Sport Als Medium Der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit Auszug Aus Der Diplomarbeit Von Sebastian Rockenfeller

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Sport Als Medium Der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit Auszug Aus Der Diplomarbeit Von Sebastian Rockenfeller Sport als Medium der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit Auszug aus der Diplomarbeit von Sebastian Rockenfeller Ko ntakt: Sebastian Rockenfeller [email protected] + 49 (0)1782847924 Siehe auch: http://www.sportanddev.org/newsnviews/search.cfm?uNewsID=1196 Sport als Element der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 2 Gliederung: 1. Sport als Element der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 1.1 Sport und Entwicklung 1.2 Legitimation des Sports für Entwicklung 1.3 Sportbezogene Bildungshilfe 1.4 Grundsätze der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Sport 1.4.1 Deutsche bilaterale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Sport 1.4.2 Ziele und Konzepte der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Sport 1.4.3 Kriterienkatalog der Programmentwicklung Bibliographie Sport als Element der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 3 1. Sport als Element der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit In dieser Zusammenfassung soll der Sport als Medium in den entwicklungspolitischen Kontext eingegliedert werden. Es werden die Wirkungsannahmen des Sports im Entwicklungsprozess erläutert, wodurch eine Legitimation des Sports als Medium der Entwicklung erfolgen soll. Diese Legitimation wird Grundlage eines Argumentationsmodells sein, das den Sport in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zu begründet versucht. Dabei wird die Sportbezogene Bildungshilfe auf ihre Interventionspotentiale im Entwicklungsprozess gesondert untersucht werden. Anschließend sollen Kriterien und Gestaltungsprinzipien für die Projektpraxis herausgearbeitet werden. Hierzu werden unter anderem Ziele und Kriterien der deutschen bilateralen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit herangezogen. 1.1 Sport und Entwicklung Möchte man den Sport als Akteur und als Medium in das Wesen der Entwicklungspolitik eingliedern, ist zunächst zu bestimmen, wie der Begriff Sport verstanden werden soll. Ich orientiere mich in dieser Arbeit am ehemaligen UN- Sport- beauftragten Adolf Ogi, wenn er sagt, Sport sei die „ beste Schule des Lebens “1, da er Fähigkeiten und Werte vermittelt, die wesentlich für unser gesellschaftliches Leben sind. 2 „Die Definition von Sport schließt alle Formen körperlicher Aktivität ein, die zu physischer Fitness, mentalem Wohlbefinden und sozialer Integration beitragen. Das beinhaltet Spiel, Erholung, organisierten gelegentlichen Sport, sportliche Wettbewerb und indigenen Sport und Spiele .“ 3 Kofi Annan ehemaliger Generalsekretär der Vereinten Nationen beschreibt den Sport folgendermaßen: „ Sport is a universal language that can bring people together, no matter what their origin, background, religious beliefs or economic status .” 4 Die Kombination der beiden Begriffe Sport und Entwicklung (engl.: Sport and Development) beziehen sich im Wesentlichen darauf, den Sport als Werkzeug für Entwicklung und Frieden einzusetzen. 5 Diese Beschreibung scheint jedoch nicht 1 Vgl. MELCHER, K. & SCHMITZ, C. & SEITZ, C. (Red.). (2005), S.2 2 Ebd. 3 Vgl. Sport and Devlepment and Peace International Working Group (2006), S.7. 4 ANNAN, K. (2005). Zugriff am 01. Februar 2009 unter http://www.un.org/sport2005 5 Vgl. Swiss Academy for Development (SAD). (2009). Zugriff am 04. Februar unter http://www.sportanddev.org/learnmore/what_is_sport_and_development/index.cfm Sport als Element der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 4 auszureichen, da der Sport ein dynamischer gesellschaftlicher Bereich ist, in dem unterschiedliche Akteure und Themen zusammentreffen. Dass in einem solch mehrdimensionalen Bereich verschiedene Akteure mit unterschiedlichen Interessen vertreten sein können, konnte ich während eines Projekteinsatzes in Südafrika feststellen. In diesem Projekt, das ich aus politischen Gründen nicht beim Namen nennen möchte, standen sich eine nationale Sportorganisation und eine Jugendorganisation gegenüber. In diesem Projektbeispiel wurden zwei unterschiedliche Stoßrichtungen dieser Bewegung deutlich, die im folgendem erläutert werden sollen. Der ersten Stoßrichtung gehören nationale und internationale Sportorganisationen, wie die internationalen Spitzenverbänden und die Wirtschaft an. Ihr Ziel ist es, die spezifischen Sportarten und den Sport an sich zu entwickeln. Die andere Seite setzt sich zusammen aus Regierungen und Entwicklungsorganisationen, die den Sport als kosteneffizientes und wirkungsvolles Mittel für das Erreichen von Entwicklungszielen 6 verstehen. Schwerpunkt ihrer Arbeit ist nicht die Sportentwicklung als solche, sondern die Entwicklung durch Sport. Die Aufgabe dieses Feldes ist es, Wege zu erkunden, wie der Sport als Instrument der menschlichen Entwicklung und dem Frieden zugute kommen kann. 7 Die Multidimensionalität der erläuterten Stoßrichtungen des Bereichs Sport und Entwicklung werden von der Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit (DEZA ) zu zwei Modellen zusammengefasst, die auch für die spätere Charakterisierung der Maßnahmen des NSP 2008 zur Grundlage werden wird. Zur späteren Unterscheidung der einzelnen Projektmaßnahmen werden drei Begriffe herangezogen: Entwicklung plus Sport : In diesem Modell wird der Sport bewusst als ein Werkzeug eingesetzt, um bestimmte Entwicklungsziele zu erreichen. Der Sport findet dabei in verschiedenen Bereichen Anwendung. So wird er beispielsweise erfolgreich in der Friedensbewegung eingesetzt. Initiatoren solcher Maßnahmen sind meist Entwicklungsorganisationen, 6 hervorzuheben sind die MDGs (Millenniumdevelopment Goals) der UN auf die in Kapitel 2.2 genauer eingegangen wird. 7 OGI Adolf Grußworte, Bad Boll Deutschland. http://www.toolkitsportdevelopment.org/html/resources/18/1875EEFC-F00E-45E8-8CC0- 0ECA41F3EF09/brochure%20UN%20concept.pdf Sport als Element der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 5 Regierungen und NGO´s, die den Sport als Instrument und über seinen Wert hinaus für Entwicklungszwecke nutzen. Sport plus Entwicklung : Maßnahmen dieser Stoßrichtung, die beispielsweise auf die Förderung der schulischen Sporterziehung abzielen, werden von Vertretern der Sportwelt und von Regierungen initiiert. Diese Initiativen fördern den Sport an sich. Obwohl bei diesen Maßnahmen der Sport als Wert an sich im Vordergrund steht, kann dabei aber auch die Erreichung von Entwicklungszielen bewusst oder unbewusst angestrebt werden. Aus der Stoßrichtung Sport plus Entwicklung lässt sich ein weiterer Begriff ableiten, der zur Charakterisierung von Projektmaßnahmen dienlich sein wird: Sportförderung bzw. -entwicklung : Dies sind Maßnahmen, die hauptsächlich auf den Ausbau sportlicher Infrastruktur und auf die Entwicklung des Sports abzielen, ohne einen bewussten oder unbewussten Entwicklungsbeitrag zu leisten. Über den Aspekt, durch diese Maßnahmen den reinen Zugang zum Sport zu ermöglichen, ist kein wirklicher Entwicklungsbeitrag zu identifizieren. In diese Kategorie fällt die deutsche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Sport der letzten Jahrzehnte, die deshalb als Sportförderung bezeichnet wurde. In den jeweiligen Modellen werden also die Akzente und die Hauptinteressen zu dem Unterscheidungsmerkmal. Entweder stehen Entwicklungsziele oder Sportaspekte im Vordergrund. Die beiden Stoßrichtungen teilen jedoch gemeinsame Grundgedanken, wie der Glaube an die universellen Werte des Sports. Deshalb sollte alles daran gesetzt werden, die beiden Stoßrichtungen effizient zu verknüpfen. Es existieren unterschiedliche Wirkungsannahmen und Funktionen des Sports im Entwicklungsprozess, die im folgenden Punkt im Anwendungsbereich der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit diskutiert werden sollen. 1.2 Legitimation des Sports für Entwicklung In diesem Kapitel soll eine mögliche Legitimation des Sports in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit erarbeitet werden. Dazu werden internationale Entscheidungen und historische Meilensteine der Disziplin Sport und Entwicklung Sport als Element der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 6 sowie sportwissenschaftliche Argumentationsmodelle aufgeführt, die den Nutzen und den konkreten Beitrag des Sports als Instrument für Entwicklung legitimieren helfen. In dieser Diplomarbeit kann nicht der Versuch unternommen werden, den Sport auf ausführliche theoretische Weise innerhalb entwicklungspolitischer Theorien einzuordnen. Vielmehr soll der Sport an dieser Stelle unabhängig von entwicklungspolitischer Strategien hinsichtlich möglicherweise relevanter Funktionen im Entwicklungsprozess betrachtet werden. Hieraus ergeben sich unterschiedliche Anwendungsbereiche des Sports für Entwicklung und konkrete Handlungsanweisungen zur praktischen Umsetzung. Die Entwicklung der Legitimationsversuche dieses Bereichs lässt sich von der Nachkriegszeit bis heute sich in drei Phasen unterteilen: 1. Der ersten Phase, in der sich der Sport zunächst den Status als fundamentales Recht erkämpfte, folgte… 2. …die zweite Phase der Sportentwicklungshilfe, die durch den Wert des Sports an sich begründet wurde. 3. In einem weiteren Schritt setzte sich international immer mehr die Überzeugung durch, dass er über seine Werte hinaus als konkretes und systematisch entwickeltes Instrument mit konkreten Handlungsanweisungen in Entwicklungsstrategien eingebunden werden sollte. Entwicklungshilfe orientiert sich an internationalen Abkommen und Entscheidungen und begründet durch diese ihre Maßnahmen. So ist es auch in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Sport. Deshalb war grundlegend für den Erfolg des Themas die Einbeziehung des Sports in die internationalen Menschenrechte. Nachdem die Sonderorganisation der Vereinten Nationen für Erziehung, Wissenschaft und Kultur (UNESCO) 1952 Sport als wichtiges Bildungsinstrument anerkannt hatte 8, wurde im Jahre 1959 auch von der UN Deklaration für Kinderrechte bestimmt, dass „The child shall have full opportunity for play and recreation“. 9 Im Jahre
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