book "The Sea Fishes of South Africa", but though I think we have the genus correct we are not so sure of the genotype, as some very slightly with the illustrations. This may be just a local Variation or the fish may be a new though very closely relatied species. In each case I have quoted the number of the fish in the book before its name. I65.PLOTOSUS AI\TGULLARIS, (Barbel Eel) and 45O.EPINEPHELUS CAETULEOPUIETUTUS, (Rook Cod) do very well and seem to act as a scavengers as they have voracious appetities. Care must be taken when handling the Barbel Ee as it has very poisonous spines though these do not seem to affect other fish and we have kept the same one for the whole eight months. 471 and 472HEILODITERUS LINEATUS AD CANIVUS, (Cardinal Fishe) and 487 APOGON NOV-WASCIATUS do fairly well as does 748. AMPHIPRION BIdINCTUStho~h to a lesser degree. Amphiprion bicinctus lives in the tentales, of certain sea anemones, which is probably why it does not do so well in the tank, though once survived over a montha We intend transplanting a sea anemone to seedf they will survive better then, always providing it is possible for the anemone o exst in a tank. 581.MNODAOTYLJs ARG3 ELUS (Moon Fish) 694.GATERIN GATERIW1S and 650.WDIANUS RU8ELLII, ALL DO EXTREIIELYTELL. Mondatylus aretes can be adape yq;ie in almost frzh. wa* and might possibly survivie in a fresh water tank. tank. 589 - 606. The CHAETODOI0PIDAE, (Butterfly Fish) are perhaps some of the most beautiful of the reef fish, but I'am afraid do not on the whole do so well, though again I have managed to keep odd ones for about a month. These may be one of the fish requiring a certain amount of plant food or more likely, I think, living coral. 749. DASCYTTILLTJS ARUATfTS, 758. POHTACENTRUS OPERCULARIS and 765. ABUDEFDU SPAROIDES, (Coral Fish or Demoiselles) do probably better than any of the others and we still have some of the original inhabitants, but they are extremely vicious little fish. Not only do they resent the introduction of new species, particularly the Chaetodontidae, but also new members of their own kind. We have found that if we build a small separate "reef" of shells and coral for the new fish as they are intrmduced to the tank they do sometimes settle down together, but if they really take a dislike to a new fish tile only thing to do is to remove it, otherwise they will quickly hound it to death. 1034 - 1051. The SCORPAENIDAE,(Soorpion Fish) do well, but I would only keep very small ones as I think the larger one will probably feed on other small fish in the tank. The Scorpion Fish also have poisonous spines, and so should be handled with care. Small juvenile Yile and Trigger Fish do well and seem to like a piece of dead coral to live in and feed off, but I'm afraid the Box and Globe Fish, (Kiswahili - Bunju) soon die. At least ours have never survived more than a day or two and never seem to feed in the tank. Perhaps they require sand to sift their food from? We alwtys use a small net for catching the fish and removing them from the tank when it is being cleaned. This is primarily a safety measure as the Barbel Eels and the Scorpion Fish are poisonous, but I do not think it is a good thing to handle any of the fish,(other species may also have poinous spines) as they damage very easily and even if only slightly damaged soon die. JUNE CAMRON 8th November, 1955 sp- a PHYSICAL-a) Climate, (b) Sol, (C) Geology, 1(d) Rainfall. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by I Date Geology Physical feature Climate Rainfall Soil Plans and Photographs 5- 7 8 -9 - 11 L2 - 15 4 - 18 D.W.I. Piggott - amended by Government Geologist. D.W.I. Piggott. D.W.I. Piggott. D.W.I. Piggott. D.W.I. Piggott. D. W.I. Piggott. W, January, 1941. -do -do -do -do -do-

Physical-Geology Sheet No. I The Mafia group of islands mostly lie on the edge of the African continental shelf. To the north of them the islands of Koma and Kwale, and to the south Songo-Songo and Fanjove form a continuation of the same group, though these are in Temeke and Kilwa districts respectively. The islands are not separate entities from the mainland with a deepwater channel between as in the case of Pemba. Rather they are small areas of dry land created when the continent rose above sea level. Mafia is, therefore, not a coral island like so many islands of the Pacific, where dry land is perched upon the tops of coralline growths which in turn rest on the submerged peaks of volcanic cones that have risen from the ocean-bed; but, like Zanzibar, Mafia is a raised portion of the continental shelf and geologically is an integral portion of the mainland. The deepest point in the channel between Mafia and the mainland is about 18 fathoms and even this depth is largely due to the scour of the northward current which sweeps through the archipelago, an offshoot of the main northgoing coastal current. There is thus continual conflict between the extending RufiJi Delta and this northward current, and the probability is that this is responsible for the northward swing of the main exits of theDelta, (owing to a silting up of the southern ones) and for the insular nature of Mafia itself. 2. The continent of Africa has risen and fallen through the geological ages and something of this can be traced from the coral rock. Coral is a low form of life which depends on a certain minimum amount of light for the development of its symbiotic algea (that is, vegetable cells within the structure of the coral animal which depend upon light for their growth like any other plant), It is not found deeper than fifty fathoms or so, when the actinic value of the light becomes too low. Similarly coral will not grow above mean low-water springs as a few hours exposure to the air are sufficient to kil it. Furthermore coral will grow only in clear water free from suspended matter which clogs the fine chanels in the coral animal. Taking into consideration these 0

- 2 - Some sixty million years ago (early Tertiary period) the coast-line of this region lay somewhere near Utete, and upon the thengreatly extended continental shelf Tertiary and Quaternary formations were deposited. In the neighbourhood of the Rufiji Delta these are known to consist of sands and clays with possibly some sandy limestones, the exact age of which is in doubt, but by analogy with the geology of Zanzibar they may be related to the Mazingini Beds which are Upper Pliocene. Upon these beds coral growths flourished particularly on the seaward side of the shelf giving rise to what are now called the Azanian limestones. In Pleistocene times, however, portions of the continent rose above sea-level and the coral animals were thereby killed, but their hard structures remained and now form the narrow fringe of hard rook situated on the eastern shores of Mafia and extending to Miewi, Juani and Jibondo Islands. Isolated small occurrences are also recorded on the western shore of Mafia, notably at Ras Mbizi. In the middle sector of Mafia there exists an area that was possibly once a shallow marine channel which became filled with alluvial material of recent age. With the rest of the island it rose to form the alluvial flats that sever the island topographically into two portions. (See accompanying geological map). -

57 D ra- Riff I 1 58 30 120 >

The inhabited islands of the group are:Mafia itself, traditionally called Chole Shamba by the coastal people, is some 180 square miles in area. The soil is largely sandy though the Eastern edge and the Northern tip are rocky. The highest points on the Island are Ngombeni hill and a long ridge forming a backbone to the Northern end. The village of Jimbo lies on that ridge, and the maximum height is not more than 200 feet, if as much. The total length of the island is 51 miles (27 sea miles), by 11 miles at the widest point. From the Southern end up to the Kirongwe creek, with the exception of a strip of coral rock at the Eastern side bordering on the Indian Ocean, the soil is sandy and comparatively infertile. From Kirongwe Northwards a firm soil takes its place in the centre of the island though the Western side remains sandy. Beyond Eweni, when the island is only 21 miles across, the rock stretches right across the island and cultivation is impossible. There are a number of small streams in the South and West of the island which run throughout the year. They follow the sandy valleys and contain plenty of small fish in weedebbcked pools; these provide same sport with fine fishing tackle. Water is plentiful throughout the island except in the rocky areas where occasional wells have been dug. There is no natural water beyond Bweni but Ras Mtkubi Lighthouse has two rain collecting tanks. Mafia Island has the same coral foundation as the islands of Chole, Juani and JRbondo. These are separated by a narrow curving channel from the main Isn nd A strong tide runs through this channel from each end, meeting in the middle approximately over the shallowest point in the channel, well south of Chole. The rising tide past Chole, therefore,flows south, though it changes to north a short time before the tide is quite full. The current is strongest in the Kinassi Pass between Jui and the small Miewe Island and runs at 9 - 10 knots at full springs. The maimum tide past Chole Island is about 2 - 3 knot. Chole Bay is full of reefs and 'hoals with deep water iii betwe. k branch of the muin northerly oceanic stream passes UP the MN* chaninel and a part of this tends to swing Northeast past Kliudcnl tm351* * bwaraktini. Off Ras Kisimani in the South Trades the current at rising springs may run at 5 knots. The Indian Ocean current itself runs at 2 to 4 knots, according to the monsoon, off Ras Mknmbi. Pieces of pumice brought to Mafia by this current are said to come from the East Indies. A lifebuoy from the German raider Emden, sunk off the Cocos-Keeling Islands in 1914, was washed up on the coast of Mafia about a year later. Kilindoni Anchorage, -nsatisfactory as it is, is the only practicable one for the Island of Mafia. Other deepwater anchorages reasonably near to the coast are Has Kisimani and off Kigomani (Utmaini Estate): The Utende-Chole channel would form an ideal anchorage if vessels of large draft could safely enter the Kinassi Pass (this has twice been entered by steamers, once by the German survey ship Rowe in 1914 and once by a British ship). Ras Kisimani was considered by the German Government as a port but was rejected for lack of a good water supply. Chole Island:- This is a small fertile island, once the chief Arab centre in Mafia. It is separated from Mafia by a deepwater channel 1000 yards wide, and from Juani by mangrove-lined flats which dry out at low water. The water supply is from deep wells and is excellent. Juani Island:- This is roughly 5 miles long by 2 wide, based entirely on coral rock but carrying a thin layer of fertile soil. There are four villages, centred on wells which are deep and out through solid rock(Jambe village has no well). Most of the Island is covered with dense but low bush.

-B59y4ji Island:- This is unique among the inhabited islands in being only a sand- bank upon an extensive reef. It is now-here more than about 500 yards wide, yet it is 1* miles long. The Western end is fairly consolidated but the Eastern end is liable to vary by two or three hundred yards according to the existence of a narrow sand-bank. There is one small coral outcrop near the middle of the Island through which an unsuccessful attempt was once made to dig a well. The rest of the Island is all sand and supports only coconut trees. There are two wells of moderate depth at the village which give good but rather brackish water except in the height of the dry season. There is a large cement rainwater catchment tank used for a few months at the end of the dry season and normally sufficient to tide over the dry spell. The reef is very extensive so the Island can only be reached comfortably at high-tide or over when there is sufficient water right up to the sandy shore. North or South shores are used according to the prevailing monsoon. There are two rocky islets to the South of each end of the Island. The Western one is famous for its oysters. The deepiater anchorage for steamers lies off the Western end of the Island and provides shelter of a sort in either monsoon. Lighters can be grounded safely at this end also. The Island was first settled by an Arab, the grandfather of Ali Lohamed the present Jumbe, who was also a fisherman. fNororo Island:- This is a small Island on a very extensive reef and, though having only a small population, is important as a fishing centre and also as an anchorage. The Western edge of the Island is purely sand and provides a safe motor-boat anchorage when the tide is over half full. At less than half tide the approach is unsafe owing to the coral. Steamers use the Island as a landmark (the large boabab in the centre is certain identification) and also anchor in its lea when nightbound on entering the channel. The reef system is extremely coplex and provides an excellent fishing ground, drawing outrigger canoes from all parts of the mainland coast opposite. Fresh water is good and plentiful from one well which penetrates the coral rock crust to the sand below.

Shungu bili:- is a small round uninhabited sand Island on a reef between Nyororo and Mafia. It is much used as a camping spot by fishermen during the season. There is no water and the Island is covered with low bush under Casuarina trees. Mbaakuni Island is similar to Shungu Mbili on a smaller scale off Kirongwe creek. It provides a sheltered anchorage in the Southwestern monsoon. The monitors and other ships used in destroying the Konigsberg in 1915 were anchored behind it. Miewe and Jiha Islands in the mouth of Chole Bay. At low tide they join on to the main island near Mchangani. Miewe is the smaller and has a sand beach on the north. They are uninhabited and a visit to them is interesting though arduous. The seaward side drops into over 100 fathoms in less than a mile, while on the Mafia side are odd jutting rocks with interesting seabirds. The sheltered side of Jiha island has a wLde screen of mangroves and the island itself is made of such incredibly sharp rocks and impenetrably thorny scrub that it is only just possible to cross it. Oer Islands:- There is a number of isolated top-heavy coral islets about Juani and Jibondo. They are breeding places for seabirds but practically inaccessible. The most important reefs and sand-banks in the Mafia group are:Beta, renowned the length of the East coast for its King-fish. Many dhows come to it from Zanzibar in September - November. It is not exceptionally good for spoon- fishing. Saim B Never uncovers and useless for fishing. Wumi Patohes(Native name "lijambani") lie between Sefo and Shungu Mbili and are

Maduvi,(Native name "Chooni") near Boydju Island,is good for spoonfishing at the extreme Southern tip by the sand-bank. Belami is coral without a well-marked sand-bank and is only uncovered at lowest springs. It provides excellent spoon- fishing from February - April. A 76 lbs Kalambesi was caught there in February, 1959. Mange is visible at low tide as a long sand-bank with a beacon near the north end. It provides quite good spoon-fishing. Tutia,off the Southern tip of the coral massif on which Mafia, Chole, Juani and Jibondo lie, is rather inaccessible but provides excellent fishing. It is chiefly remarkable for extremely clear water so that at times the bottom may be seen in 15 fathoms. Okuza Island lies another 10 miles to the South of Tutia and is also uninhabited. It has seldom been visited though it is as large as Shungu bili. It, also, is a sand- bank covered with casuarinas and bush. Q SEA DISTARCFS. Kilindoni to Lindi - 147 miles. Kilindoni to Kilwa - 74 miles. Kilindoni to Mombasa = 258 miles. Kilindoni to Zanzibar - 1ib milen. Kilindoni to Utete = 71 miles.

Physical-Climate Sheet No. I The climate of Mafia is of typical coastal type ezoept in having an average annual rainfall of 76 inches. A recognised way of finding Mafia whether from the air or the sea i to look for the largest cloud; indeed there is generally a towering cumulus cloud over some part of the Island at any time of year. Showers occur during every month of the year and help to maintain an equable temperature. It is noticeable also that even in the hot season Kilindoni has a breeze at night so that the minimum temperature is two or three degrees below that of Dar-es-Salaam. The palms in the South of the Island seem to maintain a cooler temperature in the middle of the day than in the drier North, where the low dense scrub collects a great deal of heat. H41.

Physical-Rainfall KILINDONI, NGOMBENI & UTrnAINI. Rainfall fr% 1951-1940. Lowest1 Highest Average January February March April May June July August September October November December 21 15.7 20. 52. 25. 12.8 5.4 2.9 2.5 5.5 10. 15.1 4.9 5. 12.2 18.5 15.5 4.2 1.6 1.1 .6 1. 2.9 7.- Sheet No. 1 RAINFALL IN iNCHFS(KIND0NI & tJMAMI) 1917 ... 86 1918 ... 72 1919 ... 50 1920 ... 55 1921 ... 65 1922 ... 42 1925 ... 1924 ... 42 1925 ... 54 1926 ... 70 1927 ... 78 1928 ... 80 1929 ... 45 1950 ... 60 1951 ... 87 Highest recorded rainfall (1959)... Average rainfall Kilindoni, Utmaini and Ngombeni between 1951 and 1940 -.....-.. Average rainfall from 1917 to 1940 inches. 'I It I! I' t t 'I It 1952 .. 1955 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1940 1941. Average 68 inches. 109.4 inches. inches. inches. UTMAINI NG0MBBNI -19511 1952 ,119551, 19541 5"9.9566 5 2 1 1941 1951 1z 6 21.2 5.5 15.1 5.4 7.5 .5 5.5 .5 1. 9.7 15.1 14.7 19.8 8.4 1.7 1.7 .7 1.8 .1 2.6 10.2 21.5 16.6 .9 .4 .8 .5 1.5 6. 5.6 2.6 .9 11.2 11.5 10.5 5.2 .4 .7 4 5. 4.6 5.9 17.8 9.9 2. 2.5 .5 2.5 .7 10.1 7.4 9.5 5.7 11.6 .9 2.6 1.5 .2 7.1 4.2 14.5 15.6 19.1 12.8 5.4 1.2 .4 1.1 7.7 14.9 9.4 25.7 5.5 .6 .9 1. 2.6 2.4 15.7 6.9 55.4 24.9 8. .4 2.9 .8 .5 inches. t 'I it I! It I, January February March April may June July August September October November December 7.7 6.5 11.9 92.8 18. 5.4 .7 .8 .5 5.5 .5 1.8 7.6 7.1 17.8 9.9 1.8 .5 .6 .9 ,6 .4

KILINDONI RASMKUMB 3 CHOLE MUISKITINI 1957 1958 1959 194011941 1959 1940 1941 1940 1941 1940 941 .7 12.4 21.1 17.5 5.5 .2 1.5 1.2 .6 5.5 9.4 2. 2.4 12.5 17. 9.9 5.6 2. .9 .8 7.1 6.5 S. 7.5 12.5 52. 20.5 5.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 5.5 10.2 5.7 14.8 12. 12.6 5.5 1.4 1.1 .1 1.9 1.58 7.2 7 17.5S 51.7 16.6 .6 .5 .7 1,54 1.94 2.2 -.2 5.4 15.9 5.6 1.1 --.5 -.4 1.1 2. 1.5 4.1. 9.7 4.5 14.6 12.9 7.6 5.4 1.5 .5 .6 .5 .82 4.- 4.9 4.2 8.5 20.4 6.9 2.2 -e 2.1 5.2 7.6 5.4 2. 1.7 15.2 12.5 5.2 2.6 .9 .5 .2 .1 .6 .9 TOTL 71.2 647 1088 70. 90.2 70.7 s40.559.860.- 66.2 40.2 Rainfall:- It will be seen that the rainfall is greatest in the West and low in the East and North. The intensive cultivation of coconuts definitely has a certain effect on the rainfall, after the style of rainforest, though less pronounced. The dense low bush on the East seems to create upcurrents of hot air which cause solid banks of cloud but the monsoon often carries these away before precipitation occurs. Sceetimes, in the "S.W." monsoon, which blows largely from the South to South-east in Mafia, the West of the Island gets the benefit of these clouds which burst as they get over the cooler coconut plantations. It is said that in the N.3. monsoon the North and the West of the Island get first rain, in the S.3. monsoon the East of the Island.,, January February March April May June July August September October November December

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L. rli<.a. Physical-Soil tfSheet No. 1 3~s. s- mg.,

Once this layer is lost it takes years to develope again. In the South, in parts of Chem-Chem and Kiegeani, the soil carries.a very poor crop of muhogo but this appears to be rather due to overcultivation without resting the soil than to natural infetility. The soil in the red striped areas is apparently of entirely different composition and is fertile compared to the rest of Mafia soil. It has been exploited only to a small extent largely because of water-shortage in these areas. The villages lie among coconut trees in the sandy well-watered areas, or near wells, and the fields are cultivated on a rotational system some distance away. The soil of Chole is intermediate between the sandy and the firm clayey soil. It is very fertile and only inherent laziness prevents its greater exploitation. A large proportion of the Island is covered with unprofitable mango trees which prevent the cultivation of crops below. Most of the land is said to belong to Arabs. Jibondo carries very little soil but such as there is on the broken coral substatum is fertile. Boydju Island is the most sterile of all, but coconuts do well. In spite of repeated efforts no other crops survive, even sahogo is a complete failure. Nqyororo Island manages to produce a little maize but the soil is sandy and poor. Even coconuts do not bear particularly well.

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THE MARKET SQUARE, CHOLE, MAFIA fI- SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT-(a) Traditional, (b) Native Administration. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date - iHistorical Zare*ar Qpd r Tangaanrlka Qr~i~nce Present. AdminiAmeion C, -IF D.W.L. Piggott. .*W.I. Piggott. January 1941. October 1922. November 1922. January 1941. J~_ A

System of Government-Traditional. Sheet No. 1 The importance of Mafia in the early days depended not so much on the intrinsic value of the land but on its situation. It was on the commercial route to Kilwa and Sofala, and furthermore its separation from the mainland, and the chances of hostile attack, made it invaluable to the alien peoples who were developing trade. The history of Mafian Government is that of a rich alien minority over a large majority of slaves and hangers-on. There was also an indigenous population of Wambwera whose relations with the aliens seems to have been friendly. Little is known for certain about the early history but from about the tenth century the Shirazi ruled the Island, which was from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century under Kilwa domination. Later the Arabs dominated the Island under the Suzerainty, largely nominal however, of Arabian rulers. In those das the Island was said to be a favourite centre for piracy. In i840, when Sultan Seyyid Said transferred his residence from Arabia to Zanzibar, Mafia came under a firm rule for the first time since the decline of Klwa. in the early sixteenth century. Under the Treaty of 1890 between England and Germany, Mafia osae under German domination and was put under Kilwa: it is of interest to note that originally Mafia was to have been British but was given up in exchange for the Stevenson Ro d

After British troops had taken Mafia in the "battle of Ngombeni Hill" on the 10th January, 1915, 200 Indians and 20 African reservists were left as garrisen. The Island remined under martial law until June 1918, and 25 locally recruited Police took the place of the garrison in 1917. There were two European Officials, with military rank, on the Island up to the end of the war. A 1919 report contains the following observations: "The Germans spent but little money on the Island, they maintained a much smaller staff than ourselves and their employees were very inadequately paid. In the administration of justice and treatment of the inhabitants generally, they expected more from the native and consequently were more severe than the British Officials. I do not think however that it can truthfully be said that the administration since the occupation has been more efficiently carried on than it was before the war. The revenue collected by the Germans in an ordinary year amounted to Rupees 60,000 approximately, about half of which was expended on the administration." A comparative table of the relative staffs in 1914 and 1919 is of interest:1914 German Staff Rupees 1919 British Staff Rupees p.a. pea 2 Europeans - Secretary and) 7.980 2 Europeans - 0/C and Financial) 15,450 Archivist Officer ) 2 Goans - Customs and Asst.)- 2,480 6 Goans - S.A.S., 2 Clerks, ) 15,200 Customs ) Customs, Mechanic and Wireless) 5 Arab and Native Clerks 480 1 Kadhi 1,800 1 Teacher 180 5 Arab and Native Clerks 2,136 8 Police 1,980 1 Teacher 240 7 Warders 1,128 25 Police 6,186 7 Boat-boys 1,176 12 Warders 2,976 4 Lighthouse Keepers 1,296 9 Boat-boys 1,606 4 Others 468 4 Lighhouse Keepers 1,296 9 Others 1,508 TOTAL 17,060 TOA2 ,800

The administration of the Island from the time of occupation until November 1922 was carried out under Zanzibar, though not as part of Zanzibar itself, the Officer in charge being directly responsible to the Secretariat. In June 1922 the Officer in charge took the step of freeing the slaves under Tanganyika Ordinance No. 15. This caused some flutter in Zanzibar as the ordinance was not considered applicable; however the Governor of Tanganyika decided that it was, as Mafia had been included in the definition of Tanganyika in Order of Council of July 22nd 1920. This introduced the even greater complication that Zanzibar and not Tanganyika Ordinances had been enforced and the differences, especially in regard to customs, were considerable. It was feared that some enterprising trader might claim that certain collections had been illegally enforced under an Ordinance that did not apply. It was not until November 1st 1922 that the Island was formally taken over by a Tanganyika Assistant Treasurer with a Customs clerk and a Post Office Official. _:: -- .... i ; L t - Proclamation No. 4 of 1919- 'onstitutioe 8 Jurisdiction of l1 Courts Of icial Gazette 25-8-1919 Govt. Notice No.42 t 1919 to, 1926 Proclamation ", 17 ", 1920 1920 Ordinabce " 13 " 1921 1921 ", 1921 1921 1922 Police 8 Prisons -doR~ules for tne maintenance of god order and discipline in the Police &Prison services (Gazette 10-6-20 Police & Prison 8-7-20 Relating to Courts ", 15-12-20 Criminal & Civil Courts feesl5-12Execution of Decrees & Warrants in Ci-vil 'ourts(Gazette 15-4-1921) Management of Pmisons( 1-5-1921 Disposal of fines imposed upon persons in Police & prison services (Gazette 1-7-1921) Scale of Prison dioet( - doAbolition of Slavery( 16-6-1922) Nate The above is a ± at of the Tanganyika Ordinances and Proclamation which the 0 in C at Iafia has already brought into operation there At a meeting with the Acgg Governor, Chief Secretary Attorney ueneral and ireasurer at Daressalaam on the 8th inst the whole position was discussed and it was decided that an Ordinance should be issued to cover the difficulty which has arisen owing to the inclusion of -afia as a part of 'Ian anika -'rrritory in the order in Council of June II20 AM An officer will be sent down verj shortly to introduce the new Currency and a date will be fixed frofn which the transfer of control and introduction of all i.T Ordinahces will take effect 1 o OCT 1322 Ordinance Gove Notice " 6 ' 106 It Go'vt Notice Ordinanoe " 14 ;' 23 " ll1s ' 13

NOTI CE. On November lot 1922 the Administration of Mafia Island will be formally assumed by the Government of Tanganyika Territory and all laws in force in that Territory will become applicable on that date. BSRITISH RESIDENT. THE RESIDENCY, ZANZIBAR, 30th October. 1922. AN T. G NANYI K. GAZETTE hOt. 27th. 1922 TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. Ni. :3.f 12l2. A. (C. floutS, A cting (j'tj'lop'. 26iTH OCTOBEt, 1922. An Ordinance to facilitate the transfer of the Administration of the Island of Mafia from the Government of Zanzibar to the Government of the Territory. [st NOVEiMBEE, 1922.] WimERE s bY irratngemttent with the (ioveriunent of Zanzibar aid tis tiovernment of the Territory the island of Mafia has for some time past been administered by the former Government, and it is now desired to transfer the administration of the said island to the Government of the Territory. Now 'nItEREFOsE BE IT :WACT'rE by the Governor and Comiander-in-Chief of the Tanganyika Territory is follows: Short title and I. This Ordinance may be cited as the Mafia (Transfer of eoimnceerit. Administration) Ordinance, 1922, and shall come into operation on the first (lay of November, 1922. Transfer of 2. From and after the commencement of this Ordinance, the administration of the island of Mafia shall be transferred to the Government of Territory. Government of the Territory, and all Ordinances, laws, proclamations, regulations, rules, and orders in force in the Territory and applicable to Malfia shall be enforced in Mafia accordingly. Validation of 3. Every sentence passed, judgment given, decree or order tadesenta e". made, or process issued during the administration of Mafia by the Governuent of Zanzibar by any court, judge, or magistrate in Mafia, or by any court, judge, or magistrate in Zanzibar with respect to Mafia shall, if it could lawfully have been passed, given, made, or issued under any law in force in the Territory or utnder any law in force in Zanzibar had such law been extended to any law in force in Zanzibar had such law been extended to Mafia, be deeted to be and always to have been valid and always to have been within the jurisdiction of the said court, judge, or magistrate. tattio of shili'ns 4.-il) When any sum due to be paid in Mafia at or after the to Indian comuencement of this Ordinance is payable in Indian rupees, Pee. whether the obligation to make the payment was incurred before or after the cotitttencemttent of this Ordinance, the payment may le made in shillings at the rate oif one shilling and thirty-three cents to the rupee. (2) Where any contract entered into or instrument made before the commencetment of this Ordinance provides for the making of any paynment in Mafia in trms of Indian rupees, annas, or pice, the contract or instrument shall have effect as if(a) for references to any number of Indian rupees there were substituted references to the equivalent number of shillings or shillings and cents, one rupee being treated as equivalent to one, shilling and thirty-three cents; and

Oct. 27th, 1922 TANGANYIKA GAZETTE 557 (b) for references to any' nunmber of innas or piec there were substituted references to the equivalent number of cents, one anna being treated as equivalent to eight eants and fivesixtenths of one cent and one pie being treated as equivalent to tw. cents and five-Kixty-fourths of one cefnt. 5.-t 1 Sub-section (2) of section four of the Metallic Currency Modification of *Metallic Currency Ordinance, 1l21, shall not apply and shall be deemed never to have Ordinance, 1921, 1. its aploation applied t , it paymient of rupees to be made in Mafia unless it to Ms ae. nppeara from the contraict or iuvtrunient or froin the circumstances Ordinance No. of the case that the layment was to be made in German rupees. (2) Sub-section (4) of section four of the Metallic Currency Ordinance, 1921, shall be deemed not to have applied to Mafia until the coiuiencemient of this Ordinance, and every Ordinance, law, proclamation, order, rule, or regulation in force in Mafia before the commencement of this Ordinance shall, until the comnecetnent of this Ordinance, be deented to have had effect in Mafia as if for references to any number of rupees or florins there were substituted references to the same number of Indian rupees, and as if for references to any number of hellers or cents of a rupee or florin there were substituted references to such number of pice "s hear the same proportion to sixty-four as the number of hellers or cents bears to one hundred. Provided that the rate of poll tax for the year ending on the 31st day of March, 1123, if paid before the commencement of this Ordinance, shall be deemed to be four Indian rupees, and, if paid after the commencenient of this Ordinance, shall be deemed to be six shillings. 6.-(1) No action or legal proceeding, whether civil or crminal, ndmelihatioa. shall be instituted in any court in the Territory for or on account of or in respect of any act, matter, or thing done or omitted, or any tax, duty, or fee charged or levied in Mafia during the administration by the Government of Zanzibar if such act, matter, or thing was done or omitted, or such tax, duty, or fee was charged or levied in good faith in the execution or purported execution of his duty or for the public safety or for the public interest by a personl holding office under or employed in the service of the Crown or the Government of Zanzibar in any capacity whatsoever, or by any other person acting under the authority of a person so holding office or so employed as aforesaid, and, if any such proceeding has been instituted, whether before or after the commencement of this Ordinance, it. shall be discharged and made void. (2) For the purposes of this section a certificate by the Governor that any actj matter, or thing was done or omitted or that any tax, duty, or fee was charged or levied by or under the authority of a person so holding office or so employed as aforesaid shall be sufficient evidence of the facts stated in the certificate, and any such act, matter, or thing done or omitted and any such tax, duty, or fee charged or levied by or under the authority of a p&son so holding office or so employed as aforesaid shall be deemed to have been done, oupiied, charged, or levied in good faith unless the contrary is proved. 7. Nothing in this Ordinance shall affect the vliity of anything Savtng of vam done or omitted in Mafia under the authority of any Ordinance, law, proclamation, order, rule, or regulaton in force in Mafia.

Oct. 27th, 1922 TANGANYIKA GAZETTE GO%7TtrNMEtNT NOTE No. 229. (.M[.P. 796/73.) NOTICE. Transfer of the Island of Mafia from the Administration of Zanzibar to that of the Tanganyika Territory. it is hereby notified for general information that the Island of Mafia will he transferred from the Administration of Zanzibar to that of the Tanganyika Territory with d fect from the 1st November, 1922. 2. On the 1st November Indian Currency and Zanzibar notes will he redeemed with shilling coinage at the rate of one shilling and thirty three cents for a period of two weeks. The importation of Indian currency ind Zanzibar notes into the Island of Mafia is prohibited as from and including the 1st November, 1922. 3. The Customs duties in force in the Tanganyika Territory will be applied to the Island of Mafia as from the let November, 1922. Clearances of normal amount only will be allowed until the lst November. The local Customs Officer is empowered in his discretion to refuse clearance accordingly except on payment of the Tanganyika rates of duty. 4. The Post Office system (including the arrangement for postal orders) as obtaining in the Tanganyika Territory will be applied to the Island of Mafia. A. E. STACK, Dar es Salaam, 25th October, 1922. f 1 Secretory.

'ART V. RECOGNITION OF MOTOR CAR LICENeC - * ..'1FC'c ilr COMPETENCE GRANTED IN -E!OIIBOURIN . TORIES. I. Any licence to use a motor car granted under oy law in fore in the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, the Uganda and Nyasaland Protectorates, or the dominions of His Highness the Sultan of Zanzibar shall, so long as the licence is valid and subsisting in the country in which it was granted, and the regulations in this Part of these regulations are complied with, be deemed to be a motor car licence granted under the Motor Traffic Ordinance, 1922. 2. A motor car for which such a licence has been granted shall, when within the Territory, carry fixed in a-visible position 0o1 the hack of the motor ear, in addition to any identification marks required by the law of the country in which the licence was granted, a distinctive plate displaying the appropriate letter following, viz:for the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya ...... K for the Uganda Protectorate ...... U for the Nyasaland Protectorate ...... N for the dominions of His Highness the Sultan of Zanzibar ...... ' ...... Z 3. The distinctive plate mentioned in paragraph one shall consist of an oval plate approximately twelve inches in width and seven inches in height, and the letter to be displayed thereon shall be painted in black on a white ground, and shall be formed of the capital letter in Latin character, and shall measure approximately four inches in height, the breadth of each line being half an inch. 4. A certificate of competence to drive a motor car granted under any law in force in the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, the Uganda or Nyasaland Protectorate, or the dominions of His Highness the Sultan of Zanzibar, or under any Order-in- Council made under the (Imperial) Motor Car (International Circulation) Act, 1909, shall, so long as the certificate is valid in the country in which it was granted, be deemed to be a certificate of competence granted under the Motor Traffic Ordinance, 1922. MAFIA (TRANSFER OF ADMINISTRATION) ORDINANCE, 1922. No. 35 of 1922. ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS. 1. Short title and commencement. 2. Transfer of administration to Govenment of Territory. t. Validation of iudgwent etc. 4. Ratio of shillings to Indian rupees. 6. Modification of Metallic Currency Ordinance, 1921 In Its application to Mafia. 6. Indemnification. 7. Saving of valid acts.

Oct. 27th, 1922 TAN(GANY I KA G AZ ETTE 557 (b) for references to any nmbLer of anmis or pice there w er sblstituted reforenees to the e quivalent number of cents, one anna being treated as equivalent to eight cents and fivesixteenths of one cent and one pice beini; treated as e.quivalent ,to two cents and five-sixty-fourths of one cent. 5.-- ) Sub-section (2) of section four of the Metallic Currency .odifloatioa of * Metallic Currency Ordinance. 1921, shall not apply and shall be deemed never to have Ordinance. 9s1, iits appliation applied to a payment of rupees to be made in Mafia unless it tn Mflatappears front the contract or instrument or front the circumstances Ordinance No. of the case that the payment was to be made in German rupees. U of 1921. (2) Sub-sactiun (4) of section four of the Metallic Currency Ordinance, 1921, shall be deemed not to have applied to Mafia until the commencement of this Ordinance, and every Ordinance,' law, proclamation, order, rule, or regulation in force in Mafia before the commencement of this Ordinance shall, until the commnncenent of this Ordinance, be deemed to have had effect in Mafia is if fur references to any number of rupees or florins there were substituted references to the same number of Indian rupees, and as if for references to any number of hellers or cents of a rupee or florin there were substituted references to such number of pice as bear the same proportion to sixty-four as the number of helilers or cents bears to one hundred. * Provided that the rate of poll tax for the year ending on the 81st day of March, 1128, if paid before the commencement of this Ordinance, shall be deemed to be four Indian rupees, and, if paid after the commencement of this Ordinance, shall be deemed to be six shillings. 6.-(1) No action or legal proceeding, whether civil or criminal, lIdemanldstion. shall be instituted in any court in the Territory for or on account of or in respect of any act, matter, or thing done or omitted, or any tax, duty, or fce charged or levied in Mafia during the administration by the Government of Zanzibar if such act, matter, or thing was done or omitted, or such tax, duty, or fee was charged or levied in good faith in the execution or purported execution of his duty or for the public safety or for the public interest by a persoi holding office under or employed in the serviee of the C own or the Government of Zanzibar in any capacity whatsoever, or by any other person acting under the authority of a person so holding office or so employed as aforesaid, and, if any such proceeding has been instituted, whether before or after the commencement of this Ordinance, it.shall be dischtrged and made void. (2) For the purposes of this saction a certificate by the Govern. or that any act, matter, or thing was done or omitted or that any tax, duty, or fee was charged or levied by or under the authority of a person so holding office or so employed as aforesaid shall be sufficient evidence of the facts stated in the certificate, and any such act, matter, or thing done or omitted and any such tax, duty, or fee charged or levied by or under the authority of a plson so holding office o so employed as aforesaid shall be deemed to have been done, or~ted, charged, or levied in good faith unless the contrary is proved. 7. Nothing in this Ordinmantce shall affect the validity of anything saving of vaid done or omitted in Mafia uder the authority of any Ordinance, . law, proclamation, order, rule, or regulation in force in Mafia. .4 $

OVERs"iENT NOTIcE No. 224. RULES. Registration of Births a 'Deaths Ordinances, 1920 and 1922. In exercise of the powers conferred upon me by the Births and Deaths Registration Ordinances, 120 and 922, 1, ALFRED CLAUD HOLLIS, Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Comimander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Acting Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Tanganyika Territory, do hereby make the following Rules:1. These rules may be cited as the Registration of Births and Deaths Rules, 1922. 2. Births and deaths may be registered luring office hours at the office of the district registrar of the district in which the birth of death took place. 3.-(1) Any person, whose duty it is to register a birth or death, may, instead of attending personally, apply to the district registrar of the district in writing to register the birth or death in manner hereby provided in the following cases:(a) if resident more than 15 miles from the district registrar's office, or (b) if unable through ill-health to attend personally. (2) The district registrar, on receiving such application, if satisfied that personal attendance should be excused, shall send to the applicant the appropriate form which the applicant shall fill up, sign, and return to the district registrar. Such form shall be filed in the register and shall be deemed to be the registration of such birth or death. 4., The registers in the custody of a district registrar and the registers, copies of registers, returns, and indexes in the custody of the Registrar General may be inspected, on payment of the prescribed fee, during office hours. 5. Any birth or death occurring on board any ship while within the territorial waters of the Territory shall be registered by the person whose duty it is to register it at the nearest district registrar's office to the port in which the ship is lying or to the next port of call. 6. The following fees shall be chargeable (1) For the registration of the birth of any child after six months from the date of such birth where the registration is not compulsory ... She. 10 (2) For the registration of the name or alteration in the name of any child whose birth has been previously registered ...... - ... Shs. 10 (3) For the registration of a death more than six months after the date of such death where the registration is not compulsory ...... -... Sha. 10 (4) For the inspection of any register, copy of a register, return, or index in the custody -of a district registrar or the Registrar General, for each year inspected ...... She. 2 (5) For a certified copy of any entry------. Shs. 5 7. The forms in the Schedule hereto shall be used. 8. The rules dated the 23rd February, 1921, and published as Government Notice No. 47 in the issue of the Gazette dated the 1st March, 1921, are hereby revoked. A. C. HOLLIS, Dares Salaam. 24th Oetlier, 1922. Acting Gosreor. SCHEDULE. FORM OF REGISTEB OF BIRTHS. TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. REGISTER OF BIRTHS. B irth s in th e D istrict of ...... ZZ

Throughout the Zanzibar Administration the Island had been governed entirely on the orders issued from time to time by the Officer in charge with the sanction of the Resident (Zanzibar Secretariat file). When Mafia was taken over from the Germans, Seyyid Ali Athmani was appointed Kadhi and carried out his work most successfully until his death in 1955. There were also two Akidas though they do not appear on the Administrative pay-roll in 1919. One was at Kiegeani(Unyambwa), the other at Bweni. The extent of the duties of the Kadhi and Akidas is not quite clear. The Kadhi held a Court and the Akidas certainly collected tax. Their executive authority in the Zanzibar days was apparently only controlled by orders issued by the Officer in charge(vide supra). Under Tanganyika however they held powers under the Native Authority Ordinance unil 1925; thereafter, when the Ordinance had been revoked, only the Court appointinents held under the law and other authority remained operative only through custom apparently. A number of systems of rule suitable for Mafia have been proposed, notably one by Mr. Ronayne, but none has been adopted. The difficulty lies in the theory underlying Indirect Rule. It is not difficult to design a practical working arrangement to govern Mafia but whenever any mention is made of Authorities the questions of Native Authority and Indirect Rule immediately bog the whole question in a quagmire of indecision. There can be no question of Indirect Rule through traditional tribal channels - there are none. Yet no advance will be made until modified Indirect Rule is developed through the Kadhi, Akidas and Headmen. Until these people have authority of their own and funds of their own to use they cannot advance. They are more able to cope with a Native Treasury of their own than many a coastal so-called Native Authority and the fact should be admitted. The biggest grievance in Mafia, after the Coconut Rules, is that Goverment spends no more money on Mafia than is required for the essential services. The people of Mafia are sophisticated enough to feel this and they are justified in expecting something to be donQ. As long as they are neglected no advance can be expected; they will be regarded as a backward and truculent people which I am convinced is not the case.

The 1940 subordinate staff are as follows:Kadhi: Seyyid Amur bin Omar (Arab):- Duties - First Clas Native Court(Government Notice No.15 of 1952) including jurisdiction under the following Ordinances:The Native Tax Ordinance, 1954. Jurisdiction under sections 15 and 16(excluding sub-section(S) of section 15) only. The Trade Licensing Ordinance Jurisdiction under section 5 and (Cap.64 of the Laws). 11 of the Ordinance only. The Itinerant Traders Ordinance Jurisdiction under section 5 and (Cap.108 of the laws). 10 of the Ordinance only, The Arms and Ammunition Ordinance Jurisdiction under section 15(i) (Cap.iOi of the Laws). of the Ordinance only. The Native Liquor Ordinance Jurisdiction under section 29, (Cap.49 of the Laws). 50,51and52oftheOrdinance His jurisdiction under the Native Courts Ordinance, 1929, only applies ro Natives. Arabs, Baluchis, and other Non-natives are expected to go to the Administrative Officer's Court. The Kadhi is also equivalent to the Assistant District Officer in a two-man station and Amur Omar carries out these duties with tact and efficiency. He is in touch with Arab feeling and opinion in the Island and that is important. He administers small and Native Estates, and settles innumerable soill "shauris" out of court. Akida of Utende: Sevid Alawi bin Mohamed. Arab, holds a Second Class Native Court. Collects tax and tours his area monthly. Has no other official duties except occasional clerical work, distributing notices, inspecting shambas on instruction; a most unsatisfactory state of affairs which reduces the efficiency of administration on the Island. Akida of Kirongwe: Bevvid Ahmed Abubakar. Arab. The same remarks apply as for the

The Native Jumbes are as follows:Marimbani, extending across the Island from Marimbani to Vunjanazi and Kilindoni. It is a difficult and amorphous area run by Amur Mohamed, Arab, living at M$arimbani. Chem-Ohem, at the Southwestern end, a compact and well-administered area under Ali Haji, Arab, living at Chem- Chem. Kiegeani, at the corresponding Southeastern end, a difficult area with many Arabs, under Suedi Husein, Native, living at Kiegeani. ', another large amorphous area extending from the borders of Kirongwe down -(g-vani) the Western side to Dongo-Jekundu and really consisting of two areas, North of Mshonzini and Mshonzini Southwards. The traditional Jumbe is Makame Hatibu who has been dismissed twice for slackness and at present Mzee Punga, Native, is Jumbe, living at Ndagoni. Kirongwe, a small compact area efficiently run by Abduljamali, Native, living at Kirongwe. Baleni, is a large area but well controlled by Mohamed Makaze, Shirazi, living at Kipandeni. It fills all the area East of the centre of afia from the Bweni border down to Marimbani. Bweni, is the most compact area and lies from Kirongwe Northwards. It has few Arabs and is the closest approach to a true Native area. It is largely populated by Wambwera and the Jumbe is an Mbwera living at Kanga and Bweni. Chole, is a small Island ran by a Wakili Jumbe who is however quite efficient. He is worth keeping on the pay-roll as the resthouse for safaris in that direction is on Chole and he is able to make all arrangements. . A compact Island group in four villages, largely fishermen though they own only ngalawas, no mashuas. The Jumbe is Mwinhande Juma, living at the most inaccessible village. Barasas are normally held at Chole. Jo An Island whose inhabitants are largely fishermen, not averse to acting as intermediaries in smuggling, and rather inaccessible. They are good sailors and have-anod maqhmas. The Jumbe is Sadiki Selemani. and is useless.

N MAFI A ~t~:Thv4 M.o ~ OMI&.1 " *~'~iii~4 )~Z., CA /7 Male .,Area. Tax-payers (including exemptions' Ndagoiii 672 (Magemani) Marinibani 562 Kiogeani 335 Chem-Chem 59 BaJleni 444 Kfrongwe 277 Bweii 616 Juani 146 Chole 79 k 11-W ,XII .

'V Government Notice Yo.289 published on 5//S LG.7/26/0T VG MYIKA ORDER IN COUNCIL,1920 (Vol.V.pp 12-50) PRCCLAMATION (Under Article 7 of the Tanganyika Order in Council,1920) ESTAFLISTNYT OF D)ISTRICTS In exercise of the powers vested in the Governor by Article 7 of the Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, as am by the Tanganyika Order in Council, 1948, I,ARTJT JOHN -BE&LEW, one of Her Majesty's Counsel for Tanganyika, Governor's oeuty, do hereby proclaim and notify as follows:The Schedule of Proclamation to.1 of 1926, dated the 1st day of March 1926, as amended by further nroclamations made under the Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, and in particular by the Proclamation dated the 9th day of November, 1951, and the Proclamation dated the 26th of January, 1952 is hereby further ameaded by substigtuting for the references therein to the Mafia and Rufiji Districtq, the following:District Area Mafia Mafia Island and the islands of Bwejuu, Jibondo, Juani, Nyororo, Okuza, Barakuni, Shungumbili and Chole. Rufiji The former Rufiji"District(excluding Mafia Island and the islands of Bwejuu, Jibondo, Juani, Nyororo,Okuza,Barakuni,Shnguibili and Chole.). Given under my band and the Public Seal of the Territory at Dar es Salaam this twenty-sixth day of July, 1955. C A. J. GRWTTAN-BELLEW, Governor' s Deputy. GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.

POPULATION-(a) Distribution (general), (b) Tribal units (particular). Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date -n * (? 0 Population-Distribution (general) The Germans made an assessment in each of the tree years .1910 - 1912 and published the following figures:Total population in Mafia in 1910 - 14,480 " " "1911 - 11,950 " " "1912 - 11,514. After that date very wild guesses were made at the numbers but it is pretty certain that the population decreased each year. In 1919 the total population was estimated as 9,800 made up as follows:Yale - 4877) of whom 2900 were slaves. Female - 4918) In i922 when slavery was abolished, 2799 slaves were counted; 1225 men and 1574 women. In 1928 a careful census was made which can be summarised in the following table:- _. Sheet No. I

Population-Tribal units (particular) Sheet No. I There are no indigenous tribes, unless the Wambwera, may be so called. They have probably been longer on the Island than other tribe and may have settled as free men for they were progressively driven further North by Shirazi and Arab slavemasters. The following tribes were counted in the 1928 census:Adult Males Total. Wambwera 963 2515 Wayao 590 756 Wanyasa 570 864 Wamatimbi 548 904 Wangindo 267 671 Warufiji 79 171. Wabisa 68 175 Wagunya 60 188 Wandengereko 58 154 Wakcmanga 52 117 Wanindi 46 105 Wakakua 46 97 Wamakonde 43 92 Wapogoro 43 97 Wamwera 56 80 Wasomanga 33 61 Wangazija 27 79 Wazaramo 22 56 Wanyamwezi 22 47 Wangoni 16 27 Wamanyama 15 51 Wabenda 7 14 Wahehe 4 9 tribes are non-native but many of those people pay nativeta 3, The 1951 census showed the following Non-native structure:Adult Males Total. British 2 2 German 5 15 Goan 4 10. Indian 55 181 Arab 119 400 Baluchi 21 92 'Chinese 2 2 702

NON-AF'RICAN CENSUS 4!957 - MAFIA DISTRIOT. B1XROPE>1is i NS IÅ RABS CEINSES BÅLUGEIS COMORIANS GO4?NS l SEYHILOISES ~AdUts Cifldren Aduts iChi d it C.~r'AL1s~i e dl hlrn AdJe~ide dis~ de~Avt EI~ 53 1 558255059585644 1 ------5 21 T= 5 3 1_ _55505 65 44 1 _ - 5 2_1 4 46 2 2 5--1 80122 89 85- 1 - L-158814 8 25 7.-- -1 5 22 - 4 4 1-94925 29------5- ----41 2 4 41-9 49 -25 ý29------5- i TOAL19il15 5 45422551148150181 - 111 1 5 2 1 - - 1~ ýýl- lm -

NON- PRICANS CENSU/S 1957 -A>/F~ ~~>Cf EUftOPEA NS år 3 1 53.7 £54 61 > z[ 4 4 ~1M. 4 ' 3. 024 N~ >% -. m 2 A ~dAMb .,~~~~ bbLT u.~*l~4 Lk* T&L c~ C~b 4 M, 34 3fl ab 3Oi 116 31ý 34, 31. m r7L 36. 3 .3 3 7*TA~ 3 - - 14 ~ 5 -1 a ' ~ .5 ~ 5 - 9~r'* 3 3 it'!s3 t I*, 4 3T44 £1 3 0 J1, 36 34 M Ca., £SE S AbUT .abN a AL vi 45 ComisoAAps 5~ ~ . b 2 M T.L 1 - - 52.7 >5 58 sb si It o8 '6 sig - - - .4, 3 .7 7.74 - - 56~~ * *TOL. ~ 6 * 50TAL ~ sir , ~1* '1 1 4ANS ~ C5LIE 4hou~ WL lxt 1i4 3 2 5 - -lag fik& Ii bol fl 99 ftl 13.7 rs 1 qll lkISLrM 7, 9 I

TAXATION--a) General, (b) Particular. c 1

Taxation-General. Sheet No. 1 Native Tax. In German times the rate was 5 Rupees. Details of methods of assessment are given in notes which follow in this section, collected in 1915-16. The same rate was continued under Zanzibar rule but with the transfer to Tanganyika and the change in currency it was raised to Shs.0/=A . In 1934 the rate was reduced to Shs.7/- but in 1940, on the abolition of plural wives tax, it was raised to Sh. 8/=. In the early days the collection was only some 70 - 75% of assessment. Even in 1951-55 it was little better.-

IWIA - NATIVE HOUSE AID POLL TAX COLLnfTIONS. FULL TAXEM - RUIN'ING TOTALS 1929 1950 1951 1952 1935 1934;1955 1 96 1957 19.38 1939 1940 10/= 10/= 10/= 10/= i01= 10/= 71= 7/= 7/= 71= 71= 8/= January 452 287 194 141226 52222120170 68 47 157 February 459 553 298259559 665966131062571 129 235 March 776 792 519672799114 575 9591741752 204 484 71= April 780 905 519784 875 114 7021772050 964 287 619 May 895 1005 5198811025142786155821971089 401 796 June 1062 1005 5469561090221998174224781242 8611228 July 1554 1005 58812671205 5081172;21862708147816891520 August 1576 1257 65819641554 5251478259129252045 2574 1815 September 1716 1577 9122295 2505 1210'2050 2856 5061 2408 2702 2727 October 2494 2146 1462; 2509 2456 1612 2946 5016 5501 2615 5170 5059 November 5582 5526 2056 2648 2529 2027 5152 5155 5427 5479 5517 5224 December 5849 5850 2596 2794 2567 2259 5272 5272 5515 5755 5497 5526 YEAR TAX RATES NO. OF TAXES PAID. 1925/24 Sh. 6/- 4857 1924/25 ".s. 6/- 467 1925/26 Shs. 1o/= 5845 1926/27 Shs,10/- 5005 1927/28 Shs. 10/= 5848 1928/29 %.10/= 5180

TRANSLATION OF THE GERMAN ORDER OF AUGUST 23RD 1912 REGARDING COLLEDTION OF "HOUSE AND POLL TAX." In virtue of etc.etc.etc. 1. Dwelling-places are liable to a house tax in accordance with the following provisions. Exceptions to this rule are Government buildings. 2. The tax is payable by the owner for the time being. 3. Dwelling-places are divided into the following classes:1. Dwelling-places in the European, Indian or Arab style, (a) In municipal districts - minimum Rupees 15. (b) In country districts - 50 or 20 or 10 Rupees. 2. Houses or huts in the native style, (a) In municipal districts - 12 or 9 or 6 Rupees. (b) In country districts - 5 Rupees. 4. The Governor decides which are municipal districts. 5. The tax for buildings in Class 1(a) is 5% of the rent-value, but it must be at least 15 Rupees. 6. The buildings in Class 1(b) pay a tax of 50, 20 or 10 Rupees, according to their value. 7. For all buildings in a district which comes under Class 1, which are inhabited exclusively ty missionaries, a tax of 50 Rupees is payable in towns and of 20 Rupees in country districts. 8. The rates fixed for houses in Class I may be reduced on newly-built stone houses, by not more than half, at the discretion of the local admihistrative authorities, for a period of five years from date of completion, in districts where increased building activity might be expected as a result of such reduction. V

The commission consists of the local District Officer and four members chosen by him. It meets every year not later than February 15th under the Presidency of the District Officer. 11. Appeals may be made to the Governor against the decision of the commission or D.C. They must be laid with the local authorities within four weeks from date of receipt of the tax "chit" or the publication of the list of assessments-or the oral communication of the amount of the tax. Payment of tax cannot be deferred on account of appeal. The Governor's decision is final. 12. So far as lies in the power of the local administrative authorities a poll-tax is to be levied on natives and coloured persons on the same legal footing as natives. Persons, who pay house-tax under Class 1(a) and (b) and 2(a) are exempt from poll-ta. Instead of the poll-tax, a house-tax may, on the Governor's -order, be levied on dwelling-places under Class 2(b) in certain Districts or parts thereof. On the Governor's order the levying of a poll-tax may be dispensed with in municipal districts, so far as this appears to be in the interests of the economic developuent of the place. 15. In the case of natives liable to oll-tax who possess more than one hut. a housetax may be levied, by order of the Governor, in the individual districts or parts thereof, on the second and other hut. 14. The provisions of sectiom12 and 1 may be made applicable by order &c to independent women, who maintain a separate household. 15. Thehouseor poll-tax to be levied under section 12 to 14 is at least three and at most six Rupees. The Governor decides the amount for the individual districts or parts thereof. He has the power to reduce the tax to 1 Rupee in special cases. The tax may not be increahed until after the expiry of three years from the date of last increase. 16. The year, for purposes of this tax, runs from April 1st to Iaroh 51st. Buildings I erected during the course of the year become taxable withte commencement of the first quarter after the completion of the building (sec.i). Jin the same way the liability to the tax ceases at the end of the quarter in which the conditions of section 1 disappear. The tax to be levied in this case is at the rate of k of the tax for each quarter. Poll-tax ust be paid in full even for portions Of the Year.

Govt. Notice 1,o.245 of 1941. The Native -uthority Ordinance. TBE NATIVE AUTHORITY (ESTABLISHIENT OF NiiTIVE AUTHORITIES) (A,2,ND!MNT) (1TO,5) ORDER, 1941. M In exercise of the powers conferred upon the Governor by section 3 of the Native Authority Ordinnnce, the following order is hereby made:I. This order may be cited as the Nntive Authority (Establishment of Native Authorities) ( mendment) (No.5) Order, 1941. 2. The first schedule of tte Native Authority (Eatablishment of Native Authorities) Order, 1956, is hereby amended by the addition of the following to the Native uthorities of the Rufiji District:Province and District Native Authority Area of jridin EASTERN. Ruf iji ...... The Akidn of Kirongwe Kirongwe, CMfla Division) Bweni and Baleni. The Akidn of Utende Utende, Ndagoni, Marimbani, Chemchem, iegpni, Island, Jibondo Island, Chole Island, Bweu n Island and Nyororo Island. BY HIS EXCELLENCY'S COMAND L. TESTER, cting Chief Secretary to the Govt. Dar es Salaam, 29th July, 1941.

17. House-tax is levied, according to the discretion of the local authorities, in half-yearly rates or in a lump sum. Poll-tax is not to be paid in instalments. 18. With consent of the Governor a lup sum tax may be paid for any particular district instead of the poll-tax. 19. The period of liability to taxation for houses i&G.lass 1, under the foregoing provisions is limited to 5 years from the year in which the taxes fall due. Houses liable to taxation under Class 1 which are overlooked in the assessment and accordingly remain tax-free, must make good the arrears of taxation. This lability extends back for the tree years prior to the year in which the liability to pay arrears of tax is ascertained. There is no liability to pay arrears of house tax for Class 2 nor for poll-tax. 20. In communities with municipal government the levying of an addition to the house-tax for municipal purposes is permissible. 21. This Order is retrospective for the period from April 1st 1912. The Order concerning the levying of house and hut-tax of March 22nd 1905 is cancelled as from the same date. The Imperial Governor DAR ES SALAAM. August 25rd 1912.

HOUSE AND POLL TAX OF AUGUST 2SRD 1912. SUPPLAWT. 1. Under the term local administrative authorities in this Order, are to be understood the District Commissioners, Assistant District Commissioners, Military Stations and Posts commanded by Officers and the Residencies. 2. The term dwelling-places includes not only inhabited buildings but also those which, though temporarily empty, are in sufficient repair to be habitable at any time. 5. Buildings used exclusively for religious services, for education or the care of the poor and sick are tax-free. 4. Class 1 (seo.5) includes stone-houses and lightly constructed houses in the European, Indian and Arab style. 5. The rent-value is the actual amount paid for rent; at least a sum corresponding to the average rate of interest on the money invested as building capital. As a rule the rate of interest on building investments in native-owned houses as 71%, unless special circumstances make a deviation from this rule advisable. 6. Male natives, capable of work and liable to poll-tax, who are not able to pay the tax in cash, are to be provided with work, so far as the authorities have means of doing this. The amount of the tax is to be deducted from their wages. Such persons may also be handed over to private employers to work payment of the taxes due in cash. The period of work is to be fixed by the authorities With the employer. 7. All persons permanently employed at a monthly wage by the Government or by municipal authorities are free fron poll-tax. As permanent eployes in the sense of this order are to be considered:Askaris of the Protectorate and Police Forces# permanent bearws attached to the field-companies and Dstrict COMisi~neWsp botlls office-boys, clerks, Aias, civil Po~ioe. messegers etSDisoharched Attkaa!'s, who engage to do one wek's training 2PUaY1 wh the TropQs or Folios and to volunteer in easeOf rsbedlin Q war, may also be fre fromu the tax b~y sPcial qV Of the. authorities.

The Governor reserves the right to special exemptions on political grounds. The rate of assessment of poll-tax, the Order for the levying of house-tax (Sec.15 & 14) and fixing of municipal districts must be notified by public proclamation. SCHNEL Imperial Governor. DAR ES SALAAL AUGUST 25RD, 1912.

T A 'X A T I 0 N. HOUSE AND POLL TAX. No.49 Sec.1 - 1. HUT TAX:- All dwellings are taxable excepting those belonging to Government and religious houses. 5 - Dwellings are divided into:1. Dwelling houses of European, Indian or Arab construction. 2. Dwelling houses and huts of native construction. These are again divided into:(a) Townships localities. (b) Country localities. " 5 - For Class 1(a) the tax is 5% of the rateable value but not less than 15 Rupees. The rateable value is decided by a local commission " 10 - presided over by the officer in charge of the local administration. The commission also decides as to the value of houses under Class " 6 - 1(b) which are subject to a tax of Rupees 50, 20 or 10 according to value. " 5 - All mission buildings of Class 1 py Rupees 50 in townships and Rupees 20 in country localities. The local adainistration may " 6 - reduce the tax on new houses of Class 1 for 5 years. " 9 - Houses of Class 2(a) are divided into three grades taxed at the rate of Rupees 12, 9 and 6. " 12 - There appears to be no tax on houses of Class 2(b) but the Governor may tax such huts in lieu of poll tax. " 17 - Hut tax may be paid per half year. 5 - In assessing values, the nett proceeds are taken as rentable value but at least the average interest which is calculated at 15% on coloured persons' houses and 7J% on those of Europeans. . 20 - Municipal tabs may be added but not edoeeding 50% of the existing taxes.

No.49 Seo.15 - 2. POLL TAX:- The Poll Tax is from Rupees 5 to Rupees 6 as directed by the Governor and is levied on all natives and persons of like legal status. * 14 - The Governor may apply the tax to female householders and may rule " 15 - that a native paying poll tax shall be liable for hut tax on any huts exceeding one. 7 - The following are exempted:1. Those paying house tax under Class l(a) and (b) and 2(a). 2. Government and Municipal servants on monthly agreements. B. Members of the Police Forces with 12 years service and good conduct, for life. 4. Such persons with more than 5 years service if retained in the Reserves. 5. Anyone exempted by the Governor. " 1 - Poll Tax must be paid in full. Able-bodied males who are unable to pay may be required to work and the tax deducted from their

TRADE-(a) Export, (b) Import, (c) Marketing systems. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inærted by Date M~ ~ 4- 1137. M« a i '-4 ei

YEåR ES~S RM=I~J REME EXPENDITURE fldflORTS iEXPORTS OVER MMEDITUflE 1911 R545,605 1912Rs.420,5531913 445,000 1914 60,300 1915. 20,525 80,166 59,841 W4,851 1916[loss of R16,777 4»~ (o (257,046) 7,85 1917 (D.0. s house) 57'23 70,062 19181 (Rs.,3,005). r 297,158? 1919 RslS,34 85,280 69,954 1920 Rs49,075 107,057 57,961 1921 Rs52,000 109,000 57,000 404,297 473,170 1922 Rs72,796 1925 s13i8,885 Shs59,298 q 1924 Ss45,595 Shs46,818 198,480 733,720 1925 144,159 Shs46,107 Shs.182,580 644,55 1926 201,551659,442 1927 1928 aorr'w.e 0=P 1929 aorr'wes 18/= plus posho (ii ed Labour). 1930 aou oio 1951 jabolv -10/-. p.m. and pso 1952 - 10/=~ p.m. 55,280 1933 Sbs. 158, 039 288,018 1934 Ss.165,250166,524 19,35 Sis. 268, 816 326,892 1936 Shs. 512,142 515,567 1937 Sbs. 46,698 553,911 1938SIs.299,598 549 901 1939 Sh.516,562 567,089 1940 Sbs. 516,165 1329,100 1925-28 average imports erpæs - Ss. 185,480. - Shs. 654,860. During Germnan rule the normal annual expendittu'e was about Rixpees 50,000, half the revenue. -Of tbis 17,000 Éixpes vas for the saJ.ary of staff. In 1919 of a revenue of Ruapees 69,954, Rupees 43,000 went to the payment of staff.

EXPORTS - (COASTAL ,ATD TRUE EXPORT). Value In Shillings. Copra Cashew-nuts Paddy (re-export) Beehe-de-mer Sim-sim Salt Dried fish Miscellaneous Total 1959 1940 1941 1942 276,525 2,58,809 557,575 29,402 45,646 8,540 53,035 19,692 17,441 9,072 4,620 1,880 4,045 5,802 975 5,943 704 2,483 1,697 2,759 2,951 9,370 11,185 12,652 567,087 329,097 384,275 FOOD IMPORTS. Value In Shillings.

M A R K E T S. Up to 1921 there were many markets in Mafia leased out to local opeople. In 1921 they were brought under Government control and reduced to four. The revenue then rose from 2,554 Rupees (1920) to 4,242 Rupees (1921). The markets were at Kilindoni, Chole, Marimbani and Kirongwe. In 1922 the one at ltrimbani was closed, leaving three. In 1926 the markets were again auctioned. Their number decreased also until in 1952 there was only one left,at Kilindoni. The system was extended again in 1932 and new ones were built at Ndagoni, Kirongwe, Kipandeni, Marimbani and Kiegeani. By 1954 the number had dwindled again to four, Kilindoni, Kiegeani, Maaimbani and Kirongwe, leased quarterly. By 1959 the number had been reduced to two, at Kilindoni and Kirongwe, run by Goverment through salaried marketmasters. In 1940 the copra and food markets at Kilindoni were separated by building a second smaller market for food, retaining the original for copra. This was especially important in the rains when the copra used to overflow the building and could not be kept under shelter. Relative value of copra sold in Kilindoni and Kirongwe markets during 1940:- LINDONI " IW U. 10,780/= ft. 16,770/= Shs. 9.59 /= Shs. 5, 410/= Shs. 2,870/=Shs. 2.748/- BEHE - DE - ER. This has been exported from afia for many years, yet the amount available does not appear to decrease:E-orts 1924 58 Cwts 1925 155 Cwts - value Shs. 7,454/= 1926 522 Cwts - value Shs.18,200/= 1950 500 Cwts 1951 480 Cwts 1954 580 Cwts 1956 257 Cwts - value Ss.14,59/= 1957 192 Cwts - value ft. 9,519/1958 194 Cwts - value Shs. 5,418/. 1959 267 Cwts - value S. 9,072/1940 594 Cwts - value Ss. 4,620/=. In 1940 the chief areas of production-were:(1) Kirongwe Creek, the best col: the great area of the Mwamba offering good ground for the Holothurians. (2) Mfuruni, North of Terene. (3) Kipandeni on Chole Bay. The business has always been in the hands of the iaire who obtains a monopoly on the whole coast of

8tatement .of nevenue from lot January 1916 to 35Jjt Deoember 1918. Sub-heads Revenue Revenue Revenue Total 1916 1917 1918 Revenue. A S S. I* OUSTOMS. AtUR DU S. LIOUNS"S & IXTMiWAL iMUS BUT"0TMWISi SPf9CFIED* 32221.75 37145.96 36063.17 105400.88 90.00 30.00 120.00 48992.31 30617.72 28109.55 99719.58 0 L A S S. 11. 1. RS Oi' OOURT OR 0kFIGk, 5hjRii0IS T &UR kiktbIAL IN AID. 9279.09 2. PRA . 1116.11 3. WIRELESS TEL"GWQtA. 0 L A S S. III. 1. HNTS O GOVT. POPJTY EMLAS-D I 1OU.SI2754.76 I,6Q3.68 699.05 16.72 6927.04 7135.75 31018.52 493.566 2309.72 273.60 290.32 4262.29 13944.08 0 L A 8 S. lV. MISWLlAg0U3. 1094.18 718.51 89548.19 90759.58 Total gxpenditure for period Revenue a 2451.05 76739.07 1918 to 1918 inolusive * a a a Loe Fnamcial Offleer, Mafia. CL 1. 2. 3. 4243.74 257046.84 273823.90 267046.84 16777.06

Government Notice N0.107. T The Markets Ordinance. THE MlaM S (MAFIA ISLAND) RULES, 1957. In exercise of the powers conferred upon the Governor by section 4 of the Markets Ordinance, the following rules are hereby made:1. These rules may be cited as the Markets (M1afia Island) Rules, 1957. 2. The Administrative Officer in Charge, M.afia, shall have the control and management of the markets established under the Markets (Establishment)(Mafia Island) Order, 1957. 3. It shall be unlawful to sell, barter or purchase for resale in the first instance any of the produce specified in the schedule hereto whithin the area of the Mafia Island group except at an established market. 4. All commodities and products enumerated in the schedule hereto brought into a market for sale shall be sold by public auction by or under the direction of the Mlarketmaster. 5. All commodities and products shall be auctioned in such lots or parcels as may be directed by the Marketmaster and shall be paid for in cash and the transaction shall be completed in the actual market place without undue delay. 6. Where goods brought into a market for sale have been graded by a competent authority, action under lawful sanction, such goods shall in all cases be-sold by grade. 7. The following tolls and stallage fees shall be due to the Government or to its duly authorized lessee:(1) For each meat or fish stall, 10 cents per day. (2) For each trading place, measuring not more than one square metre, In the market building, 12 cents per day. (5) Foroccasinal vendors two per cent of the aunt realized by the sale, E_ - - 1-

The Markets (M4afia Island) Rules. 1957.. - (Contd.) 9. Pernission may be granted at the discretion of the Administrative Officer in Charge, Mafia, to offer for sale light refreshments and prepared foodstuffs in the market and to hawk, subject to payment in advance of 20 cents per day, which amount shall be due and payable to Government or its duly authorized lessee. 10. Every market shall be open daily between the hours of 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. only, provided it shall be lawful for the Administrative Officer in Chwge, Nafia, to confine the sale and purchase of (a) coconuts, (b) copra and (c) rice in any patticular market, between the hours of 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. to a certain specified day or days per week during prescribed period periods. 11. All food and foostuffs offered for sale or sold in a market shall be clean and fit fcr human consumption. 12. It shall be an offence to cause any obstruction or to commit any nuisance or to loiter in a market place. 15. No market shall be sublet by a lessee. SCHEDULE. Coconuts, Copra, Grains, Rice.

SEPTEMNR 1965. FORMATION OF COOPERtTIY1 SOCIETIES. IN( MAFIA. Much effort had been made in the past to cultivate the minds of people to enable them to accept unity system. In theory, they accept anything suggested to them be it good or bad. But they never, never, do it. As far as District records go the idea of cooperative societies was introduced in 1960 in which individuals were elected and receipt books were alleted to them to collect the necessary fees for the enolment of mebers and the buying of shares but to a great surprise only five members had been en4lled for the period of almost three years. The receipt owners simply went to lok up the receipt books in their boxes and achieved very little. The Area Commissioner tried his best to revive the idea but this agail took another year to come to achievement. At last with the visit of the Senior Cooperative Officer Mr. Rugaiburura Rufiji/Vafis the goLwas reached. He visited the Island for his first time from 29/851/8/65 as a member of the Regional Sub-Committee which comprised of the Regional Agrieultural Officer and the Regional Community Development Officer to discuss the District Plans. On his second visit he managed to recommend the registration of two farmers Cooperative Society namely "Unyowe Umekwisha" (Ujinga Umekwisha) for Kirengve Division ad Mtn Chake for Kilindonl Trading Centre. This was achieved on the period 17 -25/9/63. His visit to the Island marks a very successful and important improvement of the Island. On the successful operation of theseCooperative Societies in the Island, Nueh is hoped to be achieved a) People will learn to be psaetie and eosequent3J concentrate on the Land and thus increasing the produtivity of the land. b) If any more peasants Will raise their standard of living of why of feed"ng culture thus they will have to Goop with the changing world. a) More schools may be built, for people then, will have moneyin theforaof aunt boytheuse of whih can only! benefit the grouped bod and not as an individual.

VETERINARY-Types of livestock, incidence of disease, gazing and watering. etc. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date I -Owki

Sheet No. I Veterinary-(Types of livestock, incidence of disease, grazing and watering facilities, etc.). Census figures: -- - - - I - Years 1925 1927 1928 1960 1955 1954 1957 1958 - Cattle 2851 5049 5458 2895 4724 4878 5404 578 Donkeys Sheep Goats Mules.

Few beasts are slaughtered in the Island except for ngomas, but one is killed from time to time for Kilindoni market. The use of cattle in conjunction with coconut estates has been found profitable by the East African Coconut Plantations Limited(now under the Custodian of Enemy Property), and the idea has taken on with some of the Arabs and more progressive Natives. An arrangement is made to coral them at night round individual trees by means of portable fencing hurdles moved nightly. A dipping tank was completed at Vunja-Nazi in 1955 and dipping is compulsory for all cattle within a five-mile radius. Another dip was constructed on Utmaini Estate belonging to the East African Coconut Plantation Limited. Two matters of interest may be mentioned here:(a) There used to be wild cattle at Bweni which were difficult to secure without shooting. The native tradition is that they were introduced by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. Since 1955 occasional efforts have been made to find such a herd or to shoot a specimen but without success. It is firmly established now that these cattle have died out or been shot, and such cattle that are seen in the bush, and they also are rather wild, are owned by people in Beni. (b) Some thirty years ago the then Jumbe of Chole, Mohamed Abdulla, put five goats on Jiha Island, next to Viewe. He later went to Kombasa and died there. The goats were forgotten until later some more enterprising natives storted trapping them. The profits were divided into I share to heirs and * to the trappers. The trappers complained that their share was too small and produced no more goats but the Cnumbers still decreased and they were no doubt surreptitiously exterminated without further reference to the heirs..-

G>. en . '* t- ~O 10 .... o ø c~ cc c ~ 0 Z*,%. q*.oc00000 ... iji A m'- nu,, ~ BBB 000

2th July, 1987. Th 77rovincal Veterinary Officer, The samples taken on my last visit to D)ar-csonloam have now been analysed and the results are attached. 2. Taken in conjunetion with the figtres recorded in my previous report, I think the following statements can be made with reasonable expectation of accuracy. (n) The cattle are not suffering from any shortage or inbalance of Calciu and Phosphors, although the soil results indicate that crops would benefit by fertillsing with both these constituents (b) The copper status a-ppears to bb adequate. (a) The southern portion of the island is uniformly deficient in cobalt, while the cobalt status of the northern part of the Island and of Chole Islan Is, if not completely usatacr7 at least considerably higher, end it is ¥Wkl that cobalt defietenIy exists either in the northern portion of Mafia or Chole Island. 5. I would, therefore, recomend that the cattle owners in the Southern ption of the Island should feed a cobalt suppleient to their stock. A suitable supplement could be prepared by edding half an ounce of cobalt chloride te or dtrate to 100 lbs. of salt, and allowing the s free aeosa 'to this mixture. The easiest way of mixing sun a sall quantity of cobalt salts with the cn salts is to dsolve it i a small quantity of wate an sprankle it ovet he common salts and then alow to dry and mix well. 4. Cobalt salts are available from the Tanganyika Farmers' A(siation, Alaha, at apjno2aately 20/m per pound, but are practically .aisa y available frm chemists In ar-es-Gaslam although probably iat higher prioes than from 5. It should )be l 1Ed to anyone who wishes to try this that noe" ht results can be expectede bxt that a response should be med within three months o1

-31(i1) of the åati-,»o iittlity< G~~~) Ow4dImie (NO, 2 or ^91 ås the al mnwanoopu0m reserv ~ I t~ ve per ~or a the fa~ roui~ la~, at tile c130N*~1J of the ~WID. C100. In UpeOrUta b~ jE 4h all

-2- so The fertillsinT of the 0oco-mit ,nvitations with basic slag should undoubtedly raie the trace element sttus of the patures and may render any Phrter Ration superfluous, ut the full esults of basic slag on the mstiren ooldI not be expected until about six months after its aplicttitn, And hence even if basic slag Is being applied. would still roDouend that the above reoommended cobalt supplcTsent be fed for at least six month*s, when the position can be further reviewed. agd. ? for CHIEF VETE;I N y ITVIEATE OFFCER Copy to; District Comusasoner, NAPTA. TEIBLD OW1V!77R (Vety), Jburton fSj+ret, DAI "S SAL-AM. Plp. Director of Vety. Services, DARI ES "ALAAJ4 II Dear Danny, I h the above will be of some help. I bew would be the beat person to work or to ive IOaRtanww n o about the and Of the year bu domy best to .mww them. REPORT ON TRYPAIOSOIASIS LIT CATTLE 0 LFIA: OCTOBM. 1912. By Dr. Grothusen. In 1911 the deat: s of 623 adult cattle and 284 calves were recorded in Mafia out of a total population of 2,164 adults and 804 calves, a mortality of 22.3%. The epidemic predominated in the northern end of ',afia, north of the line KipandeniMwakuni, and south of that line the mortality was low. Juani also was comparatively free. By the end of 1911, it is said by the inhabitants, the epidemic had died out and no new- cases arose early this year. However, in the months of June to August a sudden outbreak of deaths occurred, chiefly of crowirig cattle on Jnani Island. 4hen I arrived (end of September) this epidemic had qlready died away however. The natives give the following information:Place. Total Deaths Sickness Cattle Calve I Cattle Calves Cattle Calves Juani, Chole 12331 20 18 9 1 KisumaJumbe 78 11 56 18 7 1 Total 201 42 56 56 16 2 Thus 58a of the cattle on Juani island died, According to local information no similar violent outbreak in growing cattle had previously been observed. Most of the sick beasts died in a few days, some fell dead without warning. A smaller proportion took some time to die, their chief symptoms being an apparent slow wasting away, coughing, shortness of breath, droppings in the form of small hard balls like those of goats (on the other hand most of them countinued eating up to the time of death). All the sick animals I saw followed this course, they were very wasted and apathetic. Few of them showed any glandular swelling. Apart from their thinness and apathy the cattle showed no other remarkable symptoms. The inhabitants say that about half the cases zecover, the chief indication of this being the disappearance of ball-shaped droppings and the appearance of diarrhoea. The majority of the blood preparations first prepared were spoilt because the water of Juani and also of ',afia is brackish ("braakiges") and destroyed' the staining. So only three of the first preparations could be properly examined. Two of these showed Trypanosomiasis. On my second visit to Juani two and a half weeks later I took good water with me. The result of this second series of blQod preparations was as follows:Place. Beast examined Sick Showing Trypauosomiasis Hea!Lv Cattle Calves Cattle Calves' Cattle Calves Cattle CalveE Juani 5 3 52 2 2 21 . KiJube7 51 4 1 5. .) i Total 12 6 7 5 6 5 5 1 During the ten days I was away 'from Juani only one one-year-old calf died and its blood was strrngly positive for trypanosomiasis. Of the remainder only one cow appeared to be still very sick. They appeared in spite of ema-iation to be well on the way to recovery. .the- The result of my examination of blood samples on Mafia is as follows:Examined Died Positive for Tryps. Healt Heathy b7ut showing Try sonomiasis Cattlel ve -Ittleic-l Cattle I Calves attielCalves Cattle Calves 1f45 1i 2 5 2 s156 1es Both Jimbo and Tondwa, which had one infected head of cattle each, lie in the north of the Island where in previous years there have been heavy outbreaks of Trypasonomiasis. The head found sick in Jimbo had also been extremely sick during 1911. This was not reported of the sick head found at Tondwa. The cattle sh(ring Trypasonomiasis were rather thin but showed no other signs of sickness and were not regarded as sick by their owners. There are therefore in the north of Mafia individual beasts which are carriers. The disease is therefore endemic and at-the moment latent.

-2 The Trypafosomes found showed none of the anomalous characters formerly observed in Tse-Tse nagana. In one preparation there were very many dividing forms with two nuclei and two blepharoplasts. In one adult head in Kanga I saw an undivided filaria in the blood of a healthy three-year-old cow. '4hatever may be the means of carrying the disease I was not able to find Glossina either in M1afia or Juani. I crossed both islands, especially Juani, in every direction and examined particularly the bishes in the neighbourhood of the numerous small ponds and mangrove forests. I was accompanied by two trained fly-catchers and a reward of one rupee was offered for every glossina caught. The Government miile normally kept in Chole was taken as fly-trap on all the journeys. Tio glossina was ever see- and I can state fairly certairly that at present there are no Glossina. Senior doctor Schonebeck caught one Glossina last year in a creek near Bweni and that wac at the end of the rainy se-son when all low-lying land contained smding water. 1y investigation was in the height of the dry season. Glossina would not come to Mafia and Juani during the rainy season in any casual manner. In considering alternative carriers the small "Chafua" come first, the flies which buzz in their thousands round cattle, then Stamoxys which are also seen about them in large nimbers. The different types of Tabanidae and Chrysops are caught almost jiiversally but only singly and in smaller numbers. I am therefore of the opinion that the cattle Trypanosbme on Mafia and Juani is not the ordinary Tse-Tse nagana but another with the following distinguishing features:(1) The epidemic affects only cloven-hooved beasts. (2) They are certainly not carried by Glossina but apparently and at any rate mechanically by the small "Chafua" flies and ??? (illegible in original). In regard to (1) I would point out that there are in Mafia 72 Muscat, 24 halfmuscat and 52 "Nanyamwexi" donkeys. There have been no deaths among these in the last year although the whole-hooved types, and especially those with a relatively delicate skin like the Muscat donkey, are more susceptible to Tse-Tse nagana than cloven-hooved animals. One could retort that these donkeys are owned only by Arabs and that those best looked-after are allowed out only for riding round coconut Plantations, otherwise being kept in stalls. The coconut plantations are however separated by wide stretches of bush and it would be remarkable, if the sickness is really not only a cattle sickness, to find that the donkeys which are otherwise so susceptible do not at least occasionally sicken and die. The mule which I took everywhere with me in the bush remained healthy although blood was drawn many times by "Chafua"l flies. Furthermore no typanosome parasites were found in its blood at the end of my visit. Previously, in 1911, this animal had been on safari with Doctor Schonebeck for a week in lafia' and remained healthy. Furthermore this Trypanosome cannot be the Indian "surra" for that is quite distinct and attacks whole-hooved animals far more qtrongly than cloven-hooved ones. Since "Chafua" flies and Stamoxys types are found all over East Africa there is' the danger that the cattle disease in Mafia may spread to the mainland if there is not an immedinte check put on the export of cattle from Mafia. I have telegraphed to the Colonial Government with this in mind. ( ((opied in Mafia on i2.2.i931)

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U~._____SKETCH_ MAP OF MOROGORO DISTRICT KISARAWE DISTRICT TIHE RUFIJI DISTRICT APPROX. SCALE 1:25KO0 t-I- a u K 1B 1T I k ~- MTANZA ZOl MBE XIBA r.S.280a ......

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