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Finish, Culet Size, and Girdle Thickness: Categories of the GIA Diamond Cut Grading System
Finish, Culet Size, and Girdle Thickness: Categories of the GIA Diamond Cut Grading System This booklet summarizes the relationship of Finish, Culet Size, and Girdle Thickness to the GIA Cut Grading System for round brilliant diamonds. It is intended to help members of the jewelry trade better understand the attributes of diamond appearance, and how those attributes are evaluated within the GIA Cut Grading System. Finish—Polish and Symmetry In the GIA Cut Grading System for standard round brilliant To determine the relationship between finish and overall diamonds, finish (for Polish and Symmetry features) is cut quality, GIA conducted extensive observation testing factored into the final overall cut grade as follows: of numerous diamonds using standardized lighting and viewing conditions. Observations of diamonds with • To qualify for an Excellent cut grade, polish and comparable proportions, but differing in their polish and symmetry must be Very Good or Excellent. symmetry categories, were analyzed to determine the effects of finish on overall cut appearance. In this way, • To qualify for a Very Good cut grade, both polish GIA found that a one grade difference between the other and symmetry must be at least Good. aspects of a diamond’s cut grade and its polish and • To qualify for a Good cut grade, both polish and symmetry assessments did not significantly lower a symmetry must be at least Fair. trained observer’s assessment of face-up appearance, and could not be discerned reliably with the unaided eye— • To qualify for a Fair cut grade, both polish and e.g., polish and/or symmetry descriptions of Very Good symmetry must be at least Fair. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
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I`mt`qx1/00Lhmdq`knesgdLnmsg9Rbnkdbhsd This month’s mineral, scolecite, is an uncommon zeolite from India. Our write-up explains its origin as a secondary mineral in volcanic host rocks, the difficulty of collecting this fragile mineral, the unusual properties of the zeolite-group minerals, and why mineralogists recently revised the system of zeolite classification and nomenclature. OVERVIEW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Chemistry: Ca(Al2Si3O10)A3H2O Hydrous Calcium Aluminum Silicate (Hydrous Calcium Aluminosilicate), usually containing some potassium and sodium. Class: Silicates Subclass: Tectosilicates Group: Zeolites Crystal System: Monoclinic Crystal Habits: Usually as radiating sprays or clusters of thin, acicular crystals or Hairlike fibers; crystals are often flattened with tetragonal cross sections, lengthwise striations, and slanted terminations; also massive and fibrous. Twinning common. Color: Usually colorless, white, gray; rarely brown, pink, or yellow. Luster: Vitreous to silky Transparency: Transparent to translucent Streak: White Cleavage: Perfect in one direction Fracture: Uneven, brittle Hardness: 5.0-5.5 Specific Gravity: 2.16-2.40 (average 2.25) Figure 1. Scolecite. Luminescence: Often fluoresces yellow or brown in ultraviolet light. Refractive Index: 1.507-1.521 Distinctive Features and Tests: Best field-identification marks are acicular crystal habit; vitreous-to-silky luster; very low density; and association with other zeolite-group minerals, especially the closely- related minerals natrolite [Na2(Al2Si3O10)A2H2O] and mesolite [Na2Ca2(Al6Si9O30)A8H2O]. Laboratory tests are often needed to distinguish scolecite from other zeolite minerals. Dana Classification Number: 77.1.5.5 NAME The name “scolecite,” pronounced SKO-leh-site, is derived from the German Skolezit, which comes from the Greek sklx, meaning “worm,” an allusion to the tendency of its acicular crystals to curl when heated and dehydrated. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Taaffeite, a New Beryllium Mineral, Found As a Cut Gem- Stone.I
765 Taaffeite, a new beryllium mineral, found as a cut gem- stone.I By B. W. ANDERSON,B.Sc., F.C.S., C. J. PAYNE, B.Sc. Laboratory of the Diamond, Pearl, and Precious Stone Trade Section of the London Chamber of Commerce. and G. F. CLARINGBULL,B.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. With microchemical analysis by M. H. HEY, M.A., D.Sc. Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. [Read June 7, 1951.] ------ N October 1945 Count Taaffe,2 a brilliant if unorthodox Dublin I gemmologist, in the course of examining a motley collection of gem- stones, came across a small mauve stone which puzzled him greatly. The stone had the appearance, and most of the characters, of spinel, but afforded clear evidence of double refraction. As recounted below, this stone was later found to belong to an entirely new mineral species-the only c~se hitherto known where a mineral has been first encountered as a faceted gem. Since the precise circumstances of such a discovery have both human and technical interest, it seemed best to obtain from Count Taaffe his own account of the event. This is accordingly given below before pro- ceeding to the more formal presentation of the data on the new mineral, which has been named taaffeite in honour of its discoverer. On one of my rounds in search of gems I came to Mr. Robert Dobbie, watchmaker and working jeweller in Fleet Street, Dublin; he allowed me in his genial way to go through all his boxes in which he kept stones, to pick out any that were real-most of them were glass-and to make him an offer for them. -
Iron.Rich Amesite from the Lake Asbestos Mine. Black
Canodian Mineralogist Yol.22, pp. 43742 (1984) IRON.RICHAMESITE FROM THE LAKE ASBESTOS MINE. BLACKLAKE. OUEBEC MEHMET YEYZT TANER,* AND ROGER LAURENT DAporternentde Gdologie,Universitd Loval, Qudbec,Qudbec GIK 7P4 ABSTRACT o 90.02(1l)', P W.42(12)',1 89.96(8)'.A notreconnais- sance,c'est la premibrefois qu'on ddcritune am6site riche Iron-rich amesite is found in a metasomatically altered enfer. Elles'ct form€ependant l'altdration hydrothermale granite sheet20 to 40 cm thick emplacedin serpentinite of du granitedans la serpentinite,dans les m€mes conditions the Thetford Mi[es ophiolite complex at the Lake Asbestos debasses pression et temperaturequi ont prdsid6d la for- mine (z16o01'N,11"22' W) ntheQuebec Appalachians.The mation de la rodingite dansle granite et de I'amiante- amesiteis associatedsdth 4lodingife 6semblage(grossu- chrysotiledans la serpentinite. lar + calcite t diopside t clinozoisite) that has replaced the primary minerals of the granite. The Quebec amesite Mots-clds:am6site, rodingite, granite, complexeophio- occurs as subhedral grains 2@ to 6@ pm.in diameter that litique, Thetford Mines, Qu6bec. have a tabular habit. It is optically positive with a small 2V, a 1.612,1 1.630,(t -'o = 0.018).Its structuralfor- INTRoDUc"iloN mula, calculated from electron-microprobe data, is: (Mg1.1Fe6.eA1s.e)(Alo.esil.df Os(OH)r.2. X-ray powder- Amesite is a raxehydrated aluminosilicate of mag- diffraction yield data dvalues that are systematicallygreater nesium in which some ferrous iron usually is found than those of amesitefrom Chester, Massachusetts,prob- replacingmapesium. The extent of this replacement ably becauseof the partial replacement of Mg by Fe. -
Cafetite, Ca[Ti2o5](H2O): Crystal Structure and Revision of Chemical Formula
American Mineralogist, Volume 88, pages 424–429, 2003 Cafetite, Ca[Ti2O5](H2O): Crystal structure and revision of chemical formula SERGEY V. K RIVOVICHEV,1,* VICTOR N. YAKOVENCHUK,2 PETER C. BURNS,3 YAKOV A. PAKHOMOVSKY,2 AND YURY P. MENSHIKOV2 1Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia 2Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana 14, 184200-RU Apatity, Russia 3Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0767, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The crystal structure of cafetite, ideally Ca[Ti2O5](H2O), (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 4.9436(15), b = 12.109(4), c = 15.911(5) Å, b = 98.937(5)∞, V = 940.9(5) Å3, Z = 8) has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.057 using X-ray diffraction data collected from a crystal pseudo-merohedrally twinned on (001). There are four symmetrically independent Ti cations; each is octahedrally coordi- nated by six O atoms. The coordination polyhedra around the Ti cations are strongly distorted with individual Ti-O bond lengths ranging from 1.743 to 2.223 Å (the average <Ti-O> bond length is 1.98 Å). Two symmetrically independent Ca cations are coordinated by six and eight anions for Ca1 and Ca2, respectively. The structure is based on [Ti2O5] sheets of TiO6 octahedra parallel to (001). The Ca atoms and H2O groups are located between the sheets and link them into a three-dimensional struc- ture. The structural formula of cafetite confirmed by electron microprobe analysis is Ca[Ti2O5](H2O), . -
The Thermal Dehydration of Natural Zeolites
549.67:536.4 MEDEDELINGEN LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL WAGENINGEN • NEDERLAND • 74-9 (1974) THE THERMAL DEHYDRATION OF NATURAL ZEOLITES (with a summary in Dutch) L. P. VAN REEUWIJK Department of Soil Science and Geology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (Received 11-11-1974) H. VEENMAN & ZONEN B.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1974 Ml Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 74-9 (1974) (Communications Agricultural University) is also published as a thesis CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. History 1 1.2. Genesis and occurrence of natural zeolites 2 1.3. Structural classification 4 1.4. Practical applications of zeolites 8 2. THE DEHYDRATION OF ZEOLITES - A CRITICAL REVIEW 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. DTA and TG 12 2.3. High temperature X-ray analysis 13 2.4. Vapour pressure 14 2.5. The reaction mechanism 15 2.6. Rehydration 16 3. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE DEHYDRATION PROCESS 17 3.1. Types of dehydration 17 3.2. Examples 18 3.3. Effect of pressure on dehydration 22 3.3.1. Qualitative aspect 22 3.3.2. Quantitative aspect - Calibration of pressure 25 3.4. Dehydration equilibrium and hysteresis 26 3.5. Internal and external adsorption 28 4. DEHYDRATION OF ZEOLITES OF THE NATROLITE GROUP 30 4.1. Materials and procedures 30 4.2. Results and discussion 31 4.2.1. Natrolite 31 4.2.2. Mesolite 33 4.2.3. Scolecite 36 4.2.4. Thomsonite 37 4.2.5. Gonnardite 37 4.2.6. Edingtonite 38 4.3. Conclusions 39 5. PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RELATIONS 40 5.1. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation 41 5.2. Experimental 43 5.3. -
Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research Revised Edition DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cover Photograph: Transitional particle from upstate New York identified by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as anthophyllite asbestos altering to talc. Photograph courtesy of USGS. CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. Disclaimer Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the Na- tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the spon- soring organizations or their programs or products. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites. Ordering Information To receive NIOSH documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at Telephone: 1–800–CDC–INFO (1–800–232–4636) TTY: 1–888–232–6348 E-mail: [email protected] or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh. For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011–159 (Revised for clarification; no changes in substance or new science presented) April 2011 Safer • Healthier • PeopleTM ii Foreword Asbestos has been a highly visible issue in public health for over three decades. -
Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given. -
New Minerals Approved Bythe Ima Commission on New
NEW MINERALS APPROVED BY THE IMA COMMISSION ON NEW MINERALS AND MINERAL NAMES ALLABOGDANITE, (Fe,Ni)l Allabogdanite, a mineral dimorphous with barringerite, was discovered in the Onello iron meteorite (Ni-rich ataxite) found in 1997 in the alluvium of the Bol'shoy Dolguchan River, a tributary of the Onello River, Aldan River basin, South Yakutia (Republic of Sakha- Yakutia), Russia. The mineral occurs as light straw-yellow, with strong metallic luster, lamellar crystals up to 0.0 I x 0.1 x 0.4 rnrn, typically twinned, in plessite. Associated minerals are nickel phosphide, schreibersite, awaruite and graphite (Britvin e.a., 2002b). Name: in honour of Alia Nikolaevna BOG DAN OVA (1947-2004), Russian crys- tallographer, for her contribution to the study of new minerals; Geological Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity. fMA No.: 2000-038. TS: PU 1/18632. ALLOCHALCOSELITE, Cu+Cu~+PbOZ(Se03)P5 Allochalcoselite was found in the fumarole products of the Second cinder cone, Northern Breakthrought of the Tolbachik Main Fracture Eruption (1975-1976), Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It occurs as transparent dark brown pris- matic crystals up to 0.1 mm long. Associated minerals are cotunnite, sofiite, ilin- skite, georgbokiite and burn site (Vergasova e.a., 2005). Name: for the chemical composition: presence of selenium and different oxidation states of copper, from the Greek aA.Ao~(different) and xaAxo~ (copper). fMA No.: 2004-025. TS: no reliable information. ALSAKHAROVITE-Zn, NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)JSi401ZJz(0,OH)4·7HzO photo 1 Labuntsovite group Alsakharovite-Zn was discovered in the Pegmatite #45, Lepkhe-Nel'm MI. -
New Mineral Names*
American Mineralogist, Volume 97, pages 2064–2072, 2012 New Mineral Names* G. DIEGO GATTA,1 FERNANDO CÁMARA,2 KIMBERLY T. TAIT,3,† AND DMITRY BELAKOVSKIY4 1Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Botticelli, 23-20133 Milano, Italy 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35-10125 Torino, Italy 3Department of Natual History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada 4Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia IN THIS ISSUE This New Mineral Names has entries for 12 new minerals, including: agardite-(Nd), ammineite, byzantievite, chibaite, ferroericssonite, fluor-dravite, fluorocronite, litochlebite, magnesioneptunite, manitobaite, orlovite, and tashelgite. These new minerals come from several different journals: Canadian Mineralogist, European Journal of Mineralogy, Journal of Geosciences, Mineralogical Magazine, Nature Communications, Novye dannye o mineralakh (New data on minerals), and Zap. Ross. Mineral. Obshch. We also include seven entries of new data. AGARDITE-(ND)* clusters up to 2 mm across. Agardite-(Nd) is transparent, light I.V. Pekov, N.V. Chukanov, A.E. Zadov, P. Voudouris, A. bluish green (turquoise-colored) in aggregates to almost color- Magganas, and A. Katerinopoulos (2011) Agardite-(Nd), less in separate thin needles or fibers. Streak is white. Luster is vitreous in relatively thick crystals and silky in aggregates. Mohs NdCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O, from the Hilarion Mine, Lavrion, Greece: mineral description and chemical relations with other hardness is <3. Crystals are brittle, cleavage nor parting were members of the agardite–zálesíite solid-solution system. observed, fracture is uneven. Density could not be measured Journal of Geosciences, 57, 249–255.