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(Financial) *. Wallis ,Rutenant Irving (Fina Ial) Major A.R.T Lieutenant Coander A.A. Clark Lieutenant Coander A.A. Clark Mr. J.3. Ellard (financial) *. Wallis ,rutenant Irving (fina ial) Major A.R.T. Haverfield "Mr. Hiekson-eed W.F. Page Mr. fsrrington Mr. 3.H. Weloh Mr. L.S. Greening (British Civil Administration Continued-) September 1916September 191619i8-Karch 1919 1919 1919-192 September 1923 (a few days) September 1923 - SepteAber 1924 September 194 - June 192 May i925 - August 1925 July 1925 - October 1926 From 1925 the Island wad only visited periodically by an Administrative Officer. Xr. F. Jobnaft Mr. F. John Mr. T.P.S.Mwkins Mr. A Sillery captai '.A. Debemham Mr. A.A. Oldaker Mr. ToP.S. Daukins Mr. L.R.C. Pridle Mr. L.LC. Priddle Mr. W. Romayne Novesber 1925. February, March 1926 A il 1926 Nay, June, Augast, Sept=Uer,192, 6 June 1926. April 1927 ma 1987 June 1987 Augast,Nevaber 1927 Janwar-, August,Novesber 1928 199 In 1950 permanent residence again taken up by an Admiblstrative Officer*. AGRICULTURE crops grown, methods and implements of cultivation, pests, antl-eiosion measures, reclamation. etc. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date General Cinnamon Seed Cashew-nuts Cashew-nuts(count) Derris Root 1- 8 9 10 11 12 - 15 /J- fly D. W.I. Piggott. W. Ronaye. D.W.I. Piggott. W. Ronayne. R.R. Worsley. F January 1941. October 1955. January 1941. 1955. 1940. f Agriculture-Crops grown, methods and implements of Sheet No. 1 cultivation, pests, anti-erosion measures, reclamation, etc. The islands of the Mafia group carry several markedly different soil types which govern their agricultural development(see also the soil section under head "hysioa"). (a) The centre and South of Mafia Island is a sandy plateau 40 to 80 feet above sea-level. This is the chief coconut and cashewnut tree area. The soil is almost pure white sand a foot or so below the surface but contains a certain amount of hums in the topmost layers. This humus only developes under the right cover and as it is being rotted down and leached out continuously in this climate the surface vegetation is of great importance in maintaining fertility. Not the whole of the centre and South of the Island consists of this sand, parts have a heavy red soil and there are degrees of sandiness, but the description covers the area in general. The original cover varies between two extremed types, the Gum Copal forest and the tree heath scrub. The Gum Copal forest, with a canopy of gum copsis oie a thick undergrowth, developes a very rich humus which will bear many crops for the first year or two after cutting. This is, however, implaceable within any reasonable length of time and the humus once leached away leaves the same wite Further inland there are wide hollows which drain the surrounding areas and also carry good rice-crops in the rains. (a) On the Eastern side of the Island is a firm rd soil extending from Mohangani up to Bweni which is not suited to coconuts but gives a good yield of rice, mtama, kunde, simsim and pumpkins. This area is planted on a five year system, four years fallow and one year's crop. While fallow the land is covered with a dense low scrub which provides good sticks for the usuAl fence against pig. Unfortunately this part of the Island has an erratic rainfall and unless the rains are just right kuch labour is lost from the seedlings drying out or the shambas flooding. This can sometimes be compensated for where the ground level varies, by planting half the shanba on high ground and half in a hollow so that at least one half will give a good yield. (d) Chole Island has a soil type all of its own, half way between the red soil of Juani and the sand of Mafia. It is chiefly used for planting muhogo but ubaazi and sweet potatoes, also bananas, do well. A large part of the Island is, however, spoilt by the innumerable mango trees which cast too dense a shade for crops, (e) Jum-A Island has a good firm red soil such as is commonly found on the mainland and the chief crops are fiwi, mtama, knde, maize. The Island ip very undercultivated as the population is small and restricted to villages having deep wells. The inhabitants cultivate mthogo in the South of Mafia and go to Paji and Msala in the Rufiji Delta to plant rice., The Delta has the great advantages that there are no pig and few monkeys and a crop is seldom lost through drought. The warthof is their chief pest. (h) Nyororo Island is also very infertile and carries chiefly coconuts. However a poor crop of maize is obtained each year, possibly because it has almost & more contact with the mainland than with Mafia where maize is not much planted. Figures for Mafia Island: Total area = 180 square miles. Greatest width - i1 miles. Greatest length - 51 miles. t The people of Boydju Island and a few from the South of Mafia cultivate rice on the Rufiji Delta; their shambas can best be visited from Msala. Apart from their crops, however, 200 to 400 tons of rice are imported annually from the Delta to Kilindoni. The following Customs figures are given:~t imts0 - Bags (iO0kgs) Rice and Paddy426-52 Other grain 221 29A A more detailed comparison over a longer range:Food imports:- 19 1959. i-40. D SIN-SIM is planted in small quantities in Bweni and Juani though in 1924 12,454 lbs were exported. Good white seed was imported in 1958 and was said to have taken on well. However, in the 1959/40 season the natives refused to accept it even on free issue but were not able to give any satisfactory reason for disliking the better seed. Partly, no doubt, it was due to the fact that the Indians offer no better price for it. INDIGO is found on the Island but since the synthetic product has superseded the vegetable one there is no profit in the crop. GROUXDNUTS were tried in 1988 but proved a failure and the Agricultural department do not recommend another trial. COFFEE. Robusta coffee was tried and, hardly surprisingly, was a failure. CLOVES. The Germans tried for ten years before the 1914-1918 war to grow cloves to compete with Zanzibar and Pemba. Up to 1914 their efforts, though pursued with the energy characteristic of them, had been fruitless. In his last report the local official stated that he hoped he had demonstrated that cloves would not flourish in Mafia, but the only reply he received was an instruction to redouble his efforts. There are a few discouraged-looking trees at the Customs. GINGER,with expert attention, might be made a crop in Mafia and the roots already sent to the Agricultural department showed prmise. DFRRIS RCOT.also shows promise (see extract below). There are a number of seedlings from 1958 in the valley below the District Office. A single plant of Colombo root was doing well in 1959 and might be further tried out. has not been tried but an Agricultural report of 1959 suggested that it Cshould do well and would have a good sale as most of it is imported to this country from India. CINAMO. There are two trees in the valley below the Boma and many seedling germinate from thm There have been deuandzby natives for some of these and it is proposed to distribute thm According to instructions-the shoots are out from the tree at 2-5 years when a thiok as one' s finger. Cutting is done when growth is active after rainy weather has set in The bark is removed with a curved knife. slits being made on either side of the stem. It is heaped and allowed to ferment slightly. The outer skin of the bark is scraped off on the next day and when placed to dry in the shade forms quills. has been tried. COTTON was tried by the East African Coconut Plantations Limited at Utmaini but was a failure. VERMIN. In practical every part of the main Island of Mafia, as well as on Juani Islan it is necessary to build stick fences (locally called makoti or majengo) to keep off pig. Near Chunguruma some rice shambas have even been protected from Hippopotamus by stout pole fences. Apart from these the blue sykes monkey is a pest just as damaging but impossible to fence out. Up to 1940 the only steps taken to assist the inhabitants to combat the evil were the occasional distribution of ammunition (12-bore) and one or two pig-drives. The ammunition was valuable against monkey as a herd is quick to move on when one or two of its number have been killed. An area may be left in peace for weeks after one or two herds have been punished. The ig-drives, however, were a complete failure; in one drive, when more than 200 turned out with dogs, spears and guns, less than half a dozen were killed. Suggestions have been made that were a really big pig-drive to be organised the pig could be driven right out of certain areas of the Island. This, however, would be quite impossible without first clearing many square miles of dense bush. Much of the land in the centre of Mafia is covered with dense bush which is perfect shelter to pig as it can only be penetrated along recognised paths or by cutting a way through.
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