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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Mixite Bicu6(Aso4)3(OH)6 • 3H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal
Mixite BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 • 3H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m. As acicular crystals, elongated along [0001], commonly in mats, radial fibrous aggregates, or cross-fiber veinlets. Physical Properties: Hardness = 3–4 D(meas.) = 3.79–3.83 D(calc.) = [4.04] Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Blue-green to emerald-green, pale green, white; pale green to colorless in transmitted light. Streak: Pale bluish green. Luster: Vitreous, silky in aggregates. Optical Class: Uniaxial (+). Pleochroism: O = colorless; E = bright green. Absorption: E > O. ω = 1.743–1.749 = 1.810–1.830 Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/m. a = 13.646(2) c = 5.920(1) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Anton mine, Germany. 12.03 (10), 2.46 (9), 3.57 (8), 2.95 (7), 2.86 (6), 2.70 (6), 2.57 (6) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) P2O5 1.05 0.06 As2O5 29.51 28.79 29.64 SiO2 0.42 Fe2O3 0.97 Bi2O3 12.25 11.18 20.03 FeO 1.52 CuO 44.23 43.89 41.04 ZnO 2.70 CaO 0.83 0.26 H2O 11.06 11.04 9.29 Total 100.45 99.31 100.00 • (1) J´achymov, Czech Republic. (2) Tintic district, Utah, USA. (3) BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 3H2O. Mineral Group: Mixite group. Occurrence: An uncommon secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of copper deposits. Association: Bismutite, smaltite, bismuth, atelestite, erythrite, malachite, barite. Distribution: From the Geister vein, Werner mine, J´achymov (Joachimsthal), Czech Republic. -
Petersite, a REE and Phosphate Analog of Mixite
American Mineralogist, Volume 67, pages 1039-142, l9E2 Petersite,a REE and phosphateanalog of mixite DoNer-o R. PBecon Department of Geological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 nNn PBIB J. DUNN Department of Mineral Sciences Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.20560 Abstract The new mineral petersite (Y,REE,Ca)Cuo@Oa)I(OH)6.3H2O)occurs as a supergene mineral at the traprock quarry at Laurel Hill in Secaucus,New Jersey. It occurs in a brecciatedand mineralizedhornfels near a diabasecontact, in associationwith opal and malachite.Prismatic crystals less than 0. I mm in lengthwith forms {1010}and {0001}occur as radiatingsprays. It is optically uniaxial, positive,with or : 1.666(4) and e: 1.747(4). The measureddensity is 3.41g/cm3. Petersite is hexagonal,probable space group PQlm or P63,with a : 13.288(5)c : 5.877(5)4,V : 898.6(8)43,and Z:2.The strongestlines in the powderdiffraction pattern are: (d, intensity,index) I1.6, 100,100; 4.36, 50, 210;3.49,40, 2ll;2.877,40, 400;2.433, 60,212. The nameis in honorof Thomasand JosephPeters. Introduction under catalog # NMNH 148973at the Smithsonian Institution. The new mineral describedherein was sent to us for examinationby Mr. ThomasPeters of the Pater- Morphology son Museum,who had obtainedit from Mr. Nicho- Petersiteoccurs as prismatic hexagonalcrystals las Facciolla, who found it in early 1981. Mr. of simplemorphology. The only forms presentare Peters'examination by SEM techniquessuggested the prism {1010}, and the pinacoid {0001}. The a hexagonal morphology for the mineral and our crystals are usually euhedral and occur in radiating subsequentX-ray diffraction study showedit to be clustersand sprayswhich are somewhatisolated on hexagonaland isostructural with members of the the matrix (Fig. -
Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given. -
New Mineral Names*
American Mineralogist, Volume 97, pages 2064–2072, 2012 New Mineral Names* G. DIEGO GATTA,1 FERNANDO CÁMARA,2 KIMBERLY T. TAIT,3,† AND DMITRY BELAKOVSKIY4 1Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Botticelli, 23-20133 Milano, Italy 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35-10125 Torino, Italy 3Department of Natual History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada 4Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia IN THIS ISSUE This New Mineral Names has entries for 12 new minerals, including: agardite-(Nd), ammineite, byzantievite, chibaite, ferroericssonite, fluor-dravite, fluorocronite, litochlebite, magnesioneptunite, manitobaite, orlovite, and tashelgite. These new minerals come from several different journals: Canadian Mineralogist, European Journal of Mineralogy, Journal of Geosciences, Mineralogical Magazine, Nature Communications, Novye dannye o mineralakh (New data on minerals), and Zap. Ross. Mineral. Obshch. We also include seven entries of new data. AGARDITE-(ND)* clusters up to 2 mm across. Agardite-(Nd) is transparent, light I.V. Pekov, N.V. Chukanov, A.E. Zadov, P. Voudouris, A. bluish green (turquoise-colored) in aggregates to almost color- Magganas, and A. Katerinopoulos (2011) Agardite-(Nd), less in separate thin needles or fibers. Streak is white. Luster is vitreous in relatively thick crystals and silky in aggregates. Mohs NdCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O, from the Hilarion Mine, Lavrion, Greece: mineral description and chemical relations with other hardness is <3. Crystals are brittle, cleavage nor parting were members of the agardite–zálesíite solid-solution system. observed, fracture is uneven. Density could not be measured Journal of Geosciences, 57, 249–255. -
Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective
The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective Gd Pr Ce Sm La Nd Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover photo: Powders of six rare earth elements oxides. Photograph by Peggy Greb, Agricultural Research Center of United States Department of Agriculture. The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective By Keith R. Long, Bradley S. Van Gosen, Nora K. Foley, and Daniel Cordier Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This report has not been reviewed for stratigraphic nomenclature. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: Long, K.R., Van Gosen, B.S., Foley, N.K., and Cordier, Daniel, 2010, The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States—A summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective: U.S. -
Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals
Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals by Eleanor Lyons Brightbill Collaborators: Tyler W. Farnsworth, Adam H. Woomer, Patrick C. O'Brien, Kaci L. Kuntz Senior Honors Thesis Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill April 7th, 2016 Approved: ___________________________ Dr Scott Warren, Thesis Advisor Dr Wei You, Reader Dr. Todd Austell, Reader Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are championed as potential components for novel technologies due to the extreme change in properties that often accompanies a transition from the bulk to a quantum-confined state. While the incredible properties of existing 2D materials have been investigated for numerous applications, the current library of stable 2D materials is limited to a relatively small number of material systems, and attempts to identify novel 2D materials have found only a small subset of potential 2D material precursors. Here I present a rigorous, yet simple, set of criteria to identify 3D crystals that may be exfoliated into stable 2D sheets and apply these criteria to a database of naturally occurring layered minerals. These design rules harness two fundamental properties of crystals—Mohs hardness and melting point—to enable a rapid and effective approach to identify candidates for exfoliation. It is shown that, in layered systems, Mohs hardness is a predictor of inter-layer (out-of-plane) bond strength while melting point is a measure of intra-layer (in-plane) bond strength. This concept is demonstrated by using liquid exfoliation to produce novel 2D materials from layered minerals that have a Mohs hardness less than 3, with relative success of exfoliation (such as yield and flake size) dependent on melting point. -
Robert T Downs
Curriculum Vitae – Robert T. Downs 1 Field of Specialization: The crystallography and spectroscopy of minerals, with emphasis on crystal chemistry, bonding, temperature and pressure effects, characterization and identification. Contact Information: Dr Robert T Downs Department of Geosciences Voice: 520-626-8092 Gould-Simpson Building Lab: 520-626-3845 University of Arizona Fax: 520-621-2672 Tucson Arizona 85721-0077 [email protected] Education: University of British Columbia 1986 B.S. Mathematics Virginia Tech 1989 M.S. Geological Sciences Virginia Tech 1992 Ph.D. Geological Sciences Graduate Advisors: G.V. Gibbs (Mineralogy) and M.B. Boisen, Jr. (Mathematics) Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory, 1993 – 1996 Post-doc Advisors: R.M. Hazen and L.W. Finger Academic and Professional Appointments: Assistant Professor, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, August 1996 – 2002 Associate Professor, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 2002 – 2008 Professor, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 2008 – present Assistant to curator Joe Nagel: University of British Columbia, 1985 Assistant to curator Gary Ansell: National Mineral Collections of Canada, 1986 Assistant to curator Susan Eriksson: Virginia Tech Museum of Geological Sciences, 1990 Graduate teaching assistant: Virginia Tech, 1988 – 1992 Pre-doctoral Fellowship: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory, 1991 Post-doctoral Fellowship: CIW, Geophysical Laboratory, February 1993 – July 1996 Visiting Professor, -
Agardite-(Y), Cu 6Y(Aso4)3(OH)6Á3H2O a = 13.5059 (5) a T = 293 K C = 5.8903 (2) A˚ 0.10 Â 0.02 Â 0.02 Mm
inorganic compounds Acta Crystallographica Section E Experimental Structure Reports Crystal data Online ˚ 3 Cu5.70(Y0.69Ca0.31)[(As0.83P0.17)O4]3- V = 930.50 (6) A ISSN 1600-5368 (OH)6Á3H2O Z =2 Mr = 985.85 Mo K radiation À1 Hexagonal, P63=m = 13.13 mm 2+ ˚ Agardite-(Y), Cu 6Y(AsO4)3(OH)6Á3H2O a = 13.5059 (5) A T = 293 K c = 5.8903 (2) A˚ 0.10 Â 0.02 Â 0.02 mm a b Shaunna M. Morrison, * Kenneth J. Domanik, Marcus J. Data collection a a Origlieri and Robert T. Downs Bruker APEXII CCD 20461 measured reflections diffractometer 786 independent reflections aDepartment of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 E. 4th Street, Tucson, Absorption correction: multi-scan 674 reflections with I >2(I) Arizona 85721-0077, USA, and bLunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of (SADABS; Bruker, 2004) Rint = 0.048 Arizona, 1629 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ. 85721-0092, USA Tmin = 0.353, Tmax = 0.779 Correspondence e-mail: [email protected] Refinement Received 24 July 2013; accepted 21 August 2013 R[F 2 >2(F 2)] = 0.032 1 restraint wR(F 2) = 0.086 H-atom parameters not refined ˚ À3 Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 293 K; mean () = 0.000 A˚; H-atom S = 1.14 Ámax = 2.34 e A ˚ À3 completeness 0%; disorder in main residue; R factor = 0.032; wR factor = 0.086; 786 reflections Ámin = À0.79 e A data-to-parameter ratio = 13.1. 60 parameters 2+ Agardite-(Y), with a refined formula of Cu 5.70(Y0.69Ca0.31)- Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2004); cell refinement: SAINT 2+ [(As0.83P0.17)O4]3(OH)6Á3H2O [ideally Cu 6Y(AsO4)3(OH)6Á- (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine 3H2O, hexacopper(II) yttrium tris(arsenate) hexahydroxide trihydrate], belongs to the mixite mineral group which is structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: Xtal- characterized by the general formula Cu2+ A(TO ) (OH) Á- Draw (Downs & Hall-Wallace, 2003); software used to prepare 6 4 3 6 material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010). -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
MSDC Feb 2021 Newsletter.Pdf
MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MONTHLY NEWSLETTER Zoom Meetings Continue Please connect to our February program at our usual time and date: Wednesday, February 3, 2021 at 7:30 pm Eastern Time. You should receive a link in an email from the MSDC Treasurer, John Weidner. If you do not, please email John (jfweidner42@ gmail.com) and he will send you the link. Volume 79-02 February 3, 2021 Program: February 2021 “The Universe in a Micro Box” Issue Highlights: by Mike Seeds Zoom Meetings Continue 1 by Yury Kalish, MSDC Vice President February 3, 2021 Program 1 Our presenter in February will be Mike Seeds, Emeritus Professor of Astronomy at Franklin & Marshall College, in Sharing Time 1 Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He has enjoyed minerals since Prez Says… 1 childhood, and his wife and daughter joined him in the family 2 hobby of geology and minerals. Mike is past president of the January 2021 Business Meeting Baltimore Mineral Society and has been editor of the club January Program Summary 4 newsletter for over 10 years. He has written over 100 articles Humor Section 15 about micromounting called Shoebox Adventures which have been reprinted in club newsletters around the world. In Memoriam 16 Club Information and Officers 18 Mike’s presentation is entitled “The Universe in a Micro Useful Mineral Links 19 Box.” Hydrogen and helium atoms were made in the big bang, but where did all of the heavier elements come from? Club Membership Form 21 They were cooked up in stars and, in some cases, blasted into existence in cataclysmic explosions called supernovae. -
Agardite-(La) (La, Ca)Cu6(Aso4)3(OH)6 • 3H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Agardite-(La) (La, Ca)Cu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 • 3H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m or 6. Crystals acicular, prismatic, to 3 mm, in tufted groups, spherical rosettes. Physical Properties: Hardness = n.d. D(meas.) = 3.65(5) D(calc.) = 3.62(1) Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Grass-green to dull green, yellowish green to intense bluish green, rarely nearly colorless. Optical Class: Uniaxial (+). ω = 1.715(2) = 1.795(2) Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/m or P 63. a = 13.586(4) c = 5.931(5) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: n.d. ; presumably very similar to agardite-(Y). Chemistry: (1) Red Cloud fluorite mine, New Mexico, USA; analysis not given, by electron microprobe, average of analyses on four crystals, (OH)1− calculated for charge balance; stated to correspond to (Al0.36La0.29Ce0.21Nd0.08Pr0.03Y0.02Gd0.02Sm0.01)Σ=1.02(Cu5.50Ca0.42Pb0.06Fe0.02 • Zn0.01)Σ=6.01[(AsO4)2.74(SiO4)0.25(VO4)0.02(SO4)0.02]Σ=3.03(OH)5.76 3H2O. Mineral Group: Mixite group; Nd and Ce have also been noted as dominant rare-earth elements, but the corresponding species have not been fully described. Occurrence: In small amounts in the oxidized zone of hydrothermal mineralized breccia and polymetallic mineral deposits (Red Cloud mines, New Mexico, USA). Association: Fluorite, bastnaesite, barite, quartz (Red Cloud fluorite mine, New Mexico, USA); chrysocolla, malachite, azurite, mimetite, vanadinite, conichalcite, wulfenite, mottramite, cerussite, quartz (Red Cloud copper mine, New Mexico, USA); smithsonite, aurichalcite, hydrozincite, azurite, cuprian adamite, calcite, chrysocolla, zincaluminite, gibbsite (Kamariza mine, Greece).