DOCSLIB.ORG

A Three-Dimensional Geological Model of the Paleozoic Bedrock of Southern Ontario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Three-Dimensional Geological Model of the Paleozoic Bedrock of Southern Ontario Groundwater Resources Study 19 Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8618 A Three-Dimensional Geological Model of the Paleozoic Bedrock of Southern Ontario 2019 This page left blank intentionally. A Three-Dimensional Geological Model of the Paleozoic Bedrock of Southern Ontario Ontario Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Study 19 Geological Survey of Canada Open File 8618 by T.R. Carter1, F.R. Brunton2, J.K. Clark3, L. Fortner4, C. Freckelton3, C.E. Logan5, H.A.J. Russell5, M. Somers4, L. Sutherland3,6, and K.H. Yeung2 2019 Users of OGS products are encouraged to contact those Aboriginal communities whose traditional territories may be located in the mineral exploration area to discuss their project. 1Consulting Geologist, Cartergeologic, 35 Parks Edge Crescent, London, Ontario N6K 3P4 2Ontario Geological Survey, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 3Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library, 669 Exeter Road, London, Ontario N6E 1L3 4 Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 659 Exeter Road, London, Ontario N6E 1L3 5 Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8 6 University of Western Ontario, Western Libraries, Map and Data Centre, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2019 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA OPEN FILE 8618 ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GROUNDWATER RESOURCES STUDY 19 A three-dimensional geological model of the Paleozoic bedrock of southern Ontario T.R. Carter, F.R. Brunton, J.K. Clark, L. Fortner, C. Freckelton, C.E. Logan, H.A.J. Russell, M. Somers, L. Sutherland, and K.H. Yeung 2019 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA OPEN FILE 8618 ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GROUNDWATER RESOURCES STUDY 19 A three-dimensional geological model of the Paleozoic bedrock of southern Ontario T.R. Carter1, F.R. Brunton2, J.K. Clark3, L. Fortner4, C. Freckelton3, C.E. Logan5, H.A.J. Russell5, M. Somers4, L. Sutherland3,6, and K.H. Yeung2 1 Consulting Geologist, Cartergeologic, 35 Parks Edge Crescent, London, Ontario N6K 3P4 2Ontario Geological Survey, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 3Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library, 669 Exeter Road, London, Ontario N6E 1L3 4 Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 659 Exeter Road, London, Ontario N6E 1L3 5 Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8 6 University of Western Ontario, Western Libraries, Map and Data Centre, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 2019 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2019 Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • indicate the complete title of the materials reproduced, and the name of the author organization; and • indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of, NRCan. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from NRCan. For more information, contact NRCan at [email protected]. Permanent link: https://doi.org/10.4095/315045 This publication is available for free download through GEOSCAN (https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/). Recommended citation Carter, T.R., Brunton, F.R., Clark, J.K., Fortner, L., Freckelton, C., Logan, C.E., Russell, H.A.J., Somers, M., Sutherland, L., and Yeung, K.H., 2019. A three-dimensional geological model of the Paleozoic bedrock of southern Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8618; Ontario Geological Survey, Groundwater Resources Study 19, 1 .zip file. https://doi.org/10.4095/315045 Publications in the GSC OF series have not been edited; they are released as submitted by the author Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................................ vii Introduction and Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 1 Project Area ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Previous Geological Modelling Work......................................................................................................... 4 Project Co-ordination and Outreach ............................................................................................................ 4 Geological and Hydrogeological Setting of Southern Ontario ............................................................................ 4 Conceptual Model Development ......................................................................................................................... 7 Lithostratigraphic Chart ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 Oil, Gas and Salt Resources (Petroleum) Well Records ............................................................................. 9 Measured Sections, Stratigraphic Control Points and Michigan Wells ....................................................... 12 Digital Bedrock Geology Subcrop Map ...................................................................................................... 13 Surface Digital Elevation Model and Bedrock Topography ....................................................................... 14 Other Data ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Data Quality Assurance and Quality Control ...................................................................................................... 15 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Process ......................................................................................... 15 QA/QC Priorities ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Chatham Sag....................................................................................................................................... 17 Lockport Group .................................................................................................................................. 18 Devonian Sandstones.......................................................................................................................... 18 Subcrop – Top of Bedrock ................................................................................................................. 19 Anomaly Edits .................................................................................................................................... 19 Data Preparation for Modelling ........................................................................................................................... 19 Data Export ................................................................................................................................................. 21 3-D Modelling ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Modelling Software..................................................................................................................................... 22 Model Layers .............................................................................................................................................. 23 Modelling Process and Work Flow ............................................................................................................. 24 Using the 3-D Model ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Geographic and Cultural Features ............................................................................................................... 27 Geological Features..................................................................................................................................... 27 Viewing Well Data...................................................................................................................................... 29 Discussion............................................................................................................................................................ 29 Summary.............................................................................................................................................................. 31 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................... 32 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 32 Appendixes .........................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stratigraphic Succession in Lower Peninsula of Michigan
    STRATIGRAPHIC DOMINANT LITHOLOGY ERA PERIOD EPOCHNORTHSTAGES AMERICANBasin Margin Basin Center MEMBER FORMATIONGROUP SUCCESSION IN LOWER Quaternary Pleistocene Glacial Drift PENINSULA Cenozoic Pleistocene OF MICHIGAN Mesozoic Jurassic ?Kimmeridgian? Ionia Sandstone Late Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality Conemaugh Grand River Formation Geological Survey Division Late Harold Fitch, State Geologist Pennsylvanian and Saginaw Formation ?Pottsville? Michigan Basin Geological Society Early GEOL IN OG S IC A A B L N Parma Sandstone S A O G C I I H E C T I Y Bayport Limestone M Meramecian Grand Rapids Group 1936 Late Michigan Formation Stratigraphic Nomenclature Project Committee: Mississippian Dr. Paul A. Catacosinos, Co-chairman Mark S. Wollensak, Co-chairman Osagian Marshall Sandstone Principal Authors: Dr. Paul A. Catacosinos Early Kinderhookian Coldwater Shale Dr. William Harrison III Robert Reynolds Sunbury Shale Dr. Dave B.Westjohn Mark S. Wollensak Berea Sandstone Chautauquan Bedford Shale 2000 Late Antrim Shale Senecan Traverse Formation Traverse Limestone Traverse Group Erian Devonian Bell Shale Dundee Limestone Middle Lucas Formation Detroit River Group Amherstburg Form. Ulsterian Sylvania Sandstone Bois Blanc Formation Garden Island Formation Early Bass Islands Dolomite Sand Salina G Unit Paleozoic Glacial Clay or Silt Late Cayugan Salina F Unit Till/Gravel Salina E Unit Salina D Unit Limestone Salina C Shale Salina Group Salina B Unit Sandy Limestone Salina A-2 Carbonate Silurian Salina A-2 Evaporite Shaley Limestone Ruff Formation
    [Show full text]
  • Reservoir Geology of the Dundee Limestone, West Branch Field, Michigan
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1990 Reservoir Geology of the Dundee Limestone, West Branch Field, Michigan Brendan Ciaran Curran Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Curran, Brendan Ciaran, "Reservoir Geology of the Dundee Limestone, West Branch Field, Michigan" (1990). Master's Theses. 1053. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1053 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RESERVOIR GEOLOGY OF THE DUNDEE LIMESTONE, WEST BRANCH FIELD, MICHIGAN by Brendan Ciaran Curran A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1990 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. RESERVOIR GEOLOGY OF THE DUNDEE LIMESTONE, WEST BRANCH FIELD, MICHIGAN Brendan Ciaran Curran, M.S. W estern Michigan University, 1990 West Branch field is a low-relief, NW-SE-trending anticline near the center of the Michigan basin. Since 1934, the Dundee Limestone (Middle Devonian) has produced over 12 million barrels of oil from this field. From core studies, six depositional facies types were recognized in the Dundee. These are dominated by bioclastic carbonate sand facies deposited in normal- marine shelf settings. Although burial cements have occluded some porosity, carbonate sand facies have retained significant primary interparticle porosity and are the most important reservoir rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Detroit River Group in the Michigan Basin
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 133 September 1951 DETROIT RIVER GROUP IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN By Kenneth K. Landes UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director Washington, D. C. Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Page Introduction............................ ^ Amherstburg formation................. 7 Nomenclature of the Detroit River Structural geology...................... 14 group................................ i Geologic history ....................... ^4 Detroit River group..................... 3 Economic geology...................... 19 Lucas formation....................... 3 Reference cited........................ 21 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Location of wells and cross sections used in the study .......................... ii 2. Correlation chart . ..................................... 2 3. Cross sections A-«kf to 3-G1 inclusive . ......................;.............. 4 4. Facies map of basal part of Dundee formation. ................................. 5 5. Aggregate thickness of salt beds in the Lucas formation. ........................ 8 6. Thickness map of Lucas formation. ........................................... 10 7. Thickness map of Amherstburg formation (including Sylvania sandstone member. 11 8. Lime stone/dolomite facies map of Amherstburg formation ...................... 13 9. Thickness of Sylvania sandstone member of Amherstburg formation.............. 15 10. Boundary of the Bois Blanc formation in southwestern Michigan.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Hydrogelogic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan. Apple, B.A., and H.W. Reeves 2007. U.S. Geological Surve
    In cooperation with the State of Michigan, Department of Environmental Quality Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan Open-File Report 2007-1236 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan By Beth A. Apple and Howard W. Reeves In cooperation with the State of Michigan, Department of Environmental Quality Open-File Report 2007-1236 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation Beth, A. Apple and Howard W. Reeves, 2007, Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michi- gan. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1236, 78 p. Cover photographs Clockwise from upper left: Photograph of Pretty Lake by Gary Huffman. Photograph of a river in winter by Dan Wydra. Photographs of Lake Michigan and the Looking Glass River by Sharon Baltusis. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Uranium Deposits of Ontario- Their Distribution and Classification
    Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 86 The Uranium Deposits of Ontario- Their Distribution and Classification By James A. Robertson 1981 lanWPope Ministry of !^st£ Natural ...__ W.T. Foster Deputy Minister Ontario ®OMNR-OGS 1981 ISSN 0704-2752 Printed in Canada ISBN 0-7743-602627 Publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and price list are available through the Ministry of Natural Resources, Public Service Centre Room 1640, Whitney Block, Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, M7A 1W3 (personal shopping and mail orders). and reports only from the Ontario Government Bookstore, Main Floor 880 Bay St., Toronto for per- sonal shopping. Out-of-Town customers write to Ministry of Government Services, Publica- tions Services Section, 5th Floor, 880 Bay St., Toronto. Ontario. M7A 1N8. Telephone 965-6015. Toll free long distance 1 •800-268-7540, in Area Code 807 dial 0-Zenith 67200. Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque or money order payable to the Treasurer of Ontario. Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information con- tained in this report, but the Ministry of Natural Resources does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information. Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form: Robertson, James A. 1981: The Uranium Deposits ol Ontario-Their Distribution and Classifica- tion; Ontario Geological
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes
    35133_Geo_Michigan_Cover.qxd 11/13/07 10:26 AM Page 1 “The Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes” is written to augment any introductory earth science, environmental geology, geologic, or geographic course offering, and is designed to introduce students in Michigan and the Great Lakes to important regional geologic concepts and events. Although Michigan’s geologic past spans the Precambrian through the Holocene, much of the rock record, Pennsylvanian through Pliocene, is miss- ing. Glacial events during the Pleistocene removed these rocks. However, these same glacial events left behind a rich legacy of surficial deposits, various landscape features, lakes, and rivers. Michigan is one of the most scenic states in the nation, providing numerous recre- ational opportunities to inhabitants and visitors alike. Geology of the region has also played an important, and often controlling, role in the pattern of settlement and ongoing economic development of the state. Vital resources such as iron ore, copper, gypsum, salt, oil, and gas have greatly contributed to Michigan’s growth and industrial might. Ample supplies of high-quality water support a vibrant population and strong industrial base throughout the Great Lakes region. These water supplies are now becoming increasingly important in light of modern economic growth and population demands. This text introduces the student to the geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes region. It begins with the Precambrian basement terrains as they relate to plate tectonic events. It describes Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks, restricted basin salts, and Niagaran pinnacle reefs. Quaternary glacial events and the development of today’s modern landscapes are also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Collingwood Mb., Lindsay Fm., Stratigraphy and Oil Shale Potential
    THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the “Content”) is governed by the terms set out on this page (“Terms of Use”). By downloading this Content, you (the “User”) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use. Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario’s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an “as-is” basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever. Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the “Owner”).
    [Show full text]
  • 021-1570 Fnl Rpt 4 Feb 03 LLW Geotech Feas Study.Doc
    Golder Associates Ltd. 2390 Argentia Road Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5N 5Z7 Telephone: (905) 567-4444 Fax: (905) 567-6561 REPORT ON LLW GEOTECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY WESTERN WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY BRUCE SITE TIVERTON, ONTARIO Submitted to: Municipality of Kincardine and Ontario Power Generation Nuclear Waste Management Division 700 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X6 DISTRIBUTION: 4 Copies - Municipality of Kincardine 4 Copies - Ontario Power Generation 2 Copies - Golder Associates Ltd. January 2003 021-1570 OFFICES ACROSS NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, EUROPE, AFRICA, ASIA AND AUSTRALIA January 2003 -i- 021-1570 SUMMARY This report presents the results of an assessment of the geotechnical feasibility of constructing a LLW permanent repository at OPG’s Western Waste Management Facility at the former Bruce Nuclear Power Development site near Tiverton, Ontario (the Bruce Site). The assessment was undertaken as part of activities associated with a Memorandum of Understanding between OPG and the Municipality of Kincardine and considered a number of generic LLW repository concepts previously developed by OPG, specifically: • three near surface concepts involving emplacement of LLW in structural concrete vaults located on ground surface (Covered Above Grade Concrete Vault), in a shallow trench at a depth of about 10 m to 15 m below ground surface (Shallow Concrete Vault) and in a deep trench at a depth of about 25 m below ground surface (Deep Concrete Vault); and • four Rock Cavern Vault concepts involving emplacement of LLW in unlined, mined caverns in the bedrock at a depth of about 50 m to 100 m below ground surface (Shallow Rock Cavern Vault) and at depths of about 200 m to 800 m below ground surface (Deep Rock Cavern Vault) in (i) a thick salt bed, (ii) a low permeability shale sequence, and (iii) a low permeability limestone sequence which were projected to underlie the Site.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Geologic Map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands
    Preliminary Geologic Map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands By Frederic H. Wilson, Greta Orris, and Floyd Gray Pamphlet to accompany Open-File Report 2019–1036 2019 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Wilson, F.H., Orris, G., and Gray, F., 2019, Preliminary geologic map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1036, pamphlet 50 p., 2 sheets, scales 1:2,500,000 and 1:300,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191036. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Geologic Summary.........................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Assessment for Siting a Deep Geological Repository for Canada’S Used Nuclear Fuel
    Preliminary Assessment for Siting a Deep Geological Repository for Canada’s Used Nuclear Fuel MUNICIPALITY OF CENTRAL HURON, ONTARIO FINDINGS FROM PHASE ONE STUDIES APM-REP-06144-0124 OCTOBER 2015 About the NWMO and its work The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) was created by Canada’s nuclear energy generators in 2002 as a requirement of the Nuclear Fuel Waste Act. The Act requires the NWMO to study, recommend and then implement a plan for the long-term management of used nuclear fuel in Canada. The NWMO approaches its work with the following vision: the long-term management of Canada's nuclear waste in a manner that safeguards people and respects the environment, now and in the future. The NWMO is guided by five fundamental values: Integrity: We will conduct ourselves with openness, honesty and respect for all persons and organizations with whom we deal. Excellence: We will pursue the best knowledge, understanding and innovative thinking in our analysis, engagement processes and decision-making. Engagement: We will seek the participation of all communities of interest and be responsive to a diversity of views and perspectives. We will communicate and consult actively, promoting thoughtful reflection and facilitating a constructive dialogue. Accountability: We will be fully responsible for the wise, prudent and efficient management of resources, and be accountable for all our actions. Transparency: We will be open and transparent in our process, communications and decision- making, so that the approach is clear to all Canadians. The work of the NWMO is subject to federal regulatory oversight and is regulated under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Grand River Watershed an Overview of Bedrock and Quaternary Geological Interpretations in the Grand River Watershed
    Geology of the Grand River Watershed An Overview of Bedrock and Quaternary Geological Interpretations in the Grand River watershed Prepared by Bob Janzen, GIT December 2018 i Table of Contents List of Maps ..................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. iii 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Bedrock Geology .................................................................................................. 1 Algonquin Arch ......................................................................................................... 2 Bedrock Cuestas ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Bedrock Surface ................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Bedrock Formations of the Grand River watershed ........................................... 8 2.2.1 Queenston Formation ................................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Clinton–Cataract Group ............................................................................. 15 2.2.2.1 Whirlpool Formation ............................................................................ 16 2.2.2.2 Manitoulin Formation ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geology Datasets of North America for Use with Ice Sheet Models Evan J
    Discussions Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-139 Earth System Manuscript under review for journal Earth Syst. Sci. Data Science Discussion started: 22 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data Geology datasets of North America for use with ice sheet models Evan J. Gowan1, Lu Niu1, Gregor Knorr1, and Gerrit Lohmann1 1Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany Correspondence: Evan J. Gowan ([email protected]) Abstract. The ice-substrate interface is an important boundary condition for ice sheet modelling. The substrate affects the ice sheet by allowing sliding through sediment deformation and accommodating the storage and drainage of subglacial water. We present three datasets with different geological parameters for the region that was covered by the ice sheets in North America, including 5 Greenland and Iceland. The first dataset includes the distribution surficial sediments, which is separated into continuous, discontinuous and predominantly rock categories. The second dataset includes sediment grain size properties, which is divided into three classes: clay, silt and sand, based on the dominant grain size of the glacial sediments. The third dataset is the generalized bedrock geology. We demonstrate the utility of these datasets for governing ice sheet dynamics by using an ice sheet model with a simulation that extends through the last glacial cycle. Changes in ice thickness by up to 40% relative to 10 a reference simulation happened when the shear friction angle was reduced to account for a weaker substrate. These datasets provide a basis to improve the basal boundary conditions in ice sheet models.
    [Show full text]