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Ml 48106-1346USA 313.'761-4700 800/521-0600 Home Economics Relevance To Botswana's Development Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Dorothy Priscilla Brandon, B.S., M.S. ******* The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee; Approved by Dr. Sharon Redick _____ Dr. Joan Gritzmacher " A v iser Dr. Josue Cruz College of Dr. Robert Agunga Human Ecology UMI Number: 9525997 DMI Microform 9525997 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 DEDICATION Dedicated to my parents, Napoleon and LouEthel Brandon, sisters, Barbara, Janice, and Vickie, Brothers, Barry, Eric, Lewis, and Tyrone, and Aunt Ola Mae Brandon 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author, above all, is thankful to God and her family for their love patience and understanding in making the completion of this study a reality. She would like to express her sincere appreciation to the individuals who have touched and improved her life through the years. The comments written here are only a token of appreciation for their assistance and guidance. To Dr. Sharon Redick for serving as my adviser throughout the development and write-up of this dissertation. Without your guidance and support this study would not have been done. To Dr. Joan Gritzmacher for serving as a member of my committee. Your thorough and organized approach helped me to avoid many pitfalls. Your faith in me as a graduate student will always be remembered. To Dr. Josue Cruz and Dr. Robert Agunga for also serving as committee members. Your valuable suggestions challenged my thinking as well as made a significant contribution to the completion of this dissertation. To the wonderful support team of Botswana, Mr. Fabric Mawela, Chief Education Officer of Botswana, Wim Uiterwyk, the Home Economics Education Officers of Botswana, Steven G. Harpt, Rebecca Ramotsi and all the other individuals not iii mentioned by name, who helped with all aspects of this study. Your tolerance helped to make things go smoothly. To Dr. Ruth Conone, another 'super' individual. Your professionalism and sincere genuineness have really inspired me. To Hilda Winston and Sharon McClarty for their love and support. A special thanks to Dr. Tamra Minor, Dr. Claudette Smith, Dr. Carmen Andrades, Chrisler Whaley, Antonia Coward, Jeanette Wheat, Alonzo Lipscomb and Oscar Williams, for being there when I needed you. To my parents, Napoleon and LouEthel Brandon, who have always encouraged me to ... lift up my eyes to the hills from whence comes my help? My help comes from the LORD, who made heaven and earth. He will not allow your foot to be moved; He who keeps you will not slumber. Psalms 121; 1-4 To my sisters, Barbara, Janice, and Vickie, and brothers, Barry, Eric, Lewis, and Tyrone, and Aunt Ola Mae Brandon for their encouragement and support during my study at The Ohio State University. It is with much regret that I cannot celebrate the completion of this degree with two very special people. In loving memory of: Nathan Brandon and Dennis Byrd iv VITA 1978 ..................... Graduated Halifax County Sr. High 1978-1980................. Volunteer Home Ec. Teacher Aide 1984...................... B.S. Home Economics Education Norfolk State University 1986...................... M.S. Home Economics Education The Ohio State University 1987-1991................. U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer 1991-199 2................. Graduate Research Associate, Department of Home Economics Education, The Ohio State University 1994...................... Volunteer— Nisonger Early Childhood Education Center— The Ohio State University Hospital 1992-presen t ............... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Home Economics Education, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field; Human Ecology Major Area of Emphasis: Home Economics Education Secondary Emphasis: Teacher Education International Education TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ........................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................... iii VITA ............................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................... vii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ................. 2 Research Questions ....................... 4 Significance of the Study ................. 7 Definition of Terms ....................... 8 Assumptions.............................. 10 Limitations of the S t u d y ................. 10 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE....................... 11 Development.............................. 12 Education and Development in Africa ........ 17 Botswana's Development ................... 22 Botswana's Educational System ............. 23 Educational Relevance ..................... 27 Home Economics in Botswana ............... 32 The Role of Home Economics in Development . 38 S u m m a r y .................................. 40 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................... 43 Research Design .......................... 43 Subject Selection ......................... 48 Instrumentation .......................... 50 V a l i d i t y ............................ 53 Reliability ......................... 54 Data Collection.......................... 55 Data Analysis ............................ 59 Fishbein's Model ..................... 59 Borich's Needs Assessment Model .... 60 Computing Discrepancy Scores .......... 63 Researcher's use of Borich's Needs Assessment Model.. ............... 65 VI IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 73 Introduction . 73 Question One . 74 Question Two . 92 Question Three . 96 Question Four . 101 Question Five . 106 Question Six . 112 Question Seven . 117 Question Eight . 122 Question Nine . 128 Question Ten . 132 Question Eleven . 136 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... 141 Instrumentation ....... 145 Subject Selection .... 147 Data Collection Procedures 147 Data Analysis ......... 148 Summary of Findings . 149 Question One .... 149 Question Two .... 154 Question Three . 155 Question Four . 157 Question Five . 159 Question Six .... 161 Question Seven . 162 Question Eight . 164 Question Nine . 166 Question Ten .... 166 Question Eleven . 167 Conclusions ........... 168 Implications ......... 169 Recommendations ....... 171 APPENDICES A. Research Permit........................ 173 B. List of Teachers, Headmasters and Students.......................... 175 C. Instruments............................ 187 D. Panel of Experts....................... 211 E. Qualitative Data....................... 214 F. Tables................................ 259 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... 283 V l l LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Summary of Reliability Analysis ............ 56 2 Rate of Response To Instrument ............. 57 3 Section Codes, Section Titles and Number of Items of Questionnaire .......... 67 4 Research Questions and Statistical Analyses ................................. 7 0 5 Frequency Distribution for Age ............. 74 6 Frequency Distribution for Sex ............. 75 7 Frequency Distribution for Marital Status ................................... 76 8 Frequency Distribution for Number of C h i l d r e n ................................. 77 9 Frequency Distribution for Nationality ..... 79 10 Frequency Distribution for Highest Educational Attainment .................... 80 11 Frequency Distribution for Where Highest Degree was Received ...................... 82 12 Frequency Distribution, Mean and Standard Deviation for Years Teaching and Administering ............................ 83 13 Frequency Distribution, Means and Standard Deviation for Years in College ............ 84 14 Frequency Distribution for Type of School ... 85 15 Frequency Distribution for Teachers Who Teach Subjects Other than Home Economics .... 86 Vlil 16 Frequency Distribution for Teaching Responsibility of Headmasters .... 86 17 Frequency Distribution for Teachers Who Studied