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RSTV/LSTV January 2019 RSTV/LSTV January 2020 Summary Chanakya IAS Academy Web: www.chanakyaiasacademy.com, Email: [email protected] Toll Free No. 1800 - 274 - 5005 RSTV / LSTV : January 2020 INDEX S. No Topic Name Page No. 1 India’s Solar Mission 3 2 Australia Fire-Climate Emergency 5 3 The Extremist threat 7 4 China vs. Taiwan 9 5 Tackling Infant Mortality 11 6 National Statistical Mission 13 7 Electoral Politics-Need for reform 15 8 Gaganyaan Mission 18 9 Article 131- Special powers of Supreme Court 19 10 India’s Trade Diplomacy with Malaysia, Turkey 22 11 Police Commissioner System 24 12 Private Trains in India 26 13 Accident Shooting of Civilian aircraft- The Laws & Responsibilities 30 14 SDG India Index 2019-20 34 15 Higher Education Quality Mandate 37 16 US-Iran Tension 40 17 Government’s Employees & Right to free speech 43 18 Raisina Dialogue 2020 45 19 Alternative to Plastic 47 20 Coronavirus 49 21 India will shift BS VI norms 51 22 SCO Summit 2020 53 23 Carbon Trading & Climate Change 55 24 Multiple States Capital & Governance 58 25 ASER- Annual Status of Education Report 2019 60 Chanakya IAS Academy | 2 | RSTV / LSTV : January 2020 INDIA’S SOLAR MISSION- ADITYA Introduction: OO If 2019 was all about the Moon for Indian space agency ISRO, year 2020 could well be about the Sun. ISRO’s plans to launch its first Sun Mission Aditya L1. OO With Aditya L1, ISRO will take a huge step forward in the study of solar corona. The solar Corona is the outer most part of the Sun’s atmosphere. It is usually hidden by the bright light of the Sun’s surface. OO The 400 KG-Class Aditya L1 will carry six scientific payloads that will be inserted in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 or L1, Incidentally L1 is 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth. Background: Aditya-1 project OO Aditya-1 was meant to observe the solar corona. The mission was conceived as a 400 kg-class satellite carrying one payload, the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) to study the corona from 1.05 to 1.5 solar radii. OO It was planned to be launched in an 800 km Sun synchronous orbit. However, the requirements of the payload demanded a much larger satellite platform. OO Hence, it was decided by the ISRO’s Advisory Committee for Space Science (ADCOS) that a full-fledged large satellite be designed with many more payloads, which could be launched into a halo orbit around the Sun–Earth Lagrangian point 1 (L1). OO This allows for observations of the Sun without any occultation/eclipse and to study the Sun in a more comprehensive manner. With this in view, the Aditya-1 mission has been revised to ‘Aditya-L1 mission’. Aditya-L1 mission: OO The satellite will be inserted in a halo orbit around L1, which is 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth. The payloads cover the Sun’s photosphere (ultraviolet (UV) and soft and hard X-rays), chromospheres (UV) and corona (visible and NIR). OO The spacecraft and payloads are under development. Aditya-L1 is expected to be launched during the 2020 timeframe by PSLV-XL. Payloads and their objectives: The payloads on-board Aditya-L1 are as follows: 1. Visible Emission Line Coronagraph: To study the diagnostic parameters of solar corona, and dynamics and origin of CMEs (three visible and one infrared (IR) channels); magnetic field measurement of solar corona down to tens of Gauss. 2. Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT): To image the spatially resolved solar photosphere and chromosphere in near UV (NUV; 200–400 nm) and measure solar irradiance variations. 3. Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS): To monitor the X-ray flares for studying the heating mechanism of the solar corona. 4. High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS): To observe the dynamic events in the solar corona and provide an estimate of the energy used to accelerate the particles during the eruptive events. 5. Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX): To study the variation of solar wind properties as well as its distribution and spectral characteristics. 6. Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA): To understand the composition of solar wind and its energy distribution. 7. Magnetometer: To estimate the magnitude and nature of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). | 3 | Chanakya IAS Academy RSTV / LSTV : January 2020 Lagrangian points: OO Lagrangian points are the locations in space where the combined gravitational pull of two large masses roughly balance each other. OO Any small mass placed at that location will remain at constant distances relative to the large masses. There are five such points in Sun-Earth system and they are denoted as L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. Halo Orbit: OO A halo orbit is a periodic, three-dimensional orbit near the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange point in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics. OO Halo orbits can be thought of as resulting from an interaction between the gravitational pull of the two planetary bodies and the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations on a spacecraft. OO Halo orbits exist in any three-body system, e.g., the Sun–Earth–Orbiting Satellite system or the Earth–Moon–Orbiting Satellite system. Need of the study of sun: OO The sun is the only star we can study up close. By studying this star we live with, we learn more about stars throughout the universe. OO The sun is a source of light and heat for life on Earth. The more we know about it, the more we can understand how life on Earth developed. OO Disturbances in the solar wind shake Earth’s magnetic field and pump energy into the radiation belts, part of a set of changes in near-Earth space known as space weather. OO Space weather can change the orbits of satellites, shorten their lifetimes, or interfere with onboard electronics. The more we learn about what causes space weather and how to predict it, the more we can protect the satellites we depend on. OO The solar wind dominates the space environment. As we send spacecraft and astronauts further and further from home, we must understand this space environment just as early seafarers needed to understand the ocean. ISRO’s Missions of 2019: OO Microsat-R: An imaging satellite was successfully injected into intended orbit of 274 km by PSLV-C44 on January 24, 2019. OO GSAT-31: India’s telecommunication satellite, GSAT-31 was successfully launched on February 06, 2019 from Kourou launch base; French Guiana by Ariane-5 VA-247.The satellite provides Indian mainland and island coverage. OO EMISAT: EMISAT is a satellite built around ISRO’s Mini Satellite-2 bus weighing about 436 kg. The satellite was successfully placed in its intended sun-synchronous polar orbit of 748 km height by PSLV-C45 on April 01, 2019. The satellite is intended for electromagnetic spectrum measurement. OO RISAT-2B: It is radar imaging earth observation satellite developed by ISRO. OO Chandrayaan-2: The mission is a highly complex mission, which represents a significant technological leap compared to the previous missions of ISRO. It comprised an Orbiter, Lander and Rover to explore the unexplored South Pole of the Moon. OO Cartosat-3: The satellite is a third generation agile advanced satellite having high resolution imaging capability. OO RISAT-2BR1: It is radar imaging earth observation satellite. The satellite will provide services in the field of Agriculture, Forestry and Disaster Management. Conclusion: OO The Aditya-L1 mission is expected to provide a multipronged holistic approach to the understanding of some of the outstanding concerns and the understanding approach to resolve the issues of solar physics. Mains Question: 1. What is Aditya L-1 Mission? How is different from the Aditya Mission? Discuss its objective and Importance of the Mission? Chanakya IAS Academy | 4 | RSTV / LSTV : January 2020 AUSTRALIA FIRE- CLIMATE EMERGENCY Introduction: OO Wild bushfires have been ravaging Australia especially severe in the New South Wales region. The State declared a week-long state of emergency in response to the escalating disaster. OO 916 homes have been destroyed this season, 363 more have been damaged. More than 100 fires are still burning in. Australian authorities told people to leave bushfire-affected areas in three states. Authorities in New South Wales urged people in high risk areas in the Snowy Valley to leave overnight. OO Both New South Wales and Victoria have given firefighting authorities the power to forcibly relocate people. Australia’s Hottest Summer: OO Australia recorded 2019 as its hottest year on record. Australia recorded its hottest day on record, with average highs of 107.4 degrees Fahrenheit, or 41.9 degrees Celsius. With temperatures expected to reach 105 in Canberra, the capital. OO Around 1.25 billion animals are believed to be dead in bush fires also destroyed more than 10 million hectares of land. OO The Earth’s axis is tilted by about 23 degrees. Like a gyroscope, the angle and direction of tilt stays the same while the Earth orbits the sun. OO On one side of the orbit, the northern hemisphere is angled towards the sun, while the southern hemisphere is angled away. On the opposite side of the orbit, the reverse is true north away, south towards. Occurrence of bushfires in Australia: OO Bushfires are a routine occurrence in the Australia. The climate of the country is hot, dry and prone to droughts. So, at any time of the year, some parts of Australia are prone to bushfires. OO Such fires happen when grass, branches, trees start burning in an uncontrolled manner.
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