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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
A Mineralogy of Anthropocene E
1 A Minerology for the Anthropocene Pierre FLUCK Institut Universitaire de France / Docteur-ès-Sciences / geologist and archeologist / Emeritus Professor at Université de Haute-Alsace This essay is a follow-up on « La signature stratigraphique de l’Anthropocène », which is also available on HAL- Archives ouvertes. Table of contents 1. Introduction: neoformation minerals in ancient mining galleries 2. Minerals from burning coal mines 3. Minerals from the mineral processing industry 4 ...and metallurgy 5. Neoformations in slags 6. Speciation of heavy metals in soils 7. Metal objects in their archaeological environment, or affected by fire 8. Neoformations in or on the surface of building stones 9. A mineralogy of materials. The “miracle of the potter”. The minerals in cement 10. A mineralogy of the biosphere? Conclusions Warning. This paper is written to be read by both specialists and a wider audience. However, it contains many mineral names. While these may resonate in the minds of mineralogists or collectors, they may not be as meaningful to less discerning readers. Such readers should not be scared, for they may find excellent encyclopaedic records on the web, including chemical composition, crystallographic properties and description of each of these species. This is why we have decided not to include further information in this paper. Acknowledgements. I would like to thank the mineralogists with whom I have had the opportunity to maintain fruitful exchanges for a long time: my pupil Hubert Bari, Éric Asselborn, Cédric Lheur, François Farges. And I would like to honour the memories of René Weil (1901-1983), my master in descriptive mineralogy, and of Jacques Geffroy (1918-1993), pupil of Alfred Lacroix, my master in metallogeny. -
Minerals of the Hydrotalcite Group in Metasomatically Altered Carbonate Rocks from Zawiercie, S Poland
MINERALOGIA POLONICA Vol. 32, No 1, 2001 PL ISSSN 0032-6267 Ewa KOSZOWSKA1, Dorota SAŁATA1 MINERALS OF THE HYDROTALCITE GROUP IN METASOMATICALLY ALTERED CARBONATE ROCKS FROM ZAWIERCIE, S POLAND A b s t a c t . Minerals of the hydrotalcite-manasseite group were identified in samples from two borehols in Zawiercie (ZMZ-9, RK-1). The minerals were found in calciphire bodies (RK-1) and in one small, metasomatic veinlet (ZMZ-9) formed in Middle Devonian dolomites. Alteration of dolomitic sediments was genetically connected with infiltration fluids that caused formation of a gamet-pyroxene skam. Inves tigations have revealed the presence of both hydrotalcite and manasseite. Besides, in few places of the veinlet there occurs a mineral, which has been recognized as iowaite. Key-words: hydrotalcite-manasseite group, calciphires, ska ms, metasomatic veins, Zawiercie, S Poland INTRODUCTION The hydrotalcite group minerals belong to a large group of natural and synthetic dihydroxides named also as "layered double hydroxides" or "anionic clays". Their general formula can be written as: M |2XM (0 H)2 (Am“)x/mn H 2 0 (where M+2, M +3 are cations in the hydroxide layers and Am_ is the interlayer anion) and is based on positively charged brucite-like layers with C 03-like anions and water molecules in interlayer positions (Drits et al. 1987) (Fig. la). Within the group, depending on the composition of the octahedral brucite-type cationic layers, three subgroups can be distinguished in which the cations are: a) M g +2 + Al+3, b) Mg +2 + Fe+3 , c) M g + 2 + C r+3. -
Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page. -
Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given. -
The Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston
“A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals”, by Donald McDonald and Leslie B. Hunt 9 The Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston “A quantity of platina was purchased by me a few years since with the design of rendering it malleable for the different purposes to which it is adapted. That object has now been attained. ” WILLIAM HYDE W O L L A S T O N Up to the end of the eighteenth century the attempts to produce malleable platinum had advanced mainly in the hands of practical men aiming at its pre paration and fabrication rather than at the solution of scientific problems. These were now to be attacked with a marked degree of success by two remarkable but very different men who first became friends during their student days at Cam bridge and who formed a working partnership in 1800 designed not only for scientific purposes but also for financial reasons. They were of the same genera tion and much the same background as the professional scientists of London whose work was described in Chapter 8, and to whom they were well known, but with the exception of Humphry Davy they were of greater stature and made a greater advance in the development of platinum metallurgy than their predecessors. Their combined achievements over a relatively short span of years included the successful production for the first time of malleable platinum on a truly com mercial scale as well as the discovery of no less than four new elements contained in native platinum, a factor that was of material help in the purification and treatment of platinum itself. -
Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals
AppendixA __________ Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals 325 Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals J. B. Lyons, S. A. Morse, and R. E. Stoiber Distinguishing Characteristics Chemical XI. System and Indices Birefringence "Characteristically parallel, but Mineral Composition Best Cleavage Sign,2V and Relief and Color see Fig. 13-3. A. High Positive Relief Zircon ZrSiO. Tet. (+) 111=1.940 High biref. Small euhedral grains show (.055) parallel" extinction; may cause pleochroic haloes if enclosed in other minerals Sphene CaTiSiOs Mon. (110) (+) 30-50 13=1.895 High biref. Wedge-shaped grains; may (Titanite) to 1.935 (0.108-.135) show (110) cleavage or (100) Often or (221) parting; ZI\c=51 0; brownish in very high relief; r>v extreme. color CtJI\) 0) Gamet AsB2(SiO.la where Iso. High Grandite often Very pale pink commonest A = R2+ and B = RS + 1.7-1.9 weakly color; inclusions common. birefracting. Indices vary widely with composition. Crystals often euhedraL Uvarovite green, very rare. Staurolite H2FeAI.Si2O'2 Orth. (010) (+) 2V = 87 13=1.750 Low biref. Pleochroic colorless to golden (approximately) (.012) yellow; one good cleavage; twins cruciform or oblique; metamorphic. Olivine Series Mg2SiO. Orth. (+) 2V=85 13=1.651 High biref. Colorless (Fo) to yellow or pale to to (.035) brown (Fa); high relief. Fe2SiO. Orth. (-) 2V=47 13=1.865 High biref. Shagreen (mottled) surface; (.051) often cracked and altered to %II - serpentine. Poor (010) and (100) cleavages. Extinction par- ~ ~ alleL" l~4~ Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Alk Hex. (-) 111=1.636 Mod. biref. -
ART. IX.-Notes on the Platinum, Metals, and Their 8L'paration from Each Other I by M
1ll. C. Lea on the Platinum Metala. 81 ART. IX.-Notes on the Platinum, Metals, and their 8l'paration from each other i by M. CAREY LEA, Philadelphia.-Part I. (1) FEW branches of inorganic chemistry present difficulties com parable with those involved in the study and separation of the platinum metals. 'rheir close analogy with each other, and the remarkllble manner in which the relations of each to chemical reagents are controlled by the presence of the others, give rise to difficulties in their detection and separation which are only by degrees being surmounted. Much time and unwearied labor on the part of the chemist are required to rench results whith when obtained appear insignificant in proportion to the effort which they cost, and it may ill fnct be said that the platinum metals constitute a chemistry in themselves, governed by special rules and to be studied by special method~. Each step in the simplification of the processes by which the separations are effected, each decisive reaction by which the presence or ab sence of a member of the group may be certainly iuferred, is so much gained toward conquering a complete knowledge of these rare and mteresting bodies. All[. JOUR. BOI.-SEOOND BUlBS, VOL. XXXVIII, No.112.-JuLT, 1864. n 82 M. C. Lea on the Platinum Metals. For much the better half of all we know upon this subject, we are indebted to Dr. Claus, whose method of' separation I have followed up to a certain point, and then have diverged from it, with I think some adva.ntage. -
1 Revision 2 1 2 Lavinskyite, K(Licu)Cu6(Si4o11)2(OH)4
1 Revision 2 2 3 Lavinskyite, K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4, isotypic with planchéite, a new mineral 4 from the Wessels mine, Kalahari Manganese Fields, South Africa 5 6 Hexiong Yang1, Robert T. Downs1, Stanley H. Evans1, and William W. Pinch2 7 1Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, U.S.A. 8 219 Stonebridge Lane, Pittsford, New York 14534, U.S.A. 9 10 Corresponding author: [email protected] 11 12 Abstract 2+ 2+ 13 A new mineral species, lavinskyite, ideally K(LiCu )Cu 6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 (IMA 14 2012-028), has been found in the Wessels mine, Kalahari Manganese Fields, Northern 15 Cape Province, South Africa. Associated minerals include wesselsite, pectolite, richterite, 16 sugilite, and scottyite. Lavinskyite crystals are tabular [parallel to (010)]. The mineral is 17 light blue, transparent with very pale blue streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle and has a 18 Mohs hardness of ~5; cleavage is perfect on {010} and no parting was observed. The 19 measured and calculated densities are 3.61(3) and 3.62 g/cm3, respectively. Optically, 20 lavinskyite is biaxial (+), with α = 1.675(1), β = 1.686(1), γ = 1.715(1), 2Vmeas = 64(2)º. 21 An electron microprobe analysis produced an average composition (wt.%) of SiO2 22 42.85(10), CuO 46.13(23), K2O 4.16(2), MgO 1.53(17), Na2O 0.27(4), BaO 0.18(6), and 23 MnO 0.08(1), plus Li2O 1.38 from the LA-ICP-MS measurement and H2O 3.22 (added to 24 bring the analytical total close to 100%), yielding a total of 99.79 % and an empirical 25 chemical formula 26 (K0.99Ba0.01)Σ=1.00(Li1.04Cu0.93Na0.10)Σ=2.07(Cu5.57Mg0.43Mn0.01)Σ=6.01(Si4.00O11)2(OH)4. -
Chemistry, Geochemistry, and Geology of Chromium and Chromium Compounds
L1608_C02.fm Page 23 Thursday, July 15, 2004 6:57 PM 2 Chemistry, Geochemistry, and Geology of Chromium and Chromium Compounds William E. Motzer and Todd Engineers CONTENTS 2.1 Chromium Chemistry .................................................................................24 2.1.1 Background ......................................................................................24 2.1.2 Elemental/Metallic Chromium Characteristics .........................25 2.1.3 Ionic Radii ........................................................................................29 2.1.4 Oxidation States...............................................................................30 2.1.5 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes ...................................................31 2.1.6 Characteristics of Chromium Compounds.................................34 2.2 Natural Chromium Concentrations..........................................................34 2.2.1 Mantle ...............................................................................................46 2.2.2 Chromium Minerals........................................................................46 2.2.3 Chromium Ore Deposits................................................................46 2.2.3.1 Stratiform Mafic-Ultramafic Chromite Deposits .........62 2.2.3.2 Podiform- or Alpine-Type Chromite Deposits ............63 2.2.4 Crude Oil, Tars and Pitch, Asphalts, and Coal..........................63 2.2.5 Rock ...................................................................................................64 -
C:\Documents and Settings\Alan Smithee\My Documents\MOTM
Itkx1//7Lhmdq`knesgdLnmsg9Rshbgshsd Our ongoing search for new minerals to feature finds us scouring the more than forty separate shows that comprise the Tucson Gem & Mineral show every year, looking for large lots of interesting and attractive minerals. The search is rewarded when we make a new contact and find something especially vibrant like this month’s combination of lavender stichtite in green serpentinite! OGXRHB@K OQNODQSHDR Chemistry: Mg6Cr2(CO3)(OH)16A4H2O Basic Hydrous Magnesium Chromium Carbonate (Hydrous Magnesium Chromium Carbonate Hydroxide) Class: Carbonates Subclass: Carbonates with hydroxyl or halogen radicals Group: Hydrotalcite Crystal System: Trigonal Crystal Habits: Crystals rarely macroscopic; usually as crust-like aggregates in matrix; sometimes radiating, micaceous with flexible plates, and nodular with tuberous, irregular surface projections; also massive and fibrous. Color: Lavender, lilac, light violet, pink, or purplish. Luster: Waxy, greasy, sometimes pearly. Transparency: Transparent to translucent Streak: White to pale lilac Refractive Index: 1.516-1.542 Cleavage: Perfect in one direction Fracture: Uneven, brittle. Hardness: 1.5-2.0 Specific Gravity: 2.2 Luminescence: None Distinctive Features and Tests: Softness, color, crystal habits, occurrence in chromium-rich metamorphic environments, and frequent association with serpentinite (a greenish metamorphic rock). Stichtite can be confused with similarly colored sugilite [potassium sodium iron manganese aluminum lithium silicate, KNa2(Fe,Mn,Al)2Li2Si12O30]. -
Stichtite Mg6cr2co3(OH)16∙4H2O - Crystal Data: Hexagonal
Stichtite Mg6Cr2CO3(OH)16∙4H2O - Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 3 2/m or 6/m 2/m 2/m. As aggregates of fibers or plates, commonly matted, contorted; as cross-fiber veinlets and micaceous scales. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {0001}. Tenacity: Laminae flexible, not elastic; greasy feel. Hardness = 1.5-2 D(meas.) = 2.16 D(calc.) = 2.11 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Lilac to rose-pink; lilac to rose-pink in transmitted light. Streak: Very pale lilac to white. Luster: Waxy to resinous, somewhat pearly. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–); may be anomalously biaxial. ω = 1.545(3) ε = 1.518(3) 2V(meas.) = Small. Pleochroism: Weak; O = dark rose-pink to lilac; E = light rose-pink to lilac. - Cell Data: Space Group: R3 m. a = 3.09575(3) c = 23.5069(6) Z = 3/8 (stichtite-3R) Space Group: P63/mmc. a = 3.09689(6) c = 15.6193(8) Z = 1/4 (stichtite-2H) X-ray Powder Pattern: Dundas, Tasmania, Australia. (ICDD 14-330) 7.8 (100), 3.91 (90), 2.60 (40), 2.32 (30), 1.97 (30), 1.54 (20), 1.51 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) Al2O3 2.30 Fe2O3 4.18 Cr2O3 14.15 23.24 MgO 37.72 36.98 H2O 34.14 33.05 CO2 7.15 6.73 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Dundas, Tasmania, Australia; probably intermixed with stichtite-2H, original total of 99.27% recalculated to 100% after deduction of SiO2 2.09%, FeO 0.28% as chromite. (2) Mg6Cr2(CO3)(OH)16•4H2O. Polymorphism & Series: Polytypes 3R and 2H (formerly barbertonite).