5 Message from the Board 8 Technical Luncheons 18 Ontario Oil and Gas: 2. Cambrian and Ordovician Conventional Plays

RETURN UNDELIVERABLE CANADIAN ADDRESSES TO: CSPG – 110, 333 - 5 Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta T2P 3B6

$4.00 OCTOBER 2016 VOLUME 43, ISSUE 09 Canadian Publication Mail Contract – 40070050 CLASTIC SEDIMENTOLOGY: NEW IDEAS & APPLICATIONS

Our understanding of Clastic Sedimentology has made huge leaps over recent decades. Clastic sediments make up almost 50% of the Earth’s surface, and the study of recent and ancient clastic rocks allows us to recognize the processes that shape them. The goal of the conference is to showcase the latest thinking and ideas relating to these sediments.

SESSIONS INCLUDE: Land Ho! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Slope and Basin Gateways to the Sea nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Beach and Beyond Mud Matters dddddddddddddddddddddddddddd ssssssssssssssssssssss

REGISTRATION CLOSES OCTOBER 3RD INDIVIDUAL RATES Location: Banff Conference Centre | Banff, AB Day-Rate - October 11 (1/2 Day) $140.00 Day-Rate - October 12 $280.00 Day-Rate - October 13 $280.00 Member Registration $900.00 Non-Member Registration $950.00 Regular - Professer & Student $800.00 Speaker Registration $750.00 GROUP RATES Bulk Registration Package (3 Registrations) $2,400 Bulk Registration Package (5 Registrations) $4,000 OCTOBER 2016 – VOLUME 43, ISSUE 09 ARTICLES

Ontario Oil and Gas: 2. Cambrian and Ordovician Conventional Plays...... 18 CSPG OFFICE DEPARTMENTS #110, 333 – 5th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3B6 Tel: 403-264-5610 Message from the Board...... 5 Web: www.cspg.org Please visit our website for all tickets sales and event/course registrations Technical Luncheons ...... 8 Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:00am to 4:00pm The CSPG Office is Closed the 1st and 3rd Friday of every month. Division Talks ...... 12 OFFICE CONTACTS Membership Inquiries Tel: 403-513-1234 Email: [email protected] Rock Shop...... 17 Advertising Inquiries: Kristy Casebeer Tel: 403-513-1233 Email: [email protected] Sponsorship Opportunities: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235 Email: [email protected] Conference Inquiries: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] LETTER FROM THE EDITORS: CSPG Foundation: Kasandra Amaro In the September Reservoir the "Photo of the Month" was incorrectly credited to Ryan Tel: 403-513-1234 Email: [email protected] Simpson. The photo was taken by Henry Williams and was also selected as the August photo Accounting Inquiries: Eric Tang in the 2016 GeoCalendar. We apologize for this oversight. Tel: 403-513-1232 Email: [email protected] Executive Director: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] EDITORS/AUTHORS Jason Frank Co-Editor | [email protected] Travis Hobbs, Co-Editor | [email protected] Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF format at 300 dpi., at final size. CSPG COORDINATING EDITOR Emma MacPherson, Communications Coordinator Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Tel: 403-513-1230, [email protected] The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office. No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable).The material contained in this publication is intended for informational use only. While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees FRONT COVER that any of the equations, schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some information contained herein may be Apricena Quarry, Italy. inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. The CSPG expressly disclaims The Sannicandro limestone is Cretaceous in age and shows a great example of any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and karstification. The vertical circulation pattern of the upper and lower vadose its officers, directors, employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or zone is seen on the quarry wall. Terra rossa paleosols have infilled the karst expense arising in any manner whatsoever from the acts, omissions, or conduct of features. Above this, are two major unconformities (Cretaceous and Miocene) any third-party user. which are well exposed. Printed by McAra Printing, Calgary, Alberta. Wayne Laturnas

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 3 Knowledge has TO BE improved, CHALLENGED, AND INCREASED constantly, OR IT vanishes. Peter Drucker

Power your upstream decision-making with customer-driven data, integrated software and services from geoLOGIC.

At geoLOGIC, we help turn raw data into actionable knowledge. That’s a powerful tool to leverage all your decision making, whether it’s at head geoSCOUT | gDC office or out in the field. From comprehensive oil and gas data to mapping Upstream knowledge solutions and analysis, we’ve got you covered. Get all the knowledge you need, all in one place with geoLOGIC.

For more on our full suite of decision support tools, visit geoLOGIC.com

MOSAIC COMMUNICATIONS - 403-230-4224 EXT 107

JOB: GEO006 APPROVED BY:

DATE: 06/05/2015 CLIENT:

FILE NAME: GEO006 CSPG 8.375x10.875-Drucker-05June2015-EO-FO ACCT MGR:

FILE SIZE: 8.375x10.875 PROD MGR:

FILE AT: 100% ART DR: MESSAGE FROM THE BOARD

DARWIN FOR PRESIDENT! By Greg Lynch CSPG BOARD Charles Darwin (1809-82) was of course the then look at me as though we are at the end PRESIDENT Permian times. Well times are tough for sure, Greg Lynch • Shell Canada Ltd. great English naturalist and geologist, whose most famous publication “On the Origin of for instance while taking the consumer price [email protected] Tel: 403.384.7704 Species” is considered to be the foundation of index into account our balance sheet for the PRESIDENT ELECT evolutionary biology. If Darwin were around year is on par with lows of the 1980’s. But we Mark Cooper • Sherwood Geoconsulting Ltd. today he would be able to witness the impact survived that, and I actually gain a sense of [email protected] of his monumental contributions to science, achievement in tackling a challenge, doing society, politics, religion, and culture, and the best one can do, and seeing it through in PAST PRESIDENT also likely take some satisfaction from the tough times. Early in 2015 with strategic plan Tony Cadrin broad consensus that has emerged whereby in hand, and eye to our Mission Statement I [email protected] natural selection is recognized as the basic realized that my focus for 2016 would be on mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific identifying and maintaining key core activities, FINANCE DIRECTOR discovery is the unifying theory of the life while diversifying into new areas, all the while Scott Leroux • Long Run Exploration sciences, explaining the diversity of life, and implementing cost cutting measures out of [email protected] Tel: 403.766.5862 bringing much joy (and employment) to necessity and reducing overhead. legions of palaeontologists ever since. FINANCE DIRECTOR ELECT Beginning with overhead reductions, I am Shelley Leggitt • NAL Resources Ltd. I bring up Darwin because in perusing the happy to announce that CSPG is moving [email protected] business literature to prepare this column, I offices. Most members have become DIRECTOR stumbled across a number of articles drawing familiar with and appreciate our current Mark Caplan parallels between Darwinism, evolutionary location in downtown Calgary on Fifth theory and the ups and downs of the business Avenue adjacent to the Petroleum Club; it’s [email protected] world. Evolutionary theory for business is been a convenient centralized spot. The rent DIRECTOR seemingly a big deal, and receiving attention however is too expensive., particularly within Jen Russel-Houston • Osum Oil Sands Corp. through conferences, publications, academia, the context of the current office vacancy [email protected] Tel: 403.270.4768 business people, and granting agencies. It’s rate in Calgary which has recently been as been suggested that Darwin would have high as 25%. Although still under lease, we DIRECTOR made a great CEO, and today at many of the have managed to reach a new agreement Eric Street • Jupiter Resources world's most successful companies, evolution with our landlord within their portfolio of [email protected] Tel: 587.747.2631 is standard strategy. You’ve heard it all before, available spaces, and so we are now moving “survival of the fittest”, “natural selection”, two blocks down the street to ground floor DIRECTOR “variation/inheritance”, “competition”, tenets space at the Aquitaine Tower, 540 5 Ave SW, John Cody • Statoil Canada Ltd. of both business and natural sciences. and so still remain centralized with this new [email protected] arrangement, at a substantial cost savings. With this in mind, considering the stresses, Actually, it’s back to the future as this marks DIRECTOR Ryan Lemiski challenges, and pressures that we have a return to the same location we occupied faced in the past year we have been forced to in 2000-05, so will also be familiar to some. [email protected] make changes, adapt, and evolve in order to We will be moved by Christmas time, ready EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR survive. Having said that, just “surviving” is for the New Year, and when you come by for Lis Bjeld • CSPG not what we have in mind, and we are making information, meetings or technical sessions [email protected] Tel: 403.513.1235 adjustments which will allow us to continue to you will discover certain advantages – which “thrive” and occupy new and exciting niches, on top of the ground floor storefront includes while solidifying our core program. Some of a larger in-office meeting room, as well as these adaptations are discussed below. the magnificent 2nd floor CSPG geoLOGIC Classroom with 100 person capacity. I am now ten months into my Presidency – yes time truly flies! Some have suggested Since the recent downturn in oil & gas the to me that it was maybe a bit unlucky to step Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers into the Presidency during one of the greatest (CAPP) estimates that 44,000 direct jobs have downturns in the oil and gas sector, and (Continued on page 6...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 5 MESSAGE FROM THE BOARD

been lost, and that indirect job loss may be decision to commence publishing the on the order of 110,000. There are other Reservoir on a bimonthly basis, beginning in scenarios of course, and some debate the January, to reduce our losses. In due course, numbers, but the totals are frighteningly high we would return to our regular publication in all cases. Indeed the pain of the oil price schedule for the Reservoir once sponsorship crash has mostly been expressed through job can be found and is break-even or profitable losses, and many people are going through a in the books. Furthermore, if you joined us in particularly tough time in their life, including September at the CSPG Technical Luncheon, CORPORATE many CSPG members. Unfortunately, the you noticed the venue change to the Marriott. SPONSORS CSPG office staff has also been affected by This venue is better scaled to the current SAMARIUM this trend; we have had a decrease in staffing participation levels, and will be our new TL CSPG Foundation from seven to five, with also two additional ‘home’ for the winter and spring. Here also departures for maternity leave, which leaves we would likely resume with our traditional DIAMOND us with three remaining core staff members spot at TELUS once attendance climbs. Alberta Energy Regulator with consulting help to shoulder the load finishing out the year. We are also looking to The CSPG Christmas Social (BIG Thank TITANIUM additional volunteer help to fill the gap. You to geoLOGIC for sponsorship) will geoLOGIC systems ltd. be December 13th at TELUS, and is being Tourmaline Oil Corp. To assist those currently between jobs, or planned as a luncheon event paired for this AGAT Laboratories in transition, we have offered a free one year with our annual Honorary Address. The PLATINUM year membership allowing individuals to combined event will have more impact, and Univeristy of Calgary stay connected, current, and positive. Free we have a great speaker lined up, Stanford’s Weatherford Canada Partnership courses have been offered in collaboration Mark Zoback whose talk is entitled “Managing with affiliate societies, and CSPG Division the Earthquake Risks Associated with Oil and GOLD luncheons provide weekly free access to Gas Development and CO2 Sequestration”. Imperial Oil Resources a whole range of high quality technical The planned outreach component for this Loring Tarcore Labs Ltd. presentations where individuals can learn event will feature the attendance of 100 Progress Energy Ltd. and network. These activities contribute students from Alberta Universities thanks toward critical training or Professional to the generous sponsorship from the CSPG SILVER Development Hours (PDH), which will help Foundation; the students will benefit from the Repsol Oil and Gas Canada Inc. CSPG members in maintaining their status opportunity to mingle at the Christmas Social MEG Energy Corp. with APEGA and other professional licensing and then take in a cutting-edge presentation Chinook Consulting bodies. Another way to add directly to PDHs, – this is an event not to be missed, come Core Laboratories and build your resume would be through out and meet old friends, feel the Christmas Shell Canada Energy volunteering at the CSPG, which can be very cheer, hear a great talk, and meet the students. rewarding on many levels, including meeting BRONZE people, learning new skills, or implementing Despite the constraints mentioned above and Geomodeling Technology Corp. your plan or vision which may benefit the the measures taken, the CSPG fall program is Schlumberger Canada Ltd. rest of the community. Networking and packed with high quality technical content Nexen ULC knowledge sharing is also available through that is accessible and relevant to members. Seitel Canada Ltd. our GeoMatch service which pairs mentors By the time you read this, we will hopefully Canada Brokerlink Inc. with mentees, along four categories; Young have hosted a successful Carbon Capture Husky Energy Inc. Geoscience Professionals, Women in and Sequestration as well as Geothermal Belloy Petroleum Consulting Geoscience, In-Transition Geoscientists, workshops in September, including a fieldtrip, MJ Systems and Newcomers to Canada. On top of this, we continue to have monthly Technical CMC Research Institutes, Inc. additional geoCAFE events have now been Luncheon meetings, and not a week goes CSEG Foundation planned bringing together mentors, mentees, by without a number of high quality CSPG Murphy Oil Company Ltd. and is open to all members. geoCAFE also Division talks and gatherings. Another major Tony Cadrin contribute to PDH hours, at no cost. For more event in our calendar for October is of course Tuya Terra Geo Corp. information on GeoMatch and geoCAFE go the upcoming 2016 Gussow conference in to our website or visit the office. Banff entitled “Clastic Sedimentology: New Ideas and Applications” with leading experts As of August 31, 2016 From feedback in recent CSPG member coming together to share current research surveys, it is clear that our publications are findings and trends. The conference will highly valued by the members and remain be relevant to anyone working or exploring a core priority. However, we have had to in clastic rocks, and provides a convenient address the lack of advertising support for training opportunity at a reasonable cost. the Reservoir as well as e-newsletter. As Furthermore, indications are that the a consequence the Board has made the (Continued on page 7...)

6 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 MESSAGE FROM THE BOARD

demand to run advanced courses is on the year2017 this September, our top Partnering rise, so look to the website or e-newsletter for sponsors currently are Alberta Energy upcoming offerings. Regulator, geoLOGIC Systems Ltd., AGAT Laboratories, Tourmaline Oil Corp., the For this year the CSPG Board, Executive University of Calgary, Weatherford Canada Committee, and Staff have embraced change Partnership, and CSPG Foundation. We CORPORATE SUPPORTERS in a manner which will allow us to evolve have an additional 115 sponsors. To all of our and flourish – they comprise an exceptional sponsors, on behalf of all our members, we I H S visionary group. CSPG Members have been would like to express our gratitude. engaged, supportive, patient, and have Crescent Point Energy Trust provided input and suggestions. Of course Also, I can now truly appreciate and ITG Investment Research the 300+ volunteers provide the bulk of understand the wisdom of the nesting habits Pro Geo Consultants the total manpower, and all efforts big or of past CSPG executives, who have built up Birchcliff Energy Ltd. small have made a difference. Sponsors are reserves in good times, which if properly RIGSAT Communications critical partners without whom we could not managed will see us through into the future exist, and as we are started our new fiscal for a long time to come – thanks to all. RPS Energy Canada Ltd. Bannatyne Wealth Advisory Group Canadian Global Exploration Forum Encana VOLUNTEERS NEEDED!! EV Cam Canada Inc. Halliburton CSPG’s mentorship program GeoMatch is looking for Cabra Consulting Ltd. volunteers to deliver talks to newtoCanada geoscientists McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. this fall in Calgary. Topics to be discussed vary and are to CAPL introduce the newcomer geoscientist to the industry ConocoPhillips and the geology in the WCSB. Earth Signal Processing Ltd. Mount Royal University Potential topics include the following: Richardson GMP

Surge Energy Inc. Valeura Energy Local geographic coordinates in the provinces and territories Compass Directional Services Integrated Sustainability Consultants Ltd. Mineral rights, drilling, exploration, development and EOR’s TAQA North Ltd. regulations and applications in Canada Navigator Resource Consulting Baker Hughes Calgary Industry resources: geological data, geological studies and Roke Technologies Ltd. papers, service companies, etc. Signature Seismic Processing Inc. Technical topics: the geology of the WCSB, the geology of special resources (oil sands, heavy oil, unconventional) As of August 31, 2016 What it’s like to work for your company: areas, culture, communication style, safety rules, etc.

How the geological industry in Canada works/geological issues in Canada

If you are interested in running a 30-minute session please contact Nawras Akkad, [email protected].

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 7 TECHNICAL LUNCHEON

A subsurface sedimentological analysis of tide-dominated deposits in the bluesky formation (Early cretaceous), Peace River Area, West-central Alberta

SPEAKER environments from facies in tidal A new and robust method for interpreting Duncan MacKay | Sernius Energy successions is particularly challenging for tidal facies is presented in this study. The three reasons: (1) the successions consist approach uses a broadly applicable process- of complexly interbedded sandstone driven facies classification scheme that and mudstone layers at a wide range of ensures a manageable number of facies. scales, which makes the delineation of Recent improvements in the understanding simple facies very difficult; (2) spatial and of tidal systems and their facies models temporal variations in the interplay of tidal, are incorporated into the method, most wave and fluvial energy are typically not significantly highlighting the importance unique to particular (sub-)environments; of mud, as well as the realization that the and (3) the morphology of tide-dominated set of geomorphic elements that comprise environments is complicated, which tidal systems is relatively small despite their makes it difficult to link facies and facies complex lithofacies. Dr. Duncan MacKay successions with the morphological elements and locations within the system. BIOGRAPHY Dr. Duncan Mackay completed his B.Sc. 11:45am In the Peace River area, of west-central at the University of Waterloo and, after Tuesday, October 25, 2016 Alberta, the tidally dominated Bluesky working several years full-time in the oil Marriot Hotel | Formation (Cretaceous) is a pervasively and gas industry, returned to academia at Kensington Ballroom heterolithic deposit that provides an ideal Queen’s University. Duncan completed a core-based case study for examining Ph.D. under the supervision of Dr. Robert Calgary, Alberta problems of tidal lithofacies classification Dalrymple, studying the sedimentology and environmental interpretation. Using of tidal depositional systems. Duncan has Please note: The cut-off date for ticket well logs and core, the Bluesky Formation is worked in oil and gas industry for Shell sales is 1:00 pm, five business days before divided into two valley-bounded sequences, Canada, Verano Energy (a Colombian- event [Tuesday, October 18, 2016]. informally referred to in this study as the focused E&P company) and currently CSPG Member Ticket Price: $39.50 + GST. “lower Bluesky unit” and the “upper Bluesky is working at Serinus Energy pursuing Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. unit”. The lower Bluesky unit is composed exploration opportunities in Eastern of tide-dominated deltaic deposits. The Europe and North Africa. Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA upper Bluesky unit is composed of tide- PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased dominated estuarine deposits. The lower Webcast Sponsored by online at www.cspg.org Bluesky unit has abundant fluid-mud layers (comprising 5-40% of most facies), many of which are interpreted to have been ABSTRACT deposited under conditions of moderate to Environmental reconstructions of ancient high suspended-sediment concentration tidal deposits commonly have large (1-1000 g L-1) and appreciable current numbers of subtly different facies because speeds (> 0.2 ms-1). The upper Bluesky of the complexity of tidal successions. unit, by contrast, has more sparsely Industry workers of tidally influenced distributed mudstone layers (comprising and tide-dominated deposits are familiar 0-15% of most facies) deposited primarily with the necessity for relatively large during slackwater and under conditions and complex facies schemes in order of relatively low suspended-sediment to adequately interpret depositional concentrations (< 1 g L-1). Both units are processes and environments (e.g., many composed predominantly of subtidal and of the Early Cretaceous heavy oil deposits lower intertidal channel-bar and tidal- in Alberta are commonly described flat deposits. However, the most seaward with more than 15 facies). However, the deposits of the deltaic lower Bluesky unit criteria used to define the facies and their contain sandstone-dominated heterolithic corresponding subenvironments are delta-front and mouth-bar deposits, commonly inconsistent and lack universal whereas the most seaward environments applicability. Defining a standard facies of the estuarine upper Bluesky unit contain scheme and interpreting depositional monolithic tidal sand-ridge deposits. processes and detailed depositional

8 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 TECHNICAL LUNCHEON

Imaging of Micro-and Nano-Scale Wettability & Fluid Distribution in Unconventional Light Oil Reservoirs

SPEAKER 1. Condensation of water through flowback analysis, and core analysis. He is Chris Clarkson | University of Calgary careful control of sample temperature also interested in simulation of enhanced and water vapor pressure in the recovery processes in UG-ULO, and how sample chamber of the microscope. these processes can be used to reduce An innovative approach for assessing greenhouse gas emissions. Clarkson leads water droplet contact angle at the an industry-sponsored consortium called micro-scale is then applied to evaluate “Tight Oil Consortium”, focused on these wettability variation. This technique research topics for unconventional light oil is only applicable to the evaluation of reservoirs in Western Canada. distilled water wettability. Clarkson holds a Ph.D. degree in geological 2. Cryogenically freezing the samples, engineering from the U. of British Columbia, then imaging of static rock-fluid Canada, and is the author of numerous Chris Clarkson relationships in preserved core articles in peer-reviewed scientific and samples, or in samples that have engineering journals. Clarkson was an SPE been subjected to prior fluid injection Distinguished Lecturer for the 2009/2010 11:45am experiments. This technique has lecture season, and is the 2016 recipient of Wednesday, November 16th, 2016 shown promise for assessment of the Reservoir Description and Dynamics Marriot Hotel | Kensington Ballroom preserved core fluid distribution or Award (Canadian Region) from the SPE. for providing “snapshots” of fluid Calgary, Alberta distribution during displacement Webcast Sponsored by experiments. Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, five business days before 3. Selective injection of native or event. [Tuesday, November 08, 2016]. CSPG non-native fluids through a micro- Member Ticket Price: $39.50 + GST. Non- injection system, followed by Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. imaging of rock-fluid interactions. This technique offers the greatest Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA potential for selective fluid wettability PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased experiments, including those online at www.cspg.org involving hydraulic fracturing fluids for compatibility evaluation.

ABSTRACT This study demonstrates that wettability Rock composition and pore structure in heterogeneity in tight rock at the micro- unconventional light oil (ULO) reservoirs scale can be significant, but may be is known to vary at the micro-/nano-scale, quantified for use in pore-scale modeling yet fluid-rock interaction is typically only of fluid flow using the E-FESEM. characterized at the macro-scale. While micro-/nano-scale variations in wettability BIOGRAPHY and fluid distribution are expected to Christopher R. Clarkson is a professor have an impact on fluid flow controls and the AITF Shell/Encana Chair in such as capillary pressure and relative Unconventional Gas and Light Oil research permeability, techniques for quantifying in the Department of Geoscience and an this variability have remained elusive. adjunct professor with the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering In this study, micro-scale variability in at the University of Calgary. His work wettability and fluid distribution in a tight focus in industry was on exploration for oil reservoir (Middle Bakken, Viewfield and development of unconventional gas Saskatchewan) is investigated using an (UG) and light oil (ULO) reservoirs. His FEI Quanta FEG 250 environmental field research focus since coming to U of Calgary emission scanning electron microscope in 2009 has been on advanced reservoir (E-FESEM). Three approaches were characterization methods for UG-ULO, such identified: as rate- and pressure-transient analysis,

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 9 The 2017 Mountjoy Conference, sponsored by SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) and CSPG (Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists), will be held the week of June 26-30, 2017 in Austin, Texas, at the University of Texas Learning Commons and the Bureau of Economic Geology Core facility. With the theme “Characterization and Modeling of Carbonate Pore Systems,” the conference will showcase new approaches and results through oral and poster sessions as well as core workshops and fieldtrips.

The theme is broad, encompassing the: • stratigraphic, facies and diagenetic influences on varied pore systems; • petrographic, geochemical and visualization tools applied to enhanced characterization of pore systems, from nano- and micro-scale, to fractures and cavernous pores; and • new approaches for modeling the origin and distribution of pore systems. Integrated case studies from academia and industry are of particular interest.

One of the highlights of the 1st Mountjoy meeting in 2015 was the opportunity for individual discussion and interaction between the attendees and the presenters. The 2017 Mountjoy Conference will continue to stress the importance of dedicated time for discussion and one-on-one networking throughout the program.

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: Paul (Mitch) Harris [email protected] Gene Rankey [email protected] Don McNeill [email protected] Jean Hsieh [email protected] Astrid Arts [email protected] Scott Tinker [email protected] 10 Laura Zahm [email protected] ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 Managing the Earthquakes Risk Associated with Oil & Gas Development and CO2 Sequestration Mark D. Zoback | Professor of Geophysics Stanford University

DECEMBER 13TH | TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE

No state has experienced more seismicity associated with oil and gas activities than Oklahoma. We have shown that the increases in seismicity in Oklahoma are due to very large increases in the volume of produced water being injected into a deep saline aquifer laying immediately above crystalline basement. In this talk I will review the seismicity associated with oil and gas development in the central and eastern U.S., outline steps that can be taken to significantly reduce the risks associated with them.

Member Price: 50.00 NonMember Price: 55.00 *Price Includes Holiday Social

Join us prior to the Honorary Address Luncheon for the geoLOGIC Holiday Social

Wine & Appetizers: 10:30 - 11:30 am Honorary Address Luncheon: 11:30 - 1:00 pm DIVISION TALKS

STRUCTURAL & INTERNATIONAL DIVISION

Impact Craters in Seismic Data: New Techniques and Past Discoveries SPEAKER Amanda Obodovsky

NOTE: This is one project that will be presented in two parts at the Structural Division and the interpolation, both of which help to resolve to far off corners of the world like Chixilub in International Division meetings. more details in structural areas. Both of these the Yucatan Peninsula, or Tookoonooka in new techniques were used and results will the Australian outback, we will seek a better Structural Division: be shown that improve the image and our understanding of what these structures are October 6th, 2016 | 12:00 pm knowledge of the structure. and the “impact” they have had on the oil and gas industry. Schlumberger, Second Floor INTERNATIONAL DIVISION: of the Palliser One Building, Past Discoveries of Impact BIOGRAPHY 125 9th Ave. Calgary T2G 0P6 Structures Amanda obtained a B.Sc. Astrophysics in 2008, and an M.Sc. Astronomy (Planetary Since the acquisition of seismic data in the Science) in 2010 from the University of International Division: 1960’s, impact structures have been seen in Western Ontario. Since 2013 she has been October 19th, 2016 | 12:00 pm seismic data. While many of these unique working as a seismic processor for Divestco. structures are known to be located in the Nexen Theatre During this time she presented a poster at Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, we GeoConvention looking at impact structures also find these buried impact craters around in seismic data; the perfect union of her the world. STRUCTURAL DIVISION: seismic processing work with her love of astronomy. Currently she is the diffraction Impact Craters in Seismic Data: In this presentation we will embark on a imaging expert at Divestco, while working New Techniques journey around the world and visit some developing her skills as a geophysicist and Over the years many sub-surface impact impact structures seen in all corners of the expanding on her impact craters in seismic craters have been discovered through world. From familiar locations such as data project. She is a member of the CSEG. acquiring and interpreting seismic data. Viewfield and Steen River located in Canada, These cryptoexplosion events occurred a long time ago by meteorite impact and have since been buried deep underground.

A cryptoexplosion event that has been previously discovered and published was used in order to test new seismic processing techniques. The goal of this part of the project has been to gain a better understanding of the complex structure seen in this type of formation.

This particular buried impact structure is located in the Alberta foothills, and is found in Cambrian sediments which are outside the economic zone of interest. This type of complex structure is an ideal candidate for new processing techniques such as diffraction imaging and structure preserving

12 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 DIVISION TALKS

PALAEONTOLOGY DIVISION

Morphology and function of the toothrow in a rodent knockout model and implications for mammalian tooth evolution

SPEAKER using a rodent knockout model. These BMP7 could have played a role in structuring Chelsey Zurowski, University of Calgary mice were genetically modified so that the amount of dental diversity that we see in the regulatory gene bone morphogenetic extinct and extant mammals. Time: 7:30 pm protein 7 (BMP7) was not expressed in Date: October 21st 2016 their neural crest cells, a cell type that BIOGRAPHY Location: Mount Royal contributes to elements of the teeth and After receiving her Bachelor of Science skull, among many other structures. These Honors in Zoology at the University of University, Room B108 BMP7 mutants have distinctive craniofacial Calgary, Chelsey started her Master’s morphology, which includes noticeably project in the labs of Dr. Jessica Theodor ABSTRACT altered tooth morphology. Mutant molars and Dr. Heather Jamniczky. Her main Tooth morphology is the result of many have extra cusps, mostly on the first upper research interest is in the evolution of the complex tissue interactions within the and lower molars, along with shorter and form and function of mammalian molars. developing tooth. Differences in cusp shape, blunter cusps that are oriented differently size and orientation provide evidence of on the tooth. To quantify differences in INFORMATION phylogeny, as well as alterations in feeding morphology, a landmark set was developed This event is presented jointly by the strategy and amount of intraoral processing. and geometric morphometric methods were Alberta Palaeontological Society, the Regulatory genes are genes that pattern applied to 3D models of the right upper and Department of Earth and Environmental development, and many of them are active lower toothrows. Significant morphological Sciences at Mount Royal University, and in the developing tooth. Determining and differences between the control and BMP7 the Palaeontology Division of the Canadian quantifying the effect of these regulatory mutant mice were found for both the Society of Petroleum Geologists. For details genes on the morphology and function of upper and lower toothrows. Additionally, or to present a talk in the future, please mammalian dentition has implications for mutant and control mice were found to have contact CSPG Palaeontology Division Chair understanding the mechanisms that drove different wear facets, indicating that along Jon Noad at [email protected] or APS the amount of dental diversity that we see in with a change in morphology, there was also Coordinator Harold Whittaker at 403-286- both extinct and living mammals. We tested a change in function. This research shows 0349 or contact programs1@albertapaleo. the hypothesis that changes in regulatory that changes in the expression of BMP7 org. Visit the APS website for confirmation gene expression can lead to changes in can lead to changes in the morphology and of event times and upcoming speakers: morphology and function of the toothrow function of the toothrow and suggests that http://www.albertapaleo.org/

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 13 DIVISION TALKS

GEOMODELING DIVISION

Impact of Plurigaussian Parameter Options on Model Transition Statistics SPEAKER David Garner, TerraMod Consulting, Calgary, [email protected]

CO-AUTHORS R. Mohan Srivastava, FSS Consultants, Toronto Jeffrey Yarus, Halliburton Landmark, Houston Jean-Marc Chautru, Geovariances, Fontainebleau

Time: 12:00 pm Wednesday, October 26, 2016 Husky Conference Room A, 3rd Floor, +30 level, South Tower, 707 8th Ave SW, Calgary, Alberta

ABSTRACT Figure 1. A slide that shows a graphical summary of vertical transition probabilities. The PGS approach This material was presented at directly gets the benefit of this information because this is an input to that workflow. Transition GEOSTATS2016 - 10th International probabilities are a significant measure of continuity. Geostatistics Congress in Valencia, Spain, September 5-9, 2016. The presentation will be delivered as a tutorial with explanation of a powerful, yet underutilized set of modeling techniques:

The plurigaussian simulation (PGS) method is increasingly being used by practitioners as a means to control the relationships of modeled facies, especially in studies where users want to control transition probabilities between facies. Facies transitions are calculated in wells as part of the statistical inference to set up the PGS workflow. From the transition tables a rule set is selected to define the truncations in the bi-Gaussian model. A variogram model is associated with each truncation set to govern the behavior of the transitions. Local facies proportions influence the probability of a facies transitioning into another. The interaction of combining the truncation rule set, variograms and proportions results in a complex 3D facies model intended to honour the transition table. The following experiment illustrates the relative importance Figure 2. Choice of vertical variogram range based on fitting data has ambiguity. Honouring transition statistics in wells is an underutilized way to check model behavior and to optimize these parameters. (Continued on page 14...)

14 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 DIVISION TALKS

(Continued from page 14...) of the main steps on the ability to honour the original transition statistics by checking the model outputs. The end goal is for the PGS practitioner to be able to improve the facies transitions in geomodels.

Using 17 wells with four facies each in one stratigraphic zone, a facies transition table is computed for reference. Use of facies proportions are compared for three main approaches: 1) apply a global vertical proportion curve (VPC); 2) combine the 2D mapped proportions from wells over the zones with the global VPC using conditional independence; 3) apply a coarse grid to define sparse local VPC’s from nearby wells followed by kriging proportions along model k-layers. Five initial truncation rule sets are defined and compared. The transition statistics table is interpreted to have a distinct two transition set (bi-Gaussian) behavior with one facies (f2) having no contacts with 2 others (f1 and f3). This allows the experiment to proceed Figure 3. This example illustrates an extreme limit of geological patterns through use of the correlation with useful options. An ordered truncated of facies contacts. Based on geological understanding, controls can be imposed and numerically Gaussian rule is used for a brief illustration checked against facies stacking patterns in wells. Useful metrics (MSE, KLD) are to be discussed to of the basic method followed by four bi- help rank and choose key parameters to improve geological model verisimilitude. Gaussian sets, two of which are a rotation of the truncation rules mask. Note variograms are swapped for the rotated sets. The rotation and geomodeling with over 25 major general chair for the Gussow 2011 and is to aid the illustration of the unique impact projects worldwide. He has held R&D 2014 conferences, “Advances in Applied of the use of a non-zero correlation between positions with Halliburton and Statoil, Geomodeling for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: the two underlying Gaussian random was a geomodeling advisor with Chevron Closing the Gap I and II”. functions in each case. Variogram models for Canada Resources and characterization select cases are defined with one structure specialist for ConocoPhillips Canada. INFORMATION each and then with two structures. Transition He ran TerraMod Consulting for 6 years, There is no charge for the division talk and statistics are calculated for all of the cases and specializing in geostatistical studies world- we welcome non-members of the CSPG. summarized to help understand the impact wide and training. Please bring your lunch. For details or to of these significant parameters, workflow present a talk in the future, please contact steps and interactions using the PGS method. Mr. Garner holds two geophysics degrees, Weishan Ren at [email protected]. Given the growth in use of the plurigaussian a B.S from Washington and Lee University facies simulations, this practical comparative and an M.S. from Cornell University. In 2006 study helps give users a better understanding he received a Citation in Geostatistics from of the effect of the main PGS parameters, the University of Alberta. He has published and provides guidance on how to make good over 25 papers and abstracts, was co-editor use of the PGS parameters in order to better for Memoir 20, and guest co-editor for the control the facies transition statistics in PGS Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology realizations. volume 63. Mr. Garner currently serves as a co-chair for the Geomodeling Technical BIOGRAPHY Division of the CSPG. He previously David Garner is an internationally served on the board of directors and was recognized expert in applied geostatistics

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 15 DIVISION TALKS

ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION

governmental organizations. This project Hydraulic Fracturing, reviews the existing science and engineering information available and produces an Knowledge Gaps and overview of the issues. It will look at the pros and cons of hydraulic fracturing, Public Policy and present these in the context of policy choices. By providing an objective summary SPEAKER of research already developed throughout Dr. Jennifer Winter, Ph.D North America, we will be in a good position University of Calgary to consider why regulatory authorities and governments have been approving such a Time: 12:00 pm wide range of field practices and reporting obligations, and also why they have reached Monday October 31, 2016 vastly different conclusions on the use of Centennial Place, West Tower hydraulic fracturing. Bow River Room 250-5th Street SW, Calgary, AB BIOGRAPHY Dr. Jennifer Winter, Ph.D ABSTRACT Dr. Jennifer Winter (PhD, Calgary) is an Hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking", is Assistant Professor and Director of the becoming an increasingly important Energy and Environmental Policy Area on are the prospects for Canadian LNG method of producing oil and gas across at The School of Public Policy, University exports to Europe, and comparing Canada. With little history of the widespread of Calgary. Her research is focused on the provincial emission-reduction policies. use of this technique, regulatory approaches effects of government regulation and policy Jennifer is actively engaged in increasing are vastly different between provinces: on the development of natural resources public understanding of energy and from moratoriums in Atlantic Canada and energy, and the consequences and environmental issues, and was recognized and Quebec, to business as usual in trade-offs of energy development. Jennifer for this with a 2014 Young Women in the West. Questions have been raised is one of The School’s most prolific authors. Energy Award. Prior to joining The School across the country about the safety of She has authored several School of Public of Public Policy, Jennifer worked at Human fracking. Multiple sources of information Policy research papers, including three Resources and Skills Development Canada, have informed the differing regulatory examining Canadian energy literacy, two researching Canadian labour markets. Dr. approaches, including government review on the safe transportation of crude oil, Winter also serves on the Future Leaders panels, environmental assessments and and a paper on the idea of “green jobs.” Board of Directors of the World Petroleum research papers from academia and non- Other projects she is currently working Council Canada.

16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 Rock Shop

Moh & Associates Moh Sahota, B.Sc (Hons), M.Sc. Oilfield consultants Ltd. President Since 1980 Ph: 403.263.5440 Email: [email protected] Geological Consulting Services for 35 years Wellsight geological supervision and coring Geo-steering, Petrographic and Sample Studies Conventional & Heavy Plays | SAGD Projects Domestic and International Operations www.mohandassociates.com

Independant Wellsite Consultants

Highly Skilled Competent Consultants Extensive Industry Experience (18 yrs +) LAB & ANALYTICS Wellsite & Remote Supervision & Geosteering PETROGRAPHY AND THIN-SECTION ANALYSIS / X-RAY All Types of Conventional & Unconventional Wells FLUORESCENCE - IN LAB AND PORTABLE / X-RAY DIFFRACTION / Core, Chip Samples & Thin Section Studies CORE & SAMPLE STUDIES / RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION International & Domestic

[email protected] ProGeoConsultants.com 403-262-9229 Email: [email protected] Tel: (403) 540-8496

1602 – 5th St N.E. T.I.H. Consulting Ltd. Calgary, AB. T2E 7W3 Geologic Well-Site Phone: 403-233-7729 Supervision www.tihconsulting.com e-mail: [email protected]

Advertise HERE! Contact us today! Email: [email protected] phone: 403.513.1233

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 17 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

ONTARIO OIL AND GAS: 2. Cambrian and Ordovician Conventional Plays Dorland, M.1; Colquhoun, I.2; Carter, T.R.2; Phillips, A.3 , Fortner, L.4; Clark, J.5; and Hamilton, D.2 1 Geological consultant, Woodstock, ON 2 Geological consultant, London, ON 3 Clinton-Medina Group Inc., Calgary, AB 4 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, London, ON 5 Ontario Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library, London, ON

Introduction This paper is the second of a four-part series. Part 1 summarized the exploration, production and geology of Ontario. This paper describes conventional oil and gas plays in the Cambrian and Ordovician strata of southern Ontario. Part 3 will describe conventional oil and gas plays in the Silurian and Devonian strata. Part 4 will provide a review of the unconventional resource potential of Ontario. The regional Paleozoic geology of southern Ontario was described in Part 1 of this series.

The Paleozoic sedimentary strata of Figure 2: Stratigraphic relations of Ordovician and Cambrian strata of southern Ontario showing oil southern Ontario straddle a regional arch, and gas-bearing intervals. Column headings indicate county names for geographic reference, from west dipping down its flanks into the Michigan (Michigan Basin) to east (Appalachian Basin) across southern Ontario. Modified from Armstrong and and Appalachian basins (Fig.1), forming Carter (2010). a natural regional trap. Stratigraphic relationships of Cambrian and Ordovician strata which are the subject of this paper populous and industrialized province, are described in Figure 2. with well-developed infrastructure and a big appetite for hydrocarbons. Oil and gas Ontario’s Cambrian and Ordovician strata development opportunities still remain, have produced over 28 million bbl of oil especially in these strata, the oldest, and 73 bcf of natural gas from reservoirs thickest and least explored of Ontario’s at depths of less than 1200 metres. They Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. are located in the heart of Canada’s most The Cambrian Play Geology of Cambrian Strata Upper Cambrian siliciclastic and carbonate Figure 3. Subcrop limits of Cambrian strata in rocks are the oldest preserved Paleozoic the subsurface of southern Ontario and largest strata in southern Ontario and lie directly on discovered pools. Modified from Trevail (1990), the Precambrian basement. They underlie Lazorek and Carter (2008), and Ontario Oil, Gas approximately 48,000 km2 (Bailey and and Salt Resources Library (2015). Cochrane, 1984), an area slightly less than 50 per cent of that underlain by younger the Algonquin Arch as early Paleozoic Paleozoic strata. Thickness of the Cambrian seas transgressed the Precambrian section ranges from approximately 175 surface (Johnson et al., 1992). Subsequent metres in the centre of Lake Erie to zero exposure and erosion during development metres at the pinch-out edge (Fig.3). of the regional pre-Upper Ordovician Knox Unconformity resulted in the removal During Upper Cambrian time, sediments of Lower Ordovician and much of the Figure 1. Regional geological relationships, showing were deposited throughout southern Cambrian strata from southern Ontario Paleozoic basins and the Algonquin Arch. Ontario, onlapping and extending over (Johnson et al., 1992). In the central part of (Continued on page 18...)

18 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

southern Ontario the Cambrian sediments relief of the underlying Precambrian/ were completely removed by erosion Cambrian erosional surface (Sanford over the crest of the Algonquin Arch. The 1961; Trevail 1990). The depositional distribution of Cambrian strata around environment was nearshore marine, with the edges of the Algonquin Arch with facies including a mixture of regolith, successively younger units overlapping one aeolian, alluvial and shoreline deposits another to lie directly on the Precambrian reworked by the transgression (Coniglio et basement indicates that the arch had a al., 1990). Sediment was primarily derived configuration very similar to the present from eroded Cambrian and Precambrian during Upper Cambrian time (Sanford and rocks. The Shadow Lake Formation is 2 to Quillian,1959; Bailey, 2005). 3 metres thick throughout most of southern Ontario, locally reaching a maximum of 15 West of about longitude 810, or the metres (Armstrong and Carter, 2010). approximate location of London, Ontario, the basal sedimentary rocks consist of In the crestal portions of the Algonquin Figure 4. Figure 4. Cambrian play conceptual mainly quartz sandstone (Mount Simon Arch where the Cambrian sandstone has model. Top, structural trap associated with faulting Formation); overlain by sandstone, been removed by erosion, the Shadow as at the Clearville and Willey pools. Bottom, sandy and shaly dolomite (Eau Claire Lake Formation rests directly on the pinch-out style trap along Algonquin Arch as at Formation); and then buff to grey-buff Precambrian basement (Fig. 3). The Innerkip and Gobles pools. Modified from Bailey dolomite (Trempealeau Formation). Shadow Lake Formation generally consists Geological Services Ltd., Cochrane, (1984) and East of about longitude 810, the basal of a lower coarse sandstone grading up into Lazorek and Carter (2008). sedimentary rocks consist of arkose and interbedded silty or dolomitic or calcareous faults has created structural traps by quartz sandstone (Potsdam Formation); sandstone overlain by sandy and silty shale juxtaposition of porous Cambrian and overlain by dolomite, sandy dolomite, and shale with minor thin limestone or Shadow Lake Formation strata against and sandstone (Theresa Formation); and dolostone interbeds. The sandstones are non-permeable lithologies (see Fig.4). At then light buff, crystalline dolomite (Little highly variable in grain size, sorting, and the Clearville Pool the reservoir is formed Falls Formation). As the Cambrian strata cementation and may be locally porous by porous sandstone and sandy dolostone approaches its pinch-out edge on the and permeable. The overlying shales are in the crest of a tilted horst block sealed Algonquin Arch these units become less often bright green with floating quartz sand by overlying shales of the Shadow Lake distinct and the formation terminology grains and thin interbeds of greenish and Formation and laterally by non-porous Gull becomes less appropriate (Bailey and grey thin limestone and dolostone (Caley River Formation limestones. The Willey Cochrane, 1984), with formation top picks and Liberty, 1950; Burgess, 1962; Liberty, Field contains several uplifted structural recorded as unsubdivided Cambrian in the 1955; Williams and Telford, 1986; Trevail, fault blocks trapping oil in the Cambrian Ontario petroleum well database 1990; Coniglio et al, 1990; Armstrong and similar to the Clearville Pool, but with some Carter, 2010). stratigraphic influence as it is positioned Geology of the Upper Ordovician near the Cambrian pinch-out edge. Some Shadow Lake Formation Cambrian Reservoir Trap and Seal of the overlying Shadow Lake Formation In the Early Ordovician, tropical seas Reservoir rocks are porous sandstone and sediments are also porous sandstones withdrew from southern Ontario and a sandy dolostone of Cambrian or Shadow and form part of the reservoir. Shale of the prolonged period of exposure and erosion Lake Formations. Traps are fault-bounded upper Shadow Lake Formation provides of the underlying Cambrian strata down to structures as in the Clearville Pool, the top seal. the Precambrian basement occurred. This stratigraphic pinch-out as in the Gobles is referred to as the “Knox Unconformity” and Innerkip pools, or a combination of The Arthur Pool located 65 kilometres (Bailey and Cochrane, 1984; Coniglio et structural faulting and stratigraphic pinch- north of the Innerkip Pool has produced al., 1990). The Shadow Lake Formation out as in the Willey Pool (Fig.4). Gross pay 1.3 BCF of gas from porous strata at the is the basal unit of the Upper Ordovician thickness is up to 9 metres with average Precambrian-Paleozoic unconformity. The Black River Group (Fig. 2). It represents the porosity of 9 to 12% and permeability reservoir geology is poorly understood onset of sedimentation following the Knox ranging from 1 to 300 mD. Reservoir due to a lack of records, but is believed to Unconformity as the Upper Ordovician depths range from 700 to 1,200 metres be comprised of porous Shadow Lake and sea transgressed over the Precambrian/ (Bailey and Cochrane, 1984). Hydrocarbon Cambrian sandstones which are overlain Cambrian erosional surface and washed the migration into the traps occurred regionally by Shadow Lake Formation shale or Gull weathered detritus into paleotopographic through the Cambrian sandstone and a River Formation limestone. depressions (Coniglio et al., 1990). porous alteration zone in the uppermost Precambrian (Sanford et al., 1985; Harper Stratigraphic traps occur along the updip Lithology and thickness of the Shadow Lake et al., 1995). pinch-out edge of porous Cambrian and/or Formation is variable due to local variations Shadow Lake Formation strata against the in sediment source, and paleotopographic Vertical displacement along normal flanks of the Algonquin Arch (Fig. 3, 4). All

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 19 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

commercial oil and gas pools discovered to date are on the Appalachian Basin side of the arch.

The stratigraphic trap containing the Gobles and Innerkip pools is formed by porous sandstones preserved within a subtle basement low that extends 40 kilometres north of the regional Cambrian pinch-out edge on the southern flank of the arch and averages 8 km in width. Carter et al (1996) attribute the basement low to the effects of fault displacements on the Precambrian surface. Shales and sandy shales of the Shadow Lake Formation provide the top seal and create conditions favorable for stratigraphic entrapment of hydrocarbons. Figure 5. Gobles Pool with oil leg in green and The reservoir sandstone ranges from only the type well location shown. Modified from Bailey Figure 7. Core description/log for type well a few metres to over 9 metres in thickness. and Cochrane (1984). Kewanee Gobles #37. Core #1 cut 22.5’ from Bailey (2003) has proposed that a significant 2892-2914.5’ and recovered 22’. portion of the gas-producing sandstones in the Innerkip Pool are not Cambrian but should be assigned to the Shadow Lake Formation, which is a major revelation impacting future exploration of Innerkip- style reservoirs.

The Gobles Pool was discovered in February, 1960 by the Paris Petroleum #1 well (Fig. 5). The discovery well was cable tool drilled to 2917 feet and encountered 4 bbl/day of oil and associated gas in the Cambrian at 2882-2899 feet. In July, 1960 the Robert McMaster & Sons Gobles #2 well drilled to the southwest (downdip) found 12 bbl/day oil with some gas. Figures 6, 7, and 8 show a log, core description, and thin section photomicrographs for type well Kewanee Gobles #37 in the Gobles Pool. Figure 6. Interpreted gamma-ray neutron log for type well Kewanee Gobles #37. Core location is Cambrian Reservoir Characteristics shown in black. TSGC-4 shows the location of the Figure 8. Thin section photos for core sample TSGC Core analyses show average porosity of 9.2 thin section photomicrographs. #4. (A) Large round quartz grains cemented by to 11.8 % to a maximum of 20 % and average calcite (red) overlying granite/gneiss lithoclast. PPL. illite and chlorite clays and extensive permeability of 1 to 67 mD and locally up (B) Enlarged view from panel A showing calcite quartz and K-feldspar overgrowths, and to 300 mD for the major pools (Bailey cement between quartz grains. PPL. (C) Same calcite, dolomite and anhydrite cements and Cochrane, 1984). Within the known view as panel B but with cross polarized light. (D) (Dorland, 2001). Formation of secondary reservoirs the Cambrian units are generally General view of granite/gneiss lithoclast(?) from intercrystalline porosity and permeability porous and permeable throughout but lower part of thin section. by dolomitization has occurred in the mixed lithologies cause large fluctuations carbonate units, which also has been in porosity and permeability values. The reduced by clays and cements. presence of mixed grain sizes, filling of pores by clays, and cementation, has Cambrian Exploration and resulted in reduction of primary inter- Production History particle porosity and permeability in the Exploration targeting the Cambrian and/ siliciclastic units. In the Innerkip pool or Shadow Lake Formation in southern primary porosity has been substantially Ontario has resulted in 20 discoveries. The reduced by authigenic and diagenetic first Cambrian gas reservoir, the Electric (Continued on page 20...)

20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

pool, was discovered in 1948, followed by not confined to areas where the Cambrian (Aigner, 1985). They are overlain by thick the Innerkip Pool in 1961. The Innerkip pinches out against the Precambrian shales of the Blue Mountain, Georgian Bay Pool is the largest gas pool in the play, with basement. There are large prospective areas and Queenston Formations, and locally production starting in 1966. After 22 years beyond the Cambrian subcrop pinch-out by shaly carbonates of the Collingwood of production only 6 wells were producing edge where the Shadow Lake Formation is Member of the Cobourg Formation with cumulative gas production of 3.4 Bcf to present and where there has been limited (Fig.2), forming a regional seal for the end of 1988. An additional 98 wells were exploration. hydrocarbon migration and a barrier for drilled from 1989 to 2004 after discovery water movement. Beneath Lake Erie, the of the main sand channel to the north The Arthur gas pool is located on top of combined thickness of these formations and north east of the initial producing the Algonquin Arch, 65 kilometres north exceeds 500 metres, thinning from south area. Over 89 per cent of the Cambrian gas of the Innerkip pool. Well records are to north and averaging 200 to 300 metres production in Ontario has been derived incomplete but production appears to in most of southern Ontario. Both the from the Innerkip gas pool, with cumulative be derived principally from the Shadow Georgian Bay Formation and Queenston production of 27.6 Bcf to the end of 2015. Lake Formation. This is an example of a Formation contain interbeds of limestone. reservoir at the unconformity far removed Oil was first discovered in the Cambrian in from Cambrian strata. The area north of The lowermost 10 to 50 metres of the 1923 but did not result in any commercial the Innerkip Gas Pool has very few wells, Blue Mountain Formation, immediately production. Discovery of the Gobles but an intriguing number of gas shows in overlying the Trenton Group, is dark grey to Pool (1.6 mmbo and 1.1 bcf gas) in 1960 the Shadow Lake Formation. The untested black and contains elevated levels of organic stimulated exploration for Cambrian oil areas could easily fit another Innerkip matter. Together with the underlying reservoirs, and was quickly followed by gas or Gobles pool. It is surprising that no Collingwood, this Utica-equivalent interval discovery of the Clearville Pool (1.5 mmbo) known recent exploration effort has been is a potential unconventional source of oil in 1962 and the Willey Pool (2.1 mmbo) in directed at this play. Also, it is important to and natural gas, to be discussed in the last 1965. Over 93 per cent of the Cambrian oil note that there is no water leg associated paper of this series. production has been derived from these with the Innerkip, Gobles or Arthur pools three pools, with cumulative production so it should be easier to find economic Geology of the Black River Group of over 5 million bbl to the end of 2015. reserves in this play. The Shadow Lake Formation, already Initial potential per well for Cambrian oil described above, is the basal unit of the production is difficult to determine with Upper Ordovician Trenton-Black Black River Group, and represents the certainty due to lack of records, but Bailey River Oil and Gas Play initiation of deposition of Upper Ordovician and Cochrane (1984) report individual At the time of deposition of the regional sediments in southern Ontario following a wells producing up to 166 bbl/day from the limestones of the Black River and Trenton prolonged period of exposure and erosion Willey Pool. Groups there was no discernible expression represented by the Knox Unconformity. It of the Algonquin Arch in southern Ontario. is conformably and gradationally overlain Cambrian Exploration Potential The Black River Group was deposited on a by very fine-grained lime mudstones of the The Cambrian play is largely carbonate ramp, shallowing gradationally Gull River Formation in most of southern underdeveloped with considerable from southwest to northeast with Ontario (Fig.2). There is commonly a potential for additional discoveries. corresponding thinning of the group from thin, regionally-occurring bed of coarse Prospective areas could be any place a maximum of nearly 150 metres near dolomite in the Gull River, which may where porous clastics are present at the Windsor, to zero at the erosional edge contain oil or natural gas, sometimes in Precambrian/Paleozoic unconformity in eastern Ontario (Fig.9). The overlying commercial quantities. The Gull River since the unconformity acted as a major Trenton Group is more complex, averaging coarsens upwards into the Coboconk fluid conduit throughout its history 150 metres in thickness in most of the Formation, which consists of fine to (Sanford et al., 1985; Harper et al., 1995). subsurface of southern Ontario (Fig.10). medium grained, bioturbated, fossiliferous Only 1150 wells have tested Cambrian Where not dolomitized, these rocks have limestones; mostly peloidal wackestones, targets in southern Ontario. Potential some of the lowest measured hydraulic packstones and grainstones. resources for the Cambrian play were conductivities of all the Paleozoic strata in estimated by Bailey and Cochrane (1984) at southern Ontario. These strata occur 850 Geology of the Trenton Group 131.3 million bbl oil and 222 Bcf of natural metres or more in the subsurface in the The bioclastic limestones of the Coboconk gas. Windsor area, and subcrop east of Toronto. are sharply overlain by the shalier limestones of the Kirkfield Formation, The relatively new concept that the Innerkip The Trenton-Black River Group carbonates which grade upwards into fossiliferous Pool produces gas from Shadow Lake were deposited on a storm-dominated, bioclastic limestones comprised of Formation strata in addition to Cambrian shallow crinoidal ramp (Kobluk and wackestones, packstones and grainstones. is significant for future exploration of this Brookfield 1982). The depositional The overlying Sherman Fall Formation type of reservoir. Now, exploration for sequences represent deepening-upwards consists of a basal facies of shaly lime another Innerkip or Gobles type reservoir is cycles of shallow marine sedimentation mudstone to wackestones grading upwards

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 21 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

Figure 9. Isopach map (metres) of the Black River Group. Data from Figure 10. Isopach (metres) of the Trenton Group. Data from Ontario Ontario Geological Survey (2011). Geological Survey (2011). into bioclastic lime grainstones. This upper by bounding faults, however an alternative unit is commonly termed the Sherman explanation includes regional fault and Fall “fragmental” by petroleum geologists. fracture patterns with accompanying The uppermost unit of the Trenton Group shears created by wrench-faulting during is the Cobourg Formation, comprised several phases of extensional tectonics in of fossiliferous and argillaceous nodular the Taconic and Alleghanian orogenies. limestone, with organic-rich partings. In the The dominant NW-SE trends are attributed deep subsurface the uppermost few metres to wrench faulting associated with the of the Cobourg Formation is dolomitized Pennsylvanian Appalachian orogeny, and is informally referred to as the “cap overprinting the earlier fault and fracture dolomite” (Armstrong and Carter, 2010). patterns within southeastern Michigan and southern Ontario. Trenton-Black River Reservoirs Figure 11. Typical dolomite fabric in a Trenton- Black River reservoir. These structurally controlled oil fields are Reservoir development within the Trenton- interpreted to have formed within a regional Black River carbonates is usually within fault and fracture network that provided dolomitized grainstones that contain conduits for fluids that dolomitized high matrix porosities, surrounded by the regional limestone and created the fractured and dolomitized mudstones, reservoirs. They are commonly referred to wackestones and packstones (Fig.11). as hydrothermal dolomite (HTD) reservoirs The reservoirs are laterally-extensive (Hurley and Budros, 1990, Davies and vertical “chimneys” of dolomite created Smith, 2006). A later pulse of hydrothermal by pervasive dolomitization with laterally fluid assisted with hydrocarbon maturation, extensive secondary porosity, along migration and emplacement. The resulting a linear trend of dolomite chimneys. linear fields have dimensions that range Dolomite chimneys were created by Figure 12. Isometric representation of a pull- from 300 to 1000 metres wide and up to hydrothermal dolomitization within apart basin (modified from Dooley and McClay, 15 km long in Ontario, and 0.5-2 km wide negative flower structures and localized 1997) showing sag or “graben” structure. and 60 km long in the Albion-Scipio, Stoney by en-echelon shearing along a main fault Point and Napoleon oil fields within central trace (Figure 12;). Less intense fracturing and southeast Michigan. Similar reservoirs and dolomitization within relatively have been discovered in New York, Ohio, bioclastic-poor sediments created isolated Pennsylvania and West Virginia in the dolomite chimneys or pod-like reservoir Appalachian Basin. development.

These narrow reservoirs are expressed For a regional comparison, in southern on seismic sections as a sag or structural Ontario, reservoir facies are best developed low, which coincides with those areas within the bioclastic grainstones of the of the reservoir that are well fractured, Sherman Fall Formation and within dolomitized and contain reservoir quality the Coboconk Formation, whereas rock (Fig.12, 13). These structures have been fractured mudstones and wackestones Figure 13. Conceptual model of a Trenton-Black interpreted as graben-like features created with accompanying vugular porosity River reservoir. Modified from Colquhoun (2012).

(Continued on page 22...)

22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

characterizes reservoir development of Oil is sweet, 40o API and accompanied Albion-Scipio, Stoney Point and Napoleon by solution gas. Typical water saturation fields in central and southeastern Michigan. within normal hydrodynamic regimes for Trenton-Black River reservoirs vary Trapped hydrocarbons may have been between 15 and 40%, irreducible water sourced from the overlying Upper saturation commonly ranges between 15 Ordovician shales and migrated at depth and 25%. These reservoirs may contain along fractures into the Cobourg and prolific water production located much Sherman Fall Formations (Sanford 1961). higher within the stratigraphic column, Alternatively, the hydrocarbons originated sometimes accompanied by small to large from the Ordovician carbonate rocks quantities of oil depending on location themselves. The Cobourg Formation of the well within the structure. Typical contains up to 3% organic carbon content initial decline rates for a producing well are Figure 14: Production profile for a typical Trenton- and has been exposed to high enough estimated at 15-25% per year (Fig.14). Black River oil well. temperatures to generate hydrocarbons During these later stages of tectonic (Colquhoun 1991; Obermajer et al, 1996, Dolomitization, hydrothermal adjustment, the diagenetic seal became 1999). Trapping mechanisms include the alteration and emplacement of partially breached and rejuvenated and/or overlying Upper Ordovician shales (200- hydrocarbons newly formed faults and fractures developed 300 m thick), a thin cap dolostone atop the The controlling structures of the dolomite lower within the structures allowing Cobourg (1-5m thick), and tight regional chimneys are interpreted to be wrench formation waters and hydrocarbons to limestones along the lateral edges of the faults from extensional tectonics. Within migrate into higher stratigraphic positions. reservoirs. Hydrothermal dolomite textures southwestern Ontario extensional faulting In several trends the interior of the reservoir may also provide local permeability barriers occurred as early as upper Ordovician and was became tight from over-dolomitization between shear planes within individual active up to middle Devonian time, during and the hydrocarbons migrated to a dolomite chimneys. both the Taconic and Appalachian orogenies. higher stratigraphic position. The timing of this last stage is currently unknown but Reservoir characteristics The first stage of reservoir development occurred during unloading and cooling of There are a total of 71 Trenton-Black River included dolomitization of the host the basin. oil and gas pools in southern Ontario with limestone and creation of secondary recorded production. Most pools are oil porosity and permeability, or at least a major History of the Trenton-Black River reservoirs that contain solution gas but part of it, by warm basinal fluids. These Play there are several gas pools as well. The top warm fluids migrated through the Cambrian Trenton and Black River Group carbonates of 14 oil pools (upper 20%) produced between sandstones by hydrostatic pressures the Michigan and Appalachian basins have 700,000 bbl and 6.2 million bbl of oil. Initial influenced by basin-wide circulation of been prolific oil and gas producers since the production rates as high as 500 bbl/day brines, up along faults and fractures into late 1800's with the discovery of gas in the have been were reported. The top 19 gas the overlying carbonates and progressively Trenton Group carbonates east of Findlay, pools (upper 25%), including solution gas dolomitized the limestone. Dolomitization Ohio and oil outside of Lima, Ohio in 1894 and production and gas producing fields, range also occurred along preferred pathways 1895, respectively. The giant Lima-Indiana between 370 mmcf and 14.1 bcf gas. within porous bioclastic-rich carbonates. field that was developed following these Timing on the dolomitization event is likely discoveries produced more than 500,000 bbl Core analyses demonstrate wide ranges prior to maximum subsidence of the basin of oil and approximately 1 Tcf of gas during in matrix porosity from 3 to 15% with (>300 Ma), following initial development the late 1800's and into the early 1900's accompanying vugular and fracture porosity, of the pull-apart structures during upper (Keith and Wickstrom, 1992; Caprarotta et al. which can range from 18% to >45% for large Ordovician time ~440 Ma, and predating 1988) and was the first giant oil and gas field open fractures. Permeability estimates hydrocarbon migration (Colquhoun, 1991). discovered in North America. Approximately range between tens and several hundred 100,000 wells have been drilled in this field. millidarcies within specific portions of the Subsequent to dolomitization, further The reservoir is a stratigraphic trap in regional reservoir and as high as 10 Darcies when alteration by hydrothermal fluids resulted dolomites on the crest of the Cincinnati and large open fractures are encountered, which in stacked reservoirs in some places and Findlay arches. greatly enhance initial productivity rates. segregated reservoirs in others. The timing of Homogeneous reservoir quality grainstones this event was estimated using Lopatin basin Discovery of the first oil and gas reservoir exhibit average porosities of 8% with an modeling techniques to be ~250 Ma or during demonstrably linked to faulting and average permeability of 150 millidarcies. late Permian (Colquhoun 1991). Several dolomitization did not occur until 1917 Well productivity is variable depending upon tectonic events occurred over a short time with completion of the first gas well in the the number of open fractures encountered frame including a structural overprinting Dover oil and gas pool in southern Ontario. by the well bore, which increases local event during Pennsylvanian time. The next big discovery did not occur until permeability. 1936, when the first well was drilled in the

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 23 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

robust seismic methods such as Mega Bin shows of natural gas indicate significant 3-D seismic surveys or 2-D swaths, which undiscovered potential. simulates a 3-D survey but for less cost. The 3-D seismic survey allows the operator to Summary more easily identify the dolomite chimney Like most plays in Ontario the Cambrian characteristics within the hydrothermal and Ordovician plays have a long history dolomite play. of successful exploitation and have made significant contributions to Ontario’s Much of southern Ontario between London production of oil and natural gas. Estimates and Niagara Falls has not been evaluated of potential remaining resources suggest for potential structures using seismic or there are still significant discoveries to be drilling of deep wells. It is recommended made, especially when oil and gas prices Figure 15: Goldsmith-Lakeshore oil field in Romney to begin exploration using high resolution have recovered. The size and quality of the Twp., Kent County and Mersea Twp., Essex County magnetic surveys (HRAM) and lineament discovered pools and the large unexplored (Golder Associates, 2005) analysis to identify major fault trends, area should provide sufficient incentive for followed with several 2-D seismic lines to additional exploration, and the excellent Deerfield oil pool located in Monroe County confirm faults and define a linear trend. A data resources available at the Ontario in Michigan. Deerfield is located along conventional exploratory well should be Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library should the Lucas-Monroe monocline that is an drilled to confirm the location of productive reduce the risk. extension of the Bowling Green fault zone. intervals. Successful exploratory drilling should be followed up with a 3-D seismic References The Albion-Scipio field, the best-known survey over the entire linear trend to guide Aigner, T. (1985). Storm depositional pool of the Trenton-Black River HTD play development drilling. systems: Dynamic stratigraphy in modern type, was discovered in 1957, largely by and ancient shallow marine sequences; serendipity. The pool has been developed Drilling in the Ordovician play by Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 3, Springer- by 734 oil wells with cumulative production Consumers' Gas, Pembina Exploration, Verlag, Berlin, 174p. of approximately 150 million bbl of oil Ram Petroleum and Paragon Petroleum (American Oil&Gas Historical Society, Corporation (and its predecessors) during American Oil&Gas Historical Society, 2016. 2016). The first wells in the field were the 80's and '90's claimed a 67% success Michigan’s “Golden Gulch” oil, accessed completed as flowing wells with initial rate for exploration wells and over 80% at http://aoghs.org/petroleum-pioneers/ potential of hundreds to thousands of bbl for development wells. Their successor, michigan-oil-and-gas/ per day. Talisman Energy, posted development success numbers above 90%. Dundee Armstrong, D.A., and Carter, T.R., 2010. During the 1950's and 1960's a number Energy LLP acquired Talisman’s Ontario The subsurface Paleozoic stratigraphy of relatively minor discoveries were assets in 2010 and is the current operator of of southern Ontario; Ontario Geological made in Ontario. The modern phase of the majority of the Trenton-Black River oil Survey, Special Volume 7, 301 p. exploration and development occurred in and gas pools in southern Ontario. 1983-2004 with 39 new pool discoveries Bailey Geological Services, and Cochrane, containing 93% of the oil reserves and 62% Trenton-Black River Exploration R.O. 1984 Evaluation of the conventional of the natural gas. The largest of the Ontario Potential and potential oil and gas reserves of the Trenton-Black River pools found in this The Ordovician play area occupies Cambrian of Ontario; Ontario Geological time was the Goldsmith-Lakeshore field approximately 120,000 km2. Potential Survey Open File Report 5499, 72 p. (Fig. 15) with cumulative production of recoverable resources are estimated to be 6.2 million bbl oil. The field is 15 km long 40 million bbl of oil, of which 23 million bbl Bailey, S.M.B. 2003. A geological model and 300 to 1000 metres in width, extending has been produced. Potential gas resources for the Innerkip gas pool, Oxford County, beneath Lake Erie where it has been are estimated to 281 bcf, with only 41 bcf Blandford/Blenheim townships, Ontario; accessed by horizontal wells drilled from recovered (Golder Associates 2005). Total Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference onshore locations. In 2009 the Napoleon number of wells drilled for Ordovician oil of the Ontario Petroleum Institute, 30p. pool was discovered in Michigan, and to and gas targets in SW Ontario are estimated date is the last significant discovery . at ~1700. There has been no recent Bailey, S.M.B. 2005. A comparison of exploration activity in this play in Ontario. Cambrian reservoir rocks onlapping the Exploration methods and success S.E. and N.W. sides of the Algonquin Arch in rates Trenton-Black River oil and gas pools SW Ontario: A regional correlation project; Traditional exploration methods include are prolific producers. Very large parts Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference 2-D seismic used to identify a structural of southern Ontario have never been of the Ontario Petroleum Institute, 20p. low or sag feature atop the Trenton. Over explored for this type of reservoir. The the years operators began using more regional occurrence of small gas pools and Burgess, R.J. 1962. Cambrian hydrocarbon

(Continued on page 24...)

24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 TECHNICAL ARTICLE

traps on the north-west rim of the and Gobles Oil Pool, Southwestern Ontario; Survey of Canada, Memoir 355, 201p. Appalachian Basin; Proceedings of the Unpublished B.Sc. thesis, University of 1st Annual Conference of the Ontario Western Ontario, 88p. Obermajer, M., Fowler, M.G., Goodarzi, Petroleum Institute, 24p. F., and Snowdon, L.R., 1996. Assessing Golder Associates Ltd. (2005). Hydrocarbon thermal Maturity of Paleozoic rocks from Caley, J.F. and Liberty, B.A. 1950. Orillia- resource assessment of the Trenton-Black reflectance of chitinozoa as constrained by Brechin and Beaverton, Ontario; Geological River Hydrothermal Dolomite Play in geochemical indicators: an example from Survey of Canada, Paper 50-11, 7p. Ontario; Ontario Oil, Gas, and Salt Resources southern Ontario, Canada; Marine and Library, 35 pages, 27 figures, 8 tables, 11 Petroleum Geology, v.13, no.8, p.907-919. Caprarotta, D.W., Schrider, L.A., Natoli, cross-sections, 7 pool maps, 4 appendices. and Petroleum Potential of the Paleozoic M.A., and Sawyer, W.K. (1988). A case Strata in Southwestern Ontario study for exploration and development of Harper, D.A., Longstaffe, F.J., Wadleigh, the Trenton reservoir in northwest Ohio; M.A. and McNutt, R.H. 1995. Secondary Obermajer, M., Fowler, M.G., and Snowdon, in B.D. Keith (ed.), The Trenton Group K-feldspar at the Precambrian-Paleozoic L.R., 1999. Depositional environment and oil (Upper Ordovician Series) of Eastern unconformity, southwestern Ontario; generation in Ordovician source rocks from North America; American Association of Canadian Journal of Earth of Earth Sciences southwestern Ontario, Canada: Organic Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology v.32, p. 1432-1450. geochemical and petrological approach; #29, p. 191-205. American Association of Petroleum Hurley, N.F., and R. Budros, 1990. Albion- Geologists, v.83, no.9, p.1426-1453. Carter, T.R., Trevail, R.A., and Easton, Scipio and Stoney Point fields-U.S.A., R.M., 1996. Basement controls on some Michigan Basin, in: Beaumont, E.A., and Ontario Geological Survey, 2011. Regional hydrocarbon traps in southern Ontario, Foster N.H. (eds.) Treatise of Petroleum structure and isopach maps of potential Canada; in Basement and basins of eastern Geology Atlas of Oil & Gas Fields, hydrocarbon-bearing strata for southern North America; Geological Society of Stratigraphic Traps I; American Association Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, America, Special Paper 308, p.95-107. of Petroleum Geologists, p. 1-32. Miscellaneous Release—Data 276.

Colquhoun, I. 2012. Middle Ordovician Johnson, MD., Armstrong, D.K., Sanford, Ontario Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library, Trenton-Black River Group carbonate play B.V., Telford, P.G., and Rutka, M.A. 1992. 2015. Oil and gas pools and pipelines of in southwestern Ontario ; Ontario Oil&Gas Paleozoic and Mesozoic geology of Ontario, southern Ontario. 2012, p.56-62. in Geology of Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 4, Part 2, p. 906- Sanford, B.V. 1961. Subsurface stratigraphy Colquhoun, I.M. (1991). Paragenetic 1008. of Ordovician rocks in southwestern history of the Ordovician Trenton Group Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, carbonates, southwestern Ontario; Pounder, J.A. (1964) Cambrian of Ontario; Paper 60-26, 54p. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Brock Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference University, 250p. of the Ontario Petroleum Institute, 24p. Sanford, B.V. and Quillian, R.G. 1959. Subsurface stratigraphy of Upper Cambrian Coniglio, M., Melchin, M.J. and Brookfield, Keith, B.D., and Wickstrom, L.H., 1992. rocks in southwestern Ontario; Geological M.E. 1990. Stratigraphy, sedimentology Lima-Indiana trend – Cincinnati and Findlay Survey of Canada, Paper 58-12, 17p. and biostratigraphy of Ordovician rocks arches, Ohio and Indiana, USA; in Beaumont, of the Peterborough-Lake Simcoe area of E.A., and Foster, N.H. (eds), Atlas of oil and Sanford, B.V., Thompson, F.J. and McFall, southern Ontario; American Association gas fields, Stratigraphic traps III; American G.H. 1985. Plate Tectonics – a possible of Petroleum Geologists, Eastern Section, Association of Petroleum Geologists, Treatise controlling mechanism in the development Fieldtrip No.3 Guidebook, 82p. of Petroleum Geology, p.347-367. of hydrocarbon traps in southwestern Ontario; Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Davies, G.R., and Smith, L.B., 2006. Kobluk, D.R., and Brookfield, M.E. (1982). Geology v.33, p.52-71. Structurally controlled hydrothermal Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks and dolomite facies: An overview; American paleoenvironments in southern Ontario; Trevail, R.A. 1990. Cambro-Ordovician Association of Petroleum Geologists IAS, Eleventh International Congress on shallow water sediments, London area, Bulletin, v. 90, no. 11, p. 1641-1690. Sedimentology, Excursion Guidebook 12A, southwestern Ontario, in Geology of 62 p. Southwestern Ontario, A Core Workshop Dooley, T. and McClay, K. (1997). Analogue (ed. T.R.Carter), p.29-51; American modeling of pull-apart basins; American Lazorek, M., and Carter, T.R., 2008. The oil Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1990 Association of Petroleum Geologists and gas plays of Ontario. Ontario Petroleum Eastern Section Meeting, London, Ontario. Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1804-1826. Institute; Ontario Oil&Gas June 2008 June 2008, p.18-27. Williams, D.A. and Telford, P.G. 1986. Dorland, M.J. 2001. Petrography and Paleozoic geology of the Ottawa area; Diagenesis of Cambro-Ordovician Liberty, B.A. 1955. Paleozoic geology of Geological Association of Canada, Fieldtrip Reservoir Rocks from the Innerkip Gas Pool the Lake Simcoe area, Ontario; Geological Guidebook 8, 25p.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 25 SPE/CSPG Introduction to Petroleum COURSE INSTRUCTORS Engineering and Geosciences Roger Hough, P. Eng Saad Ibrahim, P. Eng SPE and CSPG have cocreated a bootcamp style training course for Art Irwin, Msc. P. Geo anyone who wants to better understand petroleum focused engineering and geosciences. Jon Noad, P. Geo This course introduces tools and techniques used by engineers and Special Introductory Offer geologists to identify oil and gas plays. It describes how wells are

drilled and explains how the production cycle is completed.  4 Days: CAD 1000

At the end of this course you will have a better understanding of  2 Days 1 Discipline: these disciplines and how they integrate with the work you do. Day CAD 700 1 and 2 focus on geosciences and day 3 and 4 cover basic petroleum (geoscience or engineering) engineering.

Why Should You Attend: To improve your industry knowledge and enhance job performance by learning how your contribution fits into REGISTER TODAY the overall business process. You will also be able to communicate more effectively in the industry with www.spe.org/training/courses/IPE.php respect to understanding how the engineering and geoscience disciplines fit together and the language that goes with it.

Who Should Attend: Registration Includes: Anyone working in the industry and dealing with 4 days of instruction by engineers and geologists, use information from engineers or geologists ,or who are peripheral to the industry and industry professionals, plus need an overview of the whole process. Engineers, geologists, geoscientists, geophysicists, technical course materials assistants, workterm students, accountants, legal and contracts, analysts, human resources personnel, economists, service company personnel, lease holders, regulatory staff.

26 RESERVOIR ISSUE 09 • OCTOBER 2016 “This pioneer and explorer in geology, engineering and natural gas technology bequeathed a fundamental knowledge, years ahead of his time and was considered by many a virtual Leonardo da Vinci of the Petroleum Industry. Slipper, our First President, deserved the honour (unbeknownst to him) of our highest award in the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists” Aubrey Kerr

The Stanley Slipper Medal is CSPG’s Highest honour. The gold medal is presented annually for outstanding contributions to oil and gas exploration in Canada. The contributions of the winner of this award should encompass a number of activities related to aspects of petroleum exploration. Such activities include: initiating and/or leading exploration programs, significant discoveries on new or existing exploration trends, teaching and/or training of explorationists, and involvement in and leadership within geological societies and professional organizations.

The committee is currently calling on the CSPG membership to provide additional nominations for this prestigious award. The award winner must be a CSPG mem- ber and should be able to attend the awards presentation to be held in the spring of 2017. 2015 Stanley Slipper Recipient

Dick Walls Please include an updated biography and letters in support of your nominee. It is recommended that potential nominations be vetted with the Committee Chair early in the process in order to avoid, if possible, duplicate nominations for the same person.

Nominations should be mailed, faxed or emailed before October 15 to:

CSPG Stanley Slipper Committee– Clint Tippett 110, 333 – 5 Ave SW Calgary, AB T2P 3B6 Email: [email protected]

Stanley Slipper Medal