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PRESENTS
SUPER 40 SERIES TOP 40 PDFS FOR UPSC PRELIMINARY EXAM 2019
BOOKLET NUMBER – 6
ISRO MISSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
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NATIONAL IAS ACADEMY SUPER40 (BOOKLET NUMBER – 06) CONTACT: 9632334466
ISRO MISSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
The Indian Space Research Organisation is the space agency of the Government of India headquartered in the city of Bengaluru.Its vision is to "harness space technology for national development while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration."It is managed by the Department of Space, which reports to the Prime Minister of India.
MISSION SHAKTI
In an incremental advance, India has successfully conducted an Anti- Satellite (ASAT) missile test, named Mission Shakti. India becomes the fourth country in the world to demonstrate the capability to shoot down satellites in orbit. So far, only the United States, Russia and China have this prowess.
YUVIKA
ISRO has launched a special programme for School Children called ―Young Scientist Programme‖ ―YUva VIgyani KAryakram from this year. The Program is primarily aimed at imparting basic knowledge on Space Technology, Space Science and Space Applications to the 2 | P a g e
NATIONAL IAS ACADEMY SUPER40 (BOOKLET NUMBER – 06) CONTACT: 9632334466
younger ones with the intent of arousing their interest in the emerging areas of Space activities. The residential training programme will be of around two weeks duration during summer holidays and it is proposed to select 3 students each from each State/ UTs to participate in this programme covering state, CBSE, and ICSE syllabus. Those who have just finished 9th standard (in the academic year 2018- 19) and waiting to join 10th standard (or those who have started 10th Std just now) will be eligible for the programme. The selection will be based on the 8th Std marks. Students belonging to the rural area have been given special weightage in the selection criteria.
PSLV-C45/EMISAT MISSION
C-45, which is set for lift-off from the second launchpad at Sriharikota, will mark the 47th flight of the PSLV. It is meant for electromagnetic spectrum measurements, according to the ISRO. It will be released into an orbit at 749 km. EMISAT is primarily based on on the famous Israeli spy satellite called SARAL or (Satellite with ARgos and ALtika), and inherits its SSB-2 bus protocol for conducting sharp electronic surveillance across the length and breadth of India. The satellite would serve as the country‘s roving device for detecting
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and gathering electronic intelligence from enemy radars across the borders as it circles the globe roughly pole to pole every 90 minutes or so. For the third successive PSLV mission, the ISRO plans to reuse the rocket‘s spent fourth stage or PS4 to host short experiments.
OCEANSAT – 3 – ARGOS MISSION ISRO and its French counterpart CNES has sealed an agreement to set up a joint maritime surveillance system in the country. The two nations will explore putting up a constellation of low-Earth orbiting satellites. The system will be augmented with the launch of Oceansat-3-Argos mission in 2020 along with a joint infrared Earth-observation satellite. These will identify and track movement of ships globally – and in particular those moving in the Indian Ocean region where France has its Reunion Islands.
GSAT-31
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India‘s latest communication satellite, GSAT-31 was successfully launched from the Spaceport in French Guiana. The launch vehicle Ariane 5 VA-247 lifted off from Kourou Launch Base, French Guiana carrying India‘s GSAT-31 and Saudi Geostationary Satellite 1/Hellas Sat 4 satellites. It was launched in an elliptical Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit with a perigee (nearest point to Earth) of 250 km and an apogee (farthest point to Earth) of 35,850 km, inclined at an angle of 3.0 degree to the equator. With a lift-off mass of 2536 kg, GSAT-31 will augment the Ku-band transponder capacity in Geostationary Orbit. The satellite will provide continuity to operational services on some of the in-orbit satellites. GSAT-31 will provide DTH Television Services, connectivity to VSATs for ATM, Stock-exchange, Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) and e-governance applications. The satellite will also be used for bulk data transfer for a host of emerging telecommunication applications. It is the India‘s 40th communication satellite which is configured on ISRO‘s enhanced ‗I-2K Bus‘, utilising the maximum ―bus capabilities‖ of this type.
HOUSE SPACE FLIGHT CENTRE
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The HSFC, the hub of ISRO‘s future manned missions, was inaugurated at ISRO headquarters in Bengaluru. Announced on August 15 2018, the country‘s first crewed mission is set to happen by 2022, the 75th year of Independence. HSFC shall be responsible for the implementation of Gaganyaan project — which involves mission planning, development of engineering systems for crew survival in space, crew selection and training and also pursue activities for sustained human space flight missions. HSFC will take the support of ISRO centres to implement the first developmental [crewed] flight.
MICROSAT – R
Microsat-R and its payload come assembled from a handful of laboratories of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is meant for military use. The satellite was assembled outside and ISRO only interfaced it‖ with its own systems and the launch vehicle, just as it treats any customer satellite.
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KALAMSAT
Kalamsat is a communication satellite with a life span of two months. The nanosatellite is a 10cm cube weighing 1.2 kg. The satellite cost was about Rs 12 lakh Kalamsat will be the first to use the rocket‘s fourth stage as an orbital platform. The fourth stage will be moved to higher circular orbit so as to establish an orbital platform for carrying out experiments. It is named after former Indian president Dr APJ Abdul Kalam and was built by an Indian high school student team, led by Rifath Sharook, an 18-year-old from the Tamil Nadu town of Pallapatti. It is the world‘s lightest and first ever 3D-printed satellite.
UNNATI
It is Unispace Nanosatellite Assembly and Training Programme by ISRO.
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It is a capacity building programme on Nanosatellite development. It is an initiative by ISRO to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first United Nations conference on the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space (UNISPACE-50). The programme provides opportunities to the participating developing countries to strengthen in assembling, integrating and testing of Nanosatellite. UNNATI programme is planned to be conducted for 3 years by U.R. Rao Satellite Centre of ISRO in 3 batches and will target to benefit officials of 45 countries.
UNISPACE + 50
It is an event marking the 50th year of the first UN Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. It is an initiative of United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Three such conferences held earlier recognized the potential of space and laid the guidelines for human activities and international cooperation related to outer space. They were: o UNISPACE I, Vienna, 1968 o UNISPACE II, Vienna, 1982 and o UNISPACE III, Vienna, 1999
SAMWAD WITH STUDENTS (SwS)
As part of the enhanced outreach programme of ISRO, a new platform named ―Samwad with Students‖ (SwS) was launched in Bengaluru. Through the initiative, ISRO aims to constantly engage youngsters across India to capture their scientific temperament. The new conversation mission will inspire students cutting across schools and colleges. During the Samwad, the students are briefed about Indian space programme and their benefits to the common man. The Q&A session was followed on a series of topics ranging from rockets, satellites, Chandrayaan, Gaganyaan and various space applications.
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GAGANYAAN
The Prime Minister of India in his Independence Day address announced that an Indian astronaut would go into space by 2022, when India celebrates her 75th year of Independence. In pursuance of this goal, India and France have announced a working group for Gaganyaan. Under the Gaganyaan schedule, three flights will be sent in orbit. Of the three, there will be two unmanned flights and one human spaceflight. The human space flight programme, called the Orbital Module will have three Indian astronauts, including a woman. It will circle Earth at a low-earth-orbit at an altitude of 300-400 km from earth for 5-7 days. The payload will consist of: o Crew module - spacecraft carrying human beings. o Service module - powered by two liquid propellant engines.
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It will be equipped with emergency escape and emergency mission abort. GSLV Mk III, also called the LVM-3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3) the three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle, will be used to launch Gaganyaan as it has the necessary payload capability. The mission is expected to cost around Rs 10,000 crore.
GSAT – 7A
Military communication satellite GSAT-7Ainterlinks operates and communicates with its aircraft as they fly and with command centres on ground. Although all Indian communication satellites offer capacity to the armed forces, GSAT-7A will be the first one built primarily for the IAF. It qualitatively unify its assets and improve combined, common intelligence during operations.
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About 70% of it would be for the Air Force and the rest for the needs of the Army. The ground force‘s Army Aviation Corps operates many helicopters, uses UAVs and will acquire fixed wing aircraft in future — all for surveillance and rescue missions. The satellite using Ku band will enable superior real time aircraft-to- aircraft communication; and between planes that are in flight and their commanders on the ground. It would enhance by many times the coverage now provided by ground communication systems such as radars and stations of the Army. Out-of-sight and remote areas where ground infrastructure and signals are difficult would get into the critical information loop.
ExseedSAT1
The ‗Made in India‘ micro satellite ExseedSAT1, built by a small start
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up is the first built in the private sector to go into space. It was launched through the Falcon 9 rocket of SpaceX. So far building and launching satellites has been the exclusive preserve of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the main driver of the impressive space programme. The satellite is a major boost to the private radio operators in the country. The satellites of this form are called Cubesats as they are 10 cm across and 1kg weight. This satellite is freely available for all radio amateurs across the world. It is an open radio transponder that works on ham radio frequencies. The amateur radio services provide vital communication links during natural disasters.
GSAT -11
As most of India slept, its heaviest and most advanced satellite, GSAT- 11, was shot to space from a European spaceport in faraway South communication America. GSAT-11 was launched from the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou in French Guiana. GSAT-11 is the heaviest ever built by ISRO.
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Its next biggest is the GSAT-17, weighing 3,477 kg and which was also launched for ISRO in June 2017 by the same European launch operator Arianespace. GSAT-11 is part of ISRO‘s new family of high-throughput communication satellite (HTS) fleet that will drive the country‘s Internet broadband from space to untouched areas. The broadband domain is now ruled by underground fibre and covers partial and convenient locations.
HysIS
The satellite will be accompanied by 29 other satellites developed by various nations, including 23 from the US. HysIS stands for Hyper Spectral Imaging Satellite. The objective of the probe is to provide observations within the visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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The imaging tools will help the HysIS satellite monitor atmospheric activity and climate change, while also assisting studies of Earth‘s magnetic field. These observations will have a host of applications, prime among which relate to agriculture, forestry, water management, and coastal patterns. The satellite‘s payload also consists of a 730W power backup, and a 64Ah Li-ion battery. It will continue to make observations till 2023, when the mission ends. After this launch, the next big event for the Indian space organisation will be its awaited mission to the moon – Chandrayaan-2 – in early 2019.
CHANDRAYAAN – 2
The Chandrayaan-2 weighing around 3290 kg and would orbit around the moon and perform the objectives of remote sensing the moon. India‘s second mission to the Moon is a totally indigenous mission comprising of an Orbiter, Lander and Rover.
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The payloads will collect scientific information on lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, lunar exosphere and signatures of hydroxyl and water-ice. After reaching the 100 km lunar orbit, the Lander housing the Rover will separate from the Orbiter. After a controlled descent, the Lander will soft land on the lunar surface at a specified site and deploy a Rover. The mission will carry a six-wheeled Rover which will move around the landing site in semi-autonomous mode as decided by the ground commands. The instruments on the rover will observe the lunar surface and send back data, which will be useful for analysis of the lunar soil.
GROWTH
The 0.7 m GROWTH-India telescope at the Indian Astronomical
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Observatory located in Hanle, Ladakh, has made its first science observation which is a follow-up study of a nova explosion. The GROWTH-India telescope was commissioned six months ago soon after which it saw first light. It is part of a multi-country collaborative initiative – known as the Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH) – to observe transient events in the universe. The fully robotic telescope is designed to capture cosmic events occurring over relatively shorter periods of the cosmological timescale: years, days and even hours. Universities and research institutes from the US, the UK, Japan, India, Germany, Taiwan and Israel are part of the initiative. Their primary research objective is time-domain astronomy, which entails the study of explosive transients and variable sources (of light and other radiation) in the universe.
GSAT 29
GSAT-29 is a multiband, multi-beam communication satellite, intended to serve as test bed for several new and critical technologies.
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Its Ku-band and Ka-band payloads are configured to cater to the communication requirements of users including those from remote areas especially from Jammu & Kashmir and North-Eastern regions of India. In addition, the Q/V-Band communication payload onboard is intended to demonstrate the future high throughput satellite system technologies. Geo High Resolution Camera will carry out high resolution imaging. Optical Communication Payload will demonstrate data transmission at a very high rate through optical communication link.
VIKAS ENGINE
The Vikas engine will improve the payload capability of PSLV, GSLV and GSLV Mk-III launch vehicles. The space agency has improved the thrust of the Vikas engine that powers all of them. The main beneficiary of the high-thrust Vikas engine is said to be the heavy-lifting GSLV-Mark III launcher, which ISRO expects will now put 4,000-kg satellites to space.
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This would be the third Mk-III and the first working one to be designated Mk III Mission-1 or M1. The first MkIII of June 2017 started with a 3,200-kg satellite and the second one is being readied for lifting a 3,500-kg spacecraft. The Vikas engine is used in the second stage of the light lifting PSLV; the second stage and the four add-on stages of the medium-lift GSLV; and the twin-engine core liquid stage of Mk-III.
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