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Geology of the Waitaki Area

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Geology of the Waitaki Area GEOLOGY OF THE WAITAKI AREA P. J . FORSYTH ( COMPILER) BffiLlOGRAPIllC REFERENCE Forsyth , I'J.(compiler) 2001: Geology of the Waitaki area. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 geological map 19. I sheet + 64p. l..ower Hutt, New Zealand. lnstitute ofGeologicaJ & Nuclear Sciences Limited. Development and maintenanceof ARCIINFO GIS database by D.W. Heron and M.S. Ratlenbury GIS operations by D.W. Heron, B. Smith-Lyttle, B. Morri son and D.Thomas Contributions to offshore geology by A. Duxtield, R.H. Herzer &B.o. Field Edited by D.W. Heron and MJ. Isaac Prepared for publication by P.L. Murray Printed by Graphic Press & Packaging Ltd, Levin ISBN 0-478-09739-5 © Copyri ght Institute of GeologicaI& Nuclear Sciences Limited 200 I FRONT COVER The Waitaki River valley, looking upstream from near Kurow. The modern flood plain has a vegetation cover of scrub and willow, but areas above flood level are intensively farmed. Kurow (middle distance) lies below Kurow Hill and the lower slopes of the 51 Marys Range. Hydroelectric storage lakes are impounded behind the Waitaki and Aviemore dams. The ranges in view are formed of Rakaia terrane sandstone. mudstone and semischist. Photo CN42818-20: D.L. Homer GEOLOGY OF THE WAITAKI AREA Scale 1:250 000 P. J. FORSYTH (COMPILER) Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 geological map 19 Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited Lower Hutt, New Zealand 2001 CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv TECTO IC HISTORY 40 Keywords.................................................................. v Paleozoic to Mesozoic 40 Late Cretaceous to Midd le Miocene 40 INTRODUCTION . Late Miocene and Pliocene 40 Quaternary tectonics.. 40 THE QMAP SERIES .. Coastline 41 The QMAP geographi c infom13tion system .... DaLa sources . GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 41 Reliability __ _. Hard-rockgold mineral isation 4 J REGIONAL SETTING . Alluvial gold 44 Scheelite 44 GEOMORPHOLOGy ........... 3 Other meta ll ic mineral s 46 Otago Peneplain 3 Coal 46 Central Olago ranges and basins 3 Limestone and Marble 46 North Olago ranges 3 Building stone 46 Coastal East Otago 3 Hydrocarbons 48 North Otago downlands 10 Rip-rap and Aggregate 48 Waitaki vall ey 10 Clay .... 48 Canterbu ry ranges and basin s 10 Di atomite 48 South Canterbury downlands 10 Silica.................................................................................. 48 Offshore ph ysiography 10 Ground water 48 STRATIGRAI'HY I I ENGINEERING GEOLOGy ...... 50 PERM IAN TO TRIASS IC I I Pal eozoic to Mesozoi c sandstone and mud stone 50 Caples terrane 11 Schist and semi sc hi st 50 Otago Schist of Caples protolith I) Cenozoic sediment ary rocks 50 Rakaia terrane II Volcanics 5 I Undiffere nti ated Permi an to Triassic sedimentary rocks. 14 Quatern ary sediments 5 1 Undifferenti ated Permian to Tri assic volcani c and metavolcanic rocks 16 Otago Schist and regional metamorphism 16 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS . 52 Blue Mountain Formati on marbl e 17 Kohurau Schi st 17 Landslides 52 Triassic nonmarine and shall ow marine rocks 17 Earthquakes 52 Deformati on structures in Rakaia rocks 18 Erosion and sedimentati on 53 Te Akatarawa lithologic association 19 Tsunalni 54 Sea level ri se 54 CRETACEOUS TO PLIOCENE 20 Groundwatercontamination 54 Mid Cretaceous sedimentary rocks 20 Late Cretaceous to Earl y Oligocene sedimentary rocks .. 23 Eocene to Oli gocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks at AVAILABILITYOFQMAPDATA . 55 Oamaru 27 Late Oli gocene to Middl e Miocene sedimentary rocks . 28 Middl e and Late Mi ocene volcanic rocks 3 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 55 Latest Miocene to Earl y Pleistocene sediments 33 Pl iocene volcanic rocks 34 REFERENCES . 56 QUATERNARY 35 Landsli de deposits 35 Scree 35 APPENDIX I Alluvial fan deposits 35 GlaciaJ and nu vioglacial deposits 35 Strati graphic names in Nonh Otago and Allu vial terraces and noodplai n deposits 35 South Canterbury 64 Peat swamp and lake deposits 36 Loess 36 Beach and estuarine deposits 37 Deposits of human ori gin 37 OFFSHORE GEOLOGy .............. ........... ............ 39 ABSTRACT The Waitalei 1:250000 geological map covers orth Otago, associated sedi mentary and intrusive rocks, compri se the eastern Central Otago, and South Canterbury, in the South Alma Group. Is land of New Zealand. Much of the map area is mountainous. The Waitaki Ri ver, which separates Otago In mid Oligocene time, the Marshall Paraconfomlity from Canterbu ry, rises in glaciated catchments before developed across the Onekakara and Alma groups, and flowing through a series ofbedrock gorges, then widening was succeeded by a condensed sequence of greensand to a broad plain . In Central Otago northeast-trending Oa1­ and limestone (Kekenodon Gro up), representing a period topped ranges of schi st are separated by intermontane of greatl y reduced sedimentation. Deposition resumed basins. The so-call ed Otago Penepl ain , a conspicuous with th e regressive Otakou Group of Miocene age , planar to gentl y rolling landform, is cut into basement compri si ng mainly marine siltstone and sandsto ne with rocks. In North Otago, northwest-trending ranges, steep so me limestone and lignite . Fluvial and lacustrine and deepl y incised, lie between th e subparallel Waihcmo sandstone and silL stone (Manuherikia Group) were and Waitalei vall eys. Ri sing above rolling downlands of deposited in inland basin s. Intraplate vo lcanism during coastal Otago are prominent volcanic hillsand mesas and the Miocene resu lted in theeruptionofDunedin Volcanic cuestas of lim estone. Canterbury ranges trend generally Group rocks over partly eroded earlier Miocene and older north-south, and are flanked by sloping piedmont fans in rocks. The reg re ss ion co ntinued through the Pliocene the easl, with till and glacial outwash further west. and Pleistocene. as detritus from rising mountain systems Offshore, a broad shelf is incised at its eastern edge by buill widespread piedmont fans and plains (Hawkdun large submarine canyons feeding eastwards into the Group and Kowai Fonllation). Onland this phase is mostly Canterbury Basin. represented by thick gravels, but de position of silt co ntinued offshore. A volcanic vent near Timaru erupted The map area li es on the Pacific Plate, a crustal bl ock several lava fl ows in Late Pli ocene time. Quaternary units separated from the Australian Plate by the active plate ran ge from till and outwash in the mountains, through boundary ofth e Alpine Faull (northwest ofthe map area). allu vial fan and terrace deposits of inland basin s and Basement rocksare mainly Rakaia terrane sandstone and coastal plains, to modern and older beach deposits. Loess siltstone, of Carboniferous to Triassic age. part of the is widespread on the downlands of South Canterbury. Torlesse composite terrane. Several di stincti ve units (Blue M ountain Form at ion, Kohurau Schist, Mt St Mary Base ment and coverin g strata have been affected by late Fonllation, Corbies Creek Group, Otemalata Group, Haldon Cenozoic faulting , including reacti vation of Cretaceo us Formation and Spurs Siltstone) are identified, with the fau lt systems, and several Late Quaternary fault and fold remai nder mapped as undifferentiated. Te Akatarawa traces are known. However geodetic results indicate that lithologic association is a fault-bounded suite ofuncertain strain rates in thispart ofthe eastern South Island are low affinity surrounded by Rakaia terrane. In the southwest to very low, though in creasing westwards (toward s the of the map li es an area of undifferentiated Caples terrane Alpine Faull). The Wailaki region, along with the reSI of rocks , of Permian to Triass ic age. Rakai a and Caples th e southeastern South Island, has had a low level of terranes arejuxtaposed along a complex fault system. All large earthquake occurrences in hi stori c times, with the the Caples rock in the map area, and mu ch of the Rakaia largest recorded earthquakes (-5.8) occurring near Oarnaru rock, is metamorphosed into Otago Schi st, the degree of in 1876. Paleoseismic studi es 0 11 indi vidual faultsin thi s metamorphi sm becoming lower away from the terrane area sugges t that the recurrence interva l of large boundary. earthquakes is in th e order of thousands or tens of th ousan ds of yea rs, but large earthquakes centred A Cretaceous to Cenozoic sedimentary sequence is outside th e map area (such as th ose on th e Alpine Fault) preserved in many basin sand valleys, especially in coastal may a lso be expected to affecl the region. Major regions; it is thicker offshore in the Canterbury Basin . earthquakes can be expected to cause landsliding and Rifting in late Early Cretaceous time was accompanied by liquefacti on, cut transport and com muni cati on links, and the deposition of coarse graben-fill, represented by the threaten many stru ctures. Other geologica l haza rd s Matakea Group. Clastic se dimentation was at firsL include landslides, erosion and aggradation, tsunami and accompanied by minor silicic volcanic activity. Regional groundwater contamination. subsidence resulted in deposition of the transgressive Onekakara Group over much of the eastern South Island Geological resources include gold , coal, aggregate, during the latest Cretaceous to Early Oligocene. IL includes limesto ne. sa nd , dimension (bu ilding) sLo ne and fluvial sa ndstone and conglomerate, marine sandstone, groundwater. These are likely to be the focus ofcontinued mudstone, greensand and marl. Sporadic igneous activity economic interest in the future. during this time is represented by the Galleon and End eavour vo lca ni cs offshore,
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