Global University Rankings
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Global University Rankings: An Overview CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Rankings Overview 3. Other Rankings 4. Rankings Methodologies & Results First Published i. US News & World Report 1985 ii. CHE (CHE Centre for Higher Education Development) 1998 iii. Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) (Shanghai Jiao Tong) 2003 iv. QS World University Rankings® (Quacquarelli Symonds) 2004 v. Webometrics* Ranking Web of World Universities (Cybermetrics Lab) 2004 vi. 4icu*.org University Web Ranking 2005 vii. HEEACT (Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan) 2007 viii. Mines ParisTech* 2007 ix. Leiden (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University) 2007 x. Global Universities Ranking (Independent Rating Agency RatER) 2009 xi. SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR) 2009 xii. Times Higher Education 2010 xiii. High Impact University (University of Western Australia) 2010 *Non-academic rankings INTRODUCTION International university rankings are a comparatively recent phenomenon, with the first such exercise emerging in 2003. Rankings of international business schools, such as those published in the Financial Times or Business Week, have been with us for some time. However, the notion of comparing universities comprehensively on an international scale first emerged from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, with its Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2003, and from QS, with the THE-QS World University Rankings in 2004. Domestic rankings have been part of the higher education landscape for many years, with US News & World Report’s ‗America‘s Best Colleges‘ report being one of the first, emerging in 1983. However, that very landscape is being transformed by the onward march of globalisation, with international student mobility serving as a key indicator of change. The 2010 edition of the OECD‘s Education at a Glance estimates that there are 3.3 million students studying outside of their home country - a rise of more than 10% from 2009. According to the Chinese Ministry of Education, in 1950 there were just 20 international students studying in China, all from the Soviet Union; in 2009 this had grown to 240,000, representing 190 countries. The world has changed and with this change has emerged an increasing desire for comparative information - not only from prospective students and their parents, but also from universities themselves, governments, employers, investors and other stakeholders. Interest in rankings continues to grow. After Shanghai, QS and Webometrics emerged in 2004, the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan joined the mix in 2007 and Times Higher Education has published a new evaluation in 2010. Along the way a variety of less well-known evaluations have emerged, such as the SCImago and Leiden exercises, based on publication and citation data; Mines ParisTech, a French Engineering School, has run an exercise counting CEOs of Fortune 500 companies; an NGO in Russia has released a Global Universities Ranking; and some faculty members from the University of Western Australia have taken a different approach to evaluating research impact. In this briefing pack we have attempted to draw together as much information on results and methodologies from as many of these sources as would allow us to reproduce their material. Our intention is to provide you with a valuable reference tool, reflecting the current reality of university rankings. Ben Sowter Head of Division, QSIU October 2010 Rankings Overview US News & World Report (Established 1985) http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges Editorial Offices: 1050 Thomas Jefferson Street NW Washington, DC 20007 202-955-2000 *Why does U.S. News rank colleges and universities? It's a controversial question with a simple answer: We do it to help you make one of the most important decisions of your life. Your investment in a college education could profoundly affect your career opportunities, financial well-being, and quality of life. As in the past, U.S. News recommends that readers think of the rankings as one tool for selecting a college. We recognize that prospective students must consider their academic and professional goals, financial resources, scholastic record, and special needs when choosing a school. And we recommend that students gather information on colleges in a number of ways—by talking to parents, high school guidance counselors, and other advisers; from college catalogs, view books, and websites; and from campus visits to form firsthand impressions. *Text taken verbatim from http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/best-colleges/2010/08/17/why-us-news-ranks-colleges-and- universities.html CHE UniversityRanking (Established 1998) CHE Centre for Higher Education Development Phone: +49 5241 97 61 0 Fax: +49 5241 97 61 40 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.che-ranking.de *The CHE UniversityRanking, first published 1998, is the most comprehensive and detailed ranking of German higher education institutions. It includes 35 subjects and therefore serves more than three-quarters of all first-year higher education students. In addition to facts about study programmes, teaching, equipment, and research, the ranking also includes the assessments of 250,000 students on the study conditions at their HEI as well as an evaluation of the reputation of the departments by professors of the individual subjects. Since its launch, the CHE UniversityRanking has always provided fair, informative and qualified information for both the primary target group of first-year students, existing students, and for HEIs. All results are freely available on the Internet under Results (Ergebnisse des HochschulRankings). In 1998, the CHE published its first ranking in co-operation with Stiftung Warentest. The first ranking analysed business administration and chemistry programmes. In subsequent years, the range of subjects analysed has been continually expanded. From 1999 until 2004, the ranking was issued with the German magazine stern. Since 2005 it has been published by the German weekly newspaper DIE ZEIT. The CHE's is responsible for conception, data collection and analysis. The co-operation partner DIE ZEIT is in charge of publication, sales and marketing. *Text taken verbatim from http://www.che-ranking.de/cms/?getObject=615&getLang=en Shanghai JiaoTong – Academic Ranking of World Universities (Established 2003) [email protected] http://www.arwu.org/ First published in 2003 by the faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the Academic Ranking of World Universities was the first global rankings to appear on a major scale. The ARWU methodology awards 10% to each institution for alumni who have a Nobel Prize or a Fields Medal. 20% is given to an institution who has faculty members who have a Nobel prize and/or Fields medal. A further 20% is attributed to highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories. The final indicators measure research output with 20% attributed to papers published in Nature and Science journals. A following 20% is given to papers indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded and Social Science Citation Index. The final 10% is taken by using the weighted scores of these five indicators divided by the institution‘s number of full-time equivalent academic staff. QS World University Rankings® (Established 2004) www.topuniversities.com Address: 1 Tranley Mews, Fleet Road London, NW3 2DG Phone: +44 (0) 20 7428 2782 QS has been conducting research in a range of areas since 1990, beginning with a global survey of MBA employers. The QS World University Rankings®, the most well-known research project that QS operates, has been in existence since 2004. To meet the increasing public interest for comparative data on universities and organisations, and the growing demand for institutions to develop deeper insight into their competitive environment, the QS Intelligence Unit (QSIU) was formed in 2008 as a distinct and autonomous department. Headed by Ben Sowter, QSIU is tasked with the research and production of the QS World University Rankings® as well as the QS Asian University Rankings, Subject Rankings, and future developments of more distilled rankings. Webometrics Ranking Web of World Universities (Established 2004) http://www.webometrics.info/index.html For more information please contact: Isidro F. Aguillo CCHS - CSIC Albasanz, 26-28 28037 Madrid. SPAIN Currently the members of our team are Isidro F. AGUILLO, José Luis ORTEGA, Mario FERNÁNDEZ (Webmaster), Ana UTRILLA and Ana ALARCÓN. *The ―Ranking Web of World universities‖ is an initiative of the Cybermetrics Lab, a research group of the Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CCHS), part of the National Research Council (CSIC), the largest public research body in Spain. Cybermetrics Lab is devoted to the quantitative analysis of the Internet and Web contents specially those related to the processes of generation and scholarly communication of scientific knowledge. This is a new emerging discipline that has been called Cybermetrics (our team developed and publishes the free electronic journal Cybermetrics since 1997) or Webometrics. With these rankings we intend to provide extra motivation to researchers worldwide for publishing more and better scientific content on the Web, making it available to colleagues and people wherever they are located. The "Webometrics Ranking of World Universities" was officially launched in 2004, and it is updated every 6 months (data collected in January and July and published one month later). The Web indicators used are