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Geological Investigations in Ellesmere Island, 1952

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Geological Investigations in Ellesmere Island, 1952 Fig. 1. Lookingsoutheast across Caledonian Bay, east coast of Canyon Fiord. The peaks inthe back- ground consist of dark limestone, presumably corresponding to the Offley Island formation of Middle Silurian (Late Llandovery; Clinton) age. To theleft of the peak in thecentre may be seen a gap in the ridge. This gap indicates the position of steeply dipping graptolite shales (visible in Fig. 6 as a dark band) which maybelong to the Cape Tyson formation of Late Silurian (Tarannon-Wenlock) age. The low hills near the coast consist of sandstones and shales, which provisionally are referred to the Polaris Harbour formation of doubtfulLate Silurian (Ludlow) age. The “shoulder” or plateau remnantbetween the high peaks and the coast is clearly seen. The arrow indicates the localityshown in Fig. 7. May 1952. GEOLOGICALINVESTIGATIONS IN ELLESMEREISLAND, 1952 J. C. Troelsen* R. LAUGEKOCH’S ideas on the age of the folded mountain system in north Greenland and Ellesmere Island have for the last thirty years been a stormDcentre in Scandinavian geology. It has been maintained by several geologists that Koch’s theory of a Caledonian age of thefolding was not supported by acceptable evidence, and as late as 1950 HansFrebold (1951, p. 42) statedthat: “Das Alterder Nordgronland-GrinnelLLand-Faltenzone ist noch ungeklart und neuerdings bekanntgewordene Tatsachen sprechen fur das Vorliegen jungerer Faltungen in diesem Raume” (“The age of the north Greenland-Grinnell Land zone of folding is notyet known, and recently published evidence suggests the presence of younger foldings within this area”). On the Danish Thule-Ellesmere Land Expedition in the spring of 1940 I attempted unsuccessfully to solve theproblem of the age of the mountain system in Ellesmere Island, though clear evidence was found of a gentle post- Triassic folding. Circumstantial evidence derived fromthe literature and from my field observations suggested, however, that the main folding of the mountain system took place some time between the Silurian and the Middle Carboniferous periods, possibly inLate Silurian and/or Middle to Late Devonian time (Troelsen, 1950a). Later, as a member of the Danish Pearyland Expedition, I was able to prove that a folding had taken place between Middle Ordovician (Silurian fossils were found in the unfolded sequence but not within the belt of folding) and Late Carboniferous times in thenorth Greenland end of the mountain system (Troelsen, 1950b). InPeary Land there is thusa considerable time gap between the folded and the overlying unfolded rocks and, as the sequence of geological events has not necessarily been the same throughoutthe north Greenland-Ellesmere Island mountain system, further research in Ellesmere Island was needed. In 1940 I formed the impression that the key to the problem should be sought somewhere near Canyon Fiord, west Ellesmere Island, but I was unable to spend much time looking for it. When I heard that a weather station had been built in 1947 at Slidre Fiord, not far from Canyon Fiord, I decided to make another attempt at the mountain folding in Ellesmere Island, but it was not until March 1952 that I was ready to leave for the Arctic. The 1952 expedition was made possible in part by a grant from the Arctic Institute of North America, with funds provided by the US. Government. When itbecame apparent that the budgetas originally planned was insufficient, the University of Copenhagen and the Danish Rask-Qrsted Foundation made “Curator, Mineralogisk-geologisk Institut, University of Copenhagen. 199 2 00 GF,OLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN ELLESMEREISLAND Fig. 2. Sketch-map of west central EllesmereIsland, based on World AeronauticalChart No. 20, published June 1951. additional grants. The Defence Research Board in Ottawa lent a set of R.C.A.F. photographs of theCanyon Fiord region and, togetherwith the Arctic Institute, assisted me in planning details of the expedition. Permission to use the Eureka weather station as a base was granted by the Controller of the Meteorological Division, Canadian Department of Transport.Transpor- tation from Montreal to the Arctic and back was provided by the R.C.A.F., the U.S.A.F., and the U.S. Navy. I am indebted to all these institutions and agencies and to many individuals for help and advice. Field work Previous expeditions to the Canyon Fiord region: the Second Norwegian Polar Expedition in the Fmm, 1898-1902; the Macmillan Crocker Land Expedi- tion, 1913-7; and the Danish Thule-Ellesmere Land Expedition, 1939-11,had travelled with sledges pulled by large dog teams. Because of the expense and difficulties involved in securing and transportinga complete dog team and theirfood to Ellesmere Island, I had planned to use alight Swedish pulka drawnby one ortwo dogs. Unfortunately,on my arrival in northwest Greenland in April 1952 Ifound that an outbreak of dog disease made it impossible to obtain any dogs there, and an offer to lend me some from the Eurekaweather station had to be declined as they werenot trained for GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN ELLESMERE ISLAND 201 Fig. 3. The second startfrom Eureka weatherstation. May 1952. sledging. For reasons beyond the control of the weather station no mechanical transportation was available at the time. As it was now too late to abandon or postpone the expedition, I therefore decided to pull the pulkn myself. OnApril 19 I arrived by air at Eurekaweather station, on the north coast of Slidre Fiord, and set out the following day for Canyon Fiord. The route lay through Slidre Fiord and across the low plain northwest of Sawtooth Range.l As the loadwas very heavy, relaying had to be resorted to, and it soon became apparent that the most advantageous course would be to cache as much food and kerosene as possible on the west coast of Canyon Fiord and then to return to the weather station for additional supplies. On May 1 I was back at the base, and left again for Canyon Fiord on May 4. As the going onthe plain andalong theriver beds was already deteriorating because of evaporation of the snow on the gravel banks, I decided to travel on the sea ice northaround Fosheim Peninsula. It took five days to reachthe cache in Canyon Fiord and another two days to Caledonian Bay' on the east coast of the fiord. A careful study of stereoscopic pairs of air photographs had indicated that two areas were of special interest: at Caledonian Bay and to the southwest of 1This is the name in local use. It has not as yet been adopted by the Canadian Board on Geographical Names. 'This name has not as yet been adopted by the Canadian Board on Geographical Names. 202 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN ELLESMEREISLAND the head of Canyon Fi0rd.l As it turned out, it was most fortunate that the first area held the answers to most of the problems with which I was concerned. Special permission had been obtained to shoot a small number of Arctic hares: as I had been asked to make a collection for a Danish zoologist. Natur- ally I wanted to kill the hares at a time and place where their meat would be of most use, so I had planned to take them on the east coast of Canyon Fiord. Although former travellers had found Canyon Fiord to be teeming with Arctic hares, I did not see a single one, and during my stay here I subsisted on hard- tack and dried codfish, supplemented by some military K-rations. By strict rationing the stay in Caledonian Bay was extended to ten days, during which time themore important problems concerningthe mountain foldingwere solved. The plans for an examination of the southern part of Canyon Fiord could thus be abandoned without seriously affecting the scientific program. The last bit of food was eatenbefore I revisited my cache (or what remained of it)on the west coast of the fiord. Within half an hour, five hares had been killed in a valley nearby and manymore were seen. After collecting some Mesozoic and Permian fossils at a point a few miles south of the cache I started back towards the weather station with a full load of fossils and rock samples. By the time I reached the mouth of Canyon Fiord, the only food left was some carcasses of Arctic hares. As it turnedout to be a rathertrying experience to do hard work on astraight diet of hare meat, I temporarily abandoned camp and sledge and walked overland to the weather station. The 33-mile trip seemed rather a long one, but on the morning of May 27 I reached my goal. After a few days spent in resting and eating, I carried a food depot to the north coast of Fosheim Peninsula. Later, on June 7, with my rucksack once more filled with food, I walked overland to the campsite at the mouth of CanyonFiord. The rivers innortheastern Fosheim Peninsula werenow in flood. Some of the largest and swiftest streams had a coating of slippery ice on the bottom, while others flowed in beds of deep slush. In all, no less than thirty-six hours were spent in covering the distance of 35 miles. On the sea ice the snow had now given way to shallow pools of melt- water, and leads were opening everywhere. The largest leads were at the mouths of the main rivers and couldonly be crossed afterthey had been followed seawards for several miles. In anumber of places patches of hummocky ice, probably old floe ice, cut by a maze of deep channels and ponds, had to be crossed. Gradually the bottom of the pulka wore out and, when the inside cross- pieces began to drag on the ice, progress became nearly impossible. (In fairness to the manufacturer it should be mentioned that by far the greater part of this 1A plotting grid engravedon plexiglass wasused for making rough estimates'of distancesand directions.
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