The Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston “A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals”, by Donald McDonald and Leslie B. Hunt 9 The Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston “A quantity of platina was purchased by me a few years since with the design of rendering it malleable for the different purposes to which it is adapted. That object has now been attained. ” WILLIAM HYDE W O L L A S T O N Up to the end of the eighteenth century the attempts to produce malleable platinum had advanced mainly in the hands of practical men aiming at its pre­ paration and fabrication rather than at the solution of scientific problems. These were now to be attacked with a marked degree of success by two remarkable but very different men who first became friends during their student days at Cam ­ bridge and who formed a working partnership in 1800 designed not only for scientific purposes but also for financial reasons. They were of the same genera­ tion and much the same background as the professional scientists of London whose work was described in Chapter 8, and to whom they were well known, but with the exception of Humphry Davy they were of greater stature and made a greater advance in the development of platinum metallurgy than their predecessors. Their combined achievements over a relatively short span of years included the successful production for the first time of malleable platinum on a truly com­ mercial scale as well as the discovery of no less than four new elements contained in native platinum, a factor that was of material help in the purification and treatment of platinum itself. The junior partner, who was in fact to carry most of the burden after the first few years, William Hyde Wollaston, kept meticulous records of his experiments and of his expenditure and later of his sales of platinum but these remained undiscovered for many years. A collection of his note-books and other manuscripts relating to his life and work, including brief drafts for an unwritten biography by his friend Henry Warburton, were eventually found in 1949 by the late L. F. Gilbert in the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology in the University of Cambridge and formed the subject of a paper of his in 1952 (1). In 147 © 1982 Johnson Matthey “A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals”, by Donald McDonald and Leslie B. Hunt Wollaston’s partner in the long investigations of native platinum. Smithson Tennant, became interested in the metal while still a student at Cambridge. This extract from his diary for October 4th 1784, when he was only 22. describes his visit to Lorenz Crell at Helmstadt and records the details of the Count von Sickingen’s method of rendering platinum malleable more recent years these note-books and papers, now in the care of the Library of Cambridge University, have been studied in more detail by Dr. M. C. Usselman (2), and by Dr. J. A. Chaldecott (3). Other note-books compiled by Tennant and in the same keeping have enabled Dr. A. E. Wales to publish valuable information on his part in the joint enterprise (4). This chapter therefore owes much to their respective publications, while the original author of this book also contributed a study of Tennant (5). Taking the older man first, Smithson Tennant (1761-1815) was born at Selby in Yorkshire, the son of a clergyman. In 1781 it was proposed that he should study under Joseph Priestley, now settled in Birmingham, but this did not materialise and instead he entered the University of Edinburgh to study chemistry under Joseph Black with whom he developed a close relationship and from whom he may very well have acquired his early interest in platinum. He moved to Cambridge in October 1782, first at Christ’s College and later at Emmanuel, and in 1785 while still an undergraduate he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. During the summer vacation of 1784 he made a journey through Denmark and Sweden, visiting mines and chemical plants and meeting Scheele and Gahn, and on his return journey visited Lorenz Crell at Helmstadt. The extract from his diary reproduced above shows that he was already interest­ ing himself in the problem of producing malleable platinum. In the following year he paid a visit to Paris to meet Lavoisier and then to Dijon where he was the guest of Guyton de Morveau, both of these men of course having been active only a few years earlier in working with platinum. (An amusing side light on these visits is to be found in a letter from Guyton de Morveau to Crell’s Chemische Annalen in 1786 (6 ). The writer refers to “one of my chemical friends the Englishman Herr Tennant”, to which Crell adds in a footnote: “I also have the pleasure of counting Herr Tennant among my chemical acquaintances”). In his la'ter period at Cambridge Tennant became friendly with his younger fellow student in medicine, Wollaston, who was at Gonville and Caius from 1782 148 © 1982 Johnson Matthey “A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals”, by Donald McDonald and Leslie B. Hunt until 1789 and who was particularly interested in the older man’s accounts of his visits to the leading chemists in Europe. Wollaston took up medical practice after leaving Cambridge, first in H unt­ ingdon and then in Bury St. Edmunds, but in 1797 he moved to a practice in London where his friends considered he would have greater scope for the high ability he had already shown as a physician. Tennant had already settled there four years earlier, also after a brief spell as a physician, work for which he found himself temperamentally unsuited. In this same year he presented a short paper to the Royal Society “ On the Action of Nitre on Gold and Platina” (7), quoting the earlier work of Lewis and Marggraf on the native metal before describing his own results on the corrosive attack on his more or less pure platinum. In 1799, Wollaston, by now devoting most of his time to scientific researches, purchased small amounts of platinum and began to study the most efficient means of its dissolution in varying formulations of aqua regia. By the end of the following year, undoubtedly stimulated by the similar leanings and knowledge of his friend Smithson Tennant and probably after much discussion of the problem, the two men entered into an informal and unpublicised partnership directed towards various chemically-based commercial endeavours, one of which was the production and marketing of malleable platinum, and Wollaston abandoned his medical practice. O n Christmas Eve 1800 they invested £795 in the purchase of the very large quantity of 5959 ounces of alluvial platinum from one Hutchinson of whom nothing is known but who was almost certainly a London agent connected with the Jamaican end of the smuggling trade from Cartagena. In the following February they bought a further 800 ounces from Richard Knight who had apparently not put his process to commercial use. The underlying reasons for their undertaking this joint enterprise, one that was to lead to long years of chemical research and frustration before success was achieved, goes back to their time at Cambridge but a sense of urgency was given them by the prospects opened up by the two publications referred to earlier, the Abbé Rochon’s paper that appeared in English translation in the first volume of The Philosophical Magazine in 1798 and Richard Knight’s paper read to the British Mineralogical Society in January 1800 and also published in The Philoso­ phical Magazine in the following month. An interesting and possible link is that just opposite Richard Knight’s establishment in Foster Lane was the Church of St. Vedast in which his parents had been married in 1766 and where the Rector from 1779 until 1815 was in fact Wollaston’s father, the Reverend Francis Wollaston, F.R.S. In any case it was becoming very clear that if a process that was technically sound could yield malleable platinum in quantity and at a reasonable price a handsome financial return might well be expected. Tennant was a wealthy man by inheritance. It has often been said that Wollaston needed to earn a living from his researches but Dr. Usselman in the course of a detailed review of one episode of Wollaston’s career has revealed that in 1799 his elder brother George had made him a present of securities valued at some £8000 (8), making it possible for him at the age of 34 to abandon the 149 © 1982 Johnson Matthey “A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals”, by Donald McDonald and Leslie B. Hunt medical practice he disliked and to devote the remainder of his career to the scientific pursuits he so much preferred. Wollaston had a great admiration for Tennant, who as we have seen had made personal contacts with several of the French and German workers on platinum and who may thus have influenced the choice of project, while his brilliant if rather erratic mind would have been of great value in the early years of the partnership. The Discovery of Iridium and Osmium Before we can consider Wollaston’s principal work, the laborious investigation of the means of producing malleable platinum in quantity and its success after five years of frustrating experiments, we have to turn to the parallel investiga­ tions carried out by him and by Tennant that showed the presence, unsuspected by the earlier workers, of four other elements in native platinum. It will be remembered that when crude platinum was dissolved in aqua regia there was always a black insoluble residue left.
Recommended publications
  • Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary Journal Item How to cite: Stenhouse, Brigitte (2020). Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary. The Mathematical Intelligencer (Early Access). For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2020 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00283-020-09998-6 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary BRIGITTE STENHOUSE ary Somerville’s life as a mathematician and mathematician). Although no scientific learned society had a savant in nineteenth-century Great Britain was formal statute barring women during Somerville’s lifetime, MM heavily influenced by her gender; as a woman, there was nonetheless a great reluctance even toallow women her access to the ideas and resources developed and into the buildings, never mind to endow them with the rights circulated in universities and scientific societies was highly of members. Except for the visit of the prolific author Margaret restricted. However, her engagement with learned institu- Cavendish in 1667, the Royal Society of London did not invite tions was by no means nonexistent, and although she was women into their hallowed halls until 1876, with the com- 90 before being elected a full member of any society mencement of their second conversazione [15, 163], which (Societa` Geografica Italiana, 1870), Somerville (Figure 1) women were permitted to attend.1 As late as 1886, on the nevertheless benefited from the resources and social nomination of Isis Pogson as a fellow, the Council of the Royal networks cultivated by such institutions from as early as Astronomical Society chose to interpret their constitution as 1812.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Group
    Historical Group NEWSLETTER and SUMMARY OF PAPERS No. 61 Winter 2012 Registered Charity No. 207890 COMMITTEE Chairman: Prof A T Dronsfield, School of Education, | Prof J Betteridge (Twickenham, Middlesex) Health and Sciences, University of Derby, | Dr N G Coley (Open University) Derby, DE22 1GB [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr C J Cooksey (Watford, Hertfordshire) Secretary: | Prof E Homburg (University of Maastricht) Prof W P Griffith, Department of Chemistry, | Prof F James (Royal Institution) Imperial College, South Kensington, London, | Dr D Leaback (Biolink Technology) SW7 2AZ [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr P J T Morris (Science Museum) Treasurer; Membership Secretary: | Prof. J. W. Nicholson (University of Greenwich) Dr J A Hudson, Graythwaite, Loweswater, | Mr P N Reed (Steensbridge, Herefordshire) Cockermouth, Cumbria, CA13 0SU | Dr V Quirke (Oxford Brookes University) [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr S Robinson (Ham, Surrey) Newsletter Editor: | Prof. H. Rzepa (Imperial College) Dr A Simmons, Epsom Lodge, | Dr. A Sella (University College) La Grande Route de St Jean,St John, Jersey, JE3 4FL [e-mail [email protected]] Newsletter Production: Dr G P Moss, School of Biological and Chemical, Sciences Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS [e-mail [email protected]] http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/rschg/ http://www.rsc.org/membership/networking/interestgroups/historical/index.asp Contents From the Editor 2 RSC Historical Group News - Bill Griffith 3 Identification Query - W. H. Brock 4 Members’ Publications 5 NEWS AND UPDATES 6 USEFUL WEBSITES AND ADDRESSES 7 SHORT ESSAYS 9 The Copperas Works at Tankerton - Chris Cooksey 9 Mauveine - the final word? (3) - Chris Cooksey and H.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Transactions, »
    INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mineralogy of Anthropocene E
    1 A Minerology for the Anthropocene Pierre FLUCK Institut Universitaire de France / Docteur-ès-Sciences / geologist and archeologist / Emeritus Professor at Université de Haute-Alsace This essay is a follow-up on « La signature stratigraphique de l’Anthropocène », which is also available on HAL- Archives ouvertes. Table of contents 1. Introduction: neoformation minerals in ancient mining galleries 2. Minerals from burning coal mines 3. Minerals from the mineral processing industry 4 ...and metallurgy 5. Neoformations in slags 6. Speciation of heavy metals in soils 7. Metal objects in their archaeological environment, or affected by fire 8. Neoformations in or on the surface of building stones 9. A mineralogy of materials. The “miracle of the potter”. The minerals in cement 10. A mineralogy of the biosphere? Conclusions Warning. This paper is written to be read by both specialists and a wider audience. However, it contains many mineral names. While these may resonate in the minds of mineralogists or collectors, they may not be as meaningful to less discerning readers. Such readers should not be scared, for they may find excellent encyclopaedic records on the web, including chemical composition, crystallographic properties and description of each of these species. This is why we have decided not to include further information in this paper. Acknowledgements. I would like to thank the mineralogists with whom I have had the opportunity to maintain fruitful exchanges for a long time: my pupil Hubert Bari, Éric Asselborn, Cédric Lheur, François Farges. And I would like to honour the memories of René Weil (1901-1983), my master in descriptive mineralogy, and of Jacques Geffroy (1918-1993), pupil of Alfred Lacroix, my master in metallogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Collectanea Medica, Consisting of Anecdotes, Facts, Extracts
    COLLECTANEA MEDICA, CONSISTING OF ANECDOTES, FACTS, EXTRACTS, ILLUSTRATIONS, QUERIES, SUGGESTIONS, &c. RELATING TO THE Uhtory or the Art of Medicine, and the Auxiliary Sciences. Some Account of the late Smiths? n Tens ant, Esq.. announced in a former Number the death of Smithson WETennant, Esq. F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry in the Uni- versity of Cambridge; we shall now proceed to lay before our readers some account of his life, studies, and character. Smithson Tennant was the only child of the Rev. Calvert Ten- nant, younger son of a respectable, family in Wensley-dale, near Richmond, in Yorkshire, and Vicar of Selby in that co*nty, where Mr. Tennant was born on the 30th of November, 1761. His mo- ther, whose maiden name was Mary Daunt, was the daughter of a surgeon of the same town. Of his father little is known, except that he had been a fellow- of St. John's College, Cambridge, and was a friend of Dr. Ruther. forth, Regius Professor of Divinity in that University. He was always mentioned by his son with the most affectionate gratitude, for the care he had bestowed on his education. To this he appears to have devoted himself from his son's earliest infancy; since he. began to instruct him in Greek when he was only five years of He had the misfortune to lose his father when he was about nine years old; and, before he attained the age of manhood, his mother was thrown from her horse, whilst riding with her son, and killed on the spot.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol 57 Issue 2 April 2013
    Published by Johnson Matthey Plc A quarterly journal of research on the science and technology of the platinum group metals and developments in their application in industry Vol 57 Issue 2 April 2013 www.platinummetalsreview.com E-ISSN 1471-0676 © Copyright 2013 Johnson Matthey http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ Platinum Metals Review is published by Johnson Matthey Plc, refi ner and fabricator of the precious metals and sole marketing agent for the six platinum group metals produced by Anglo American Platinum Ltd, South Africa. All rights are reserved. Material from this publication may be reproduced for personal use only but may not be offered for re-sale or incorporated into, reproduced on, or stored in any website, electronic retrieval system, or in any other publication, whether in hard copy or electronic form, without the prior written permission of Johnson Matthey. Any such copy shall retain all copyrights and other proprietary notices, and any disclaimer contained thereon, and must acknowledge Platinum Metals Review and Johnson Matthey as the source. No warranties, representations or undertakings of any kind are made in relation to any of the content of this publication including the accuracy, quality or fi tness for any purpose by any person or organisation. E-ISSN 1471-0676 • Platinum Metals Rev., 2013, 57, (2), 85• Platinum Metals Review A quarterly journal of research on the platinum group metals and developments in their application in industry http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ APRIL 2013 VOL. 57 NO. 2 Contents Johnson Matthey and Alfa Aesar Support Academic Research 86 An editorial by Sara Coles Platinum-Based and Platinum-Doped Layered Superconducting Materials: 87 Synthesis, Properties and Simulation By Alexander L.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Oriental Metrology and the Politics of Antiquity
    1 Oriental Metrology and the Politics of Antiquity in Nineteenth-century Survey Sciences Simon Schaffer University of Cambridge E-mail: [email protected] Argument Metrological techniques to establish shared quantitative measures have often been seen as signs of rational modernisation. The cases considered here show instead the close relation of such techniques with antiquarian and revivalist programmes under imperial regimes. Enterprises in survey sciences in Egypt in the wake of the French invasion of 1798 and in India during the East India Company’s revenue surveys involved the promotion of a new kind of oriental metrology designed to represent colonisers’ measures as restorations of ancient values to be applied to current systems of survey and measurement. Surveyors’ practice and hardware help clarify the significance of the complex historical and political functions of scientific standards. The balance of the paper discusses the survey work of later nineteenth century indigenous Egyptian astronomers at a conjuncture of major economic and political dislocation to explore the various versions of antiquity at stake in these metrological programmes. 2 Introduction: survey sciences and metrology’s invention “Egyptian genius always seems to take pleasure in veiling from the world the principle of its lovely creations, concealing it from profane eyes, perhaps so as better to give them a divine origin, keep them pure and guard them from time’s injuries. Thus one sees in use in Egypt, but without being able to understand the principle, a measurement system apparently crude but in fact the most exact of all known systems”: Mahmud al-Falaki, “The current Egyptian measurement system” (Mahmud 1873, 67) Metrological equipment relies on material measures that somehow embody agreed standards used by a specific community to help make its world knowable in quantitative form.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Marcet (1770-1822), Physician and Animal Chemist
    ALEXANDER MARCET (1770-1822), PHYSICIAN AND ANIMAL CHEMIST by N. G. COLEY ALEXANDER John Gaspard Marcet1 was born in Geneva in the year 1770. His father, who was a merchant of Huguenot descent,2 wished him to follow the family business, but the young Alexander had no liking for commerce. Instead he decided to train for a career in the law, but before he could complete his studies he became involved in the disturbed political situation which arose in Geneva after the French Revolution.3 This resulted in his imprisonment, along with his boyhood friend Charles Gaspard de la Rive.4After the death of Robespierre in 1794 the two friends were at length successful in obtaining a special dispensation by which they were released from prison but were banished from Switzerland for five years. They then came to Edinburgh, where they took up the study of medicine, both gaining the M.D. on the same day in 1797. There was a strong chemical tradition in the University of Edinburgh at this time, deriving from the earlier influence of men like William Cullen. Joseph Black was in the chair of medicine and chemistry and the university was also served by Daniel Rutherford, from whom Marcet received instruction. The interest which Marcet was later to show in chemistry became apparent in that he chose to write his doctoral thesis on diabetes,5 about which several plausible chemical theories were currently under discussion in the university. Immediately after qualifying in 1797, Marcet moved to London where he was first of all assistant physician to the Public Dispensary in Cary Street.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals
    AppendixA __________ Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals 325 Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals J. B. Lyons, S. A. Morse, and R. E. Stoiber Distinguishing Characteristics Chemical XI. System and Indices Birefringence "Characteristically parallel, but Mineral Composition Best Cleavage Sign,2V and Relief and Color see Fig. 13-3. A. High Positive Relief Zircon ZrSiO. Tet. (+) 111=1.940 High biref. Small euhedral grains show (.055) parallel" extinction; may cause pleochroic haloes if enclosed in other minerals Sphene CaTiSiOs Mon. (110) (+) 30-50 13=1.895 High biref. Wedge-shaped grains; may (Titanite) to 1.935 (0.108-.135) show (110) cleavage or (100) Often or (221) parting; ZI\c=51 0; brownish in very high relief; r>v extreme. color CtJI\) 0) Gamet AsB2(SiO.la where Iso. High Grandite often Very pale pink commonest A = R2+ and B = RS + 1.7-1.9 weakly color; inclusions common. birefracting. Indices vary widely with composition. Crystals often euhedraL Uvarovite green, very rare. Staurolite H2FeAI.Si2O'2 Orth. (010) (+) 2V = 87 13=1.750 Low biref. Pleochroic colorless to golden (approximately) (.012) yellow; one good cleavage; twins cruciform or oblique; metamorphic. Olivine Series Mg2SiO. Orth. (+) 2V=85 13=1.651 High biref. Colorless (Fo) to yellow or pale to to (.035) brown (Fa); high relief. Fe2SiO. Orth. (-) 2V=47 13=1.865 High biref. Shagreen (mottled) surface; (.051) often cracked and altered to %II - serpentine. Poor (010) and (100) cleavages. Extinction par- ~ ~ alleL" l~4~ Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Alk Hex. (-) 111=1.636 Mod. biref.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc
    PROJECT NOTE WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. To: Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. Site File Date: June 5, 2014 W.O. No.: 20405.012.013.2222.00 From: Denise Breen, Weston Solutions, Inc. Subject: Determination of Significant Lead Concentrations in Sediment Samples References 1. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. March 1998. [45 pages] 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency Response. Establishing an Observed Release – Quick Reference Fact Sheet. Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241. September 1995. [7 pages] 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. Atomic Weights of Elements: Review 2000. 2003. [120 pages] WESTON personnel collected six sediment samples (including one environmental duplicate sample) from five locations along the surface water pathway of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. (CRU) site in May 2014. The sediment samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) Metals and Stable Lead Isotopes. 1. TAL Lead Interpretation: In order to quantify the significance for Lead, Thallium and Mercury the following was performed: 1. WESTON personnel tabulated all available TAL Metal data from the May 2014 Sediment Sampling event. 2. For each analyte of concern (Lead, Thallium, and Mercury), the highest background concentration was selected and then multiplied by three. This is the criteria to find the significance of site attributable release as per Hazard Ranking System guidelines. 3. One analytical lead result (2222-SD04) of 520 mg/kg (J) was qualified with an unknown bias. In accordance with US EPA document “Using Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination”, 2222-SD03 lead concentration was adjusted by dividing by the factor value for lead of 1.44 to equal 361 mg/kg.
    [Show full text]
  • ART. IX.-Notes on the Platinum, Metals, and Their 8L'paration from Each Other I by M
    1ll. C. Lea on the Platinum Metala. 81 ART. IX.-Notes on the Platinum, Metals, and their 8l'paration from each other i by M. CAREY LEA, Philadelphia.-Part I. (1) FEW branches of inorganic chemistry present difficulties com­ parable with those involved in the study and separation of the platinum metals. 'rheir close analogy with each other, and the remarkllble manner in which the relations of each to chemical reagents are controlled by the presence of the others, give rise to difficulties in their detection and separation which are only by degrees being surmounted. Much time and unwearied labor on the part of the chemist are required to rench results whith when obtained appear insignificant in proportion to the effort which they cost, and it may ill fnct be said that the platinum metals constitute a chemistry in themselves, governed by special rules and to be studied by special method~. Each step in the simplification of the processes by which the separations are effected, each decisive reaction by which the presence or ab­ sence of a member of the group may be certainly iuferred, is so much gained toward conquering a complete knowledge of these rare and mteresting bodies. All[. JOUR. BOI.-SEOOND BUlBS, VOL. XXXVIII, No.112.-JuLT, 1864. n 82 M. C. Lea on the Platinum Metals. For much the better half of all we know upon this subject, we are indebted to Dr. Claus, whose method of' separation I have followed up to a certain point, and then have diverged from it, with I think some adva.ntage.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mineral Names*
    American Mineralogist, Volume 97, pages 2064–2072, 2012 New Mineral Names* G. DIEGO GATTA,1 FERNANDO CÁMARA,2 KIMBERLY T. TAIT,3,† AND DMITRY BELAKOVSKIY4 1Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Botticelli, 23-20133 Milano, Italy 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35-10125 Torino, Italy 3Department of Natual History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada 4Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia IN THIS ISSUE This New Mineral Names has entries for 12 new minerals, including: agardite-(Nd), ammineite, byzantievite, chibaite, ferroericssonite, fluor-dravite, fluorocronite, litochlebite, magnesioneptunite, manitobaite, orlovite, and tashelgite. These new minerals come from several different journals: Canadian Mineralogist, European Journal of Mineralogy, Journal of Geosciences, Mineralogical Magazine, Nature Communications, Novye dannye o mineralakh (New data on minerals), and Zap. Ross. Mineral. Obshch. We also include seven entries of new data. AGARDITE-(ND)* clusters up to 2 mm across. Agardite-(Nd) is transparent, light I.V. Pekov, N.V. Chukanov, A.E. Zadov, P. Voudouris, A. bluish green (turquoise-colored) in aggregates to almost color- Magganas, and A. Katerinopoulos (2011) Agardite-(Nd), less in separate thin needles or fibers. Streak is white. Luster is vitreous in relatively thick crystals and silky in aggregates. Mohs NdCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O, from the Hilarion Mine, Lavrion, Greece: mineral description and chemical relations with other hardness is <3. Crystals are brittle, cleavage nor parting were members of the agardite–zálesíite solid-solution system. observed, fracture is uneven. Density could not be measured Journal of Geosciences, 57, 249–255.
    [Show full text]