Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Bo01, Malmö, Sweden

Notes

Chapter 1. Introduction Model for Sustainable Urban Growth with Projects in Ten Countries on Six Continents,” press release, May 18, 1. Robert D. Yaro, Regional Plan 2009. Association, “Before the Next Storm,” November 12, 2012, http://www.rpa 7. Author’s notes from a presentation .org/2012/11/before-the-next-storm by Lord Nicholas Stern in the closing .html (accessed January 7, 2013). plenary session of the Copenhagen Climate Change Congress, March 2. Peter Calthorpe, Urbanism in the Age 10–12, 2009. of Climate Change (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010), 8. 8. Adam Ritchie and Randall Thomas, eds., Sustainable Urban Design: An 3. Homo ludens refers to “man the Environmental Approach, 2nd ed. player.” The concept is introduced in (London: Taylor and Francis, 2009), 3. a book by Johan Huizinga titled Homo ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture, ﬁrst published in 1938. Chapter 2. Bo01, Malmö,

4. Work of the studio is published in Sweden a 2005 report by the Tianjin Urban 1. Bengt Persson, ed., Sustainable City Planning and Design Institute and of Tomorrow: Bo01—Experiences the University of California, Berkeley, of a Swedish Housing Exposition College of Environmental Design, (Stockholm: Formas [Swedish “Principles and Prototypes—Tianjin Research Council for Environment, Transit-Oriented Development.” See Agricultural Sciences and Spatial also Harrison Fraker, “Unforbidden Planning], 2005), 9. Cities,” California 117, no. 5 (September/October 2006): 44–49. 2. Ibid., 7.

5. The EcoBlock concept is summarized 3. Ibid., 9. in an August 2007 report by ARUP 4. Ibid. Americas, Inc., “Qingdao EcoBlock 5. Ibid. Prototype, Pre-Feasibility Study 6. Ibid., 11. Report.” 7. Ibid., 12. 6. William J. Clinton Foundation and US Green Building Council, “Clinton 8. Ibid., 39. Climate Initiative to Demonstrate 9. Ibid., 42.

10. Ibid. 4. Ibid., 18.

11. Ibid., 14. 5. Stockholm City Planning

12. Klas Tham, “Bo01: City of Tomorrow” Administration, “Neighborhood (unpublished paper, March 2007). Planning Quality Guidelines” (Stockholm: City of Stockholm, 13. Persson, Sustainable City of Tomorrow, 2005), 1. 51. 6. Stockholm City Planning 14. Ibid., 52. Administration, “Hammarby 15. Ibid., 43. Sjöstad,” 3. 16. Ibid., 45. 7. GlashusEtt, Hammarby Sjöstad: 17. Ibid., 53. A Unique Environmental Project 18. William McDonough and Michael in Stockholm (Stockholm: City of Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking Stockholm, 2007), 11. the Way We Make Things (New York: 8. Poldermans, “Sustainable Urban North Point Press, 2002). Development,” 25.

19. Persson, Sustainable City of Tomorrow, 9. David Fannon, “Hammarby Sjöstad: 14. Report for Arch 209” (Berkeley: 20. Ibid., 35. University of California, College of Environmental Design, November 21. Ibid., 39. 2009). 22. Ibid. 10. GlashusEtt, Hammarby Sjöstad, 8.

11. Ibid., 10. Chapter 3. Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, 12. Poldermans, “Sustainable Urban Sweden Development,” 23. 13. Fannon, “Hammarby Sjöstad: Report.”

1. Cas Poldermans, “Sustainable Urban 14. Poldermans, “Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of Hammarby Development,” 24. Sjöstad” (Stockholm: Stockholm 15. GlashusEtt, Hammarby Sjöstad, 17. University, Department of Human 16. Fannon, “Hammarby Sjöstad: Report.” Geography, 2006), 11, http://www 17. GlashusEtt, Hammarby Sjöstad, 21. .hammarbysjostad.se/miljo/pdf /CasPoldermans.pdf. 18. Ibid., 18.

2. Stockholm City Planning 19. Ibid., 27. Administration, “Hammarby Sjöstad” 20. Ibid., 19.

(Stockholm: City of Stockholm, 21. Future Communities, “Hammarby 2007), 1. Sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden, 1995 to 3. Poldermans, “Sustainable Urban 2015: Building a ‘Green’ City Extension,” Development,” 16. http://www Notes | 211

.futurecommunities.net/case-studies Chapter 5. Vauban, /hammarby-sjostad-stockholm- Freiburg, Germany sweden-1995-2015 (accessed December 12, 2012). 1. Chris Turner, “Solar Settlement,” Azure, January 5, 2007, 2. 22. Ibid. 2. Jan Scheuerer, “Vauban District, Chapter 4. Kronsberg, Freiburg, Germany” (Perth, Western Hannover, Germany Australia: Murdoch University, Institute for Social Sustainability, 2009), 1, http://www.vauban.de/info 1. Karin Rumming, ed., foreword to /abstract.html (accessed January 19, Hannover Kronsberg Handbook: 2012). Planning and Realisation (Leipzig: Jütte Druck, 2004), 4. 3. Ibid.

2. Inge Schottkowski-Bahre, ed., Modell 4. Ibid., 2, http://www.vauban.de/info Kronsberg: Sustainable Building for the /abstract2.html. Future (Leipzig: Jütte Druck, 2000), 9. 5. Ibid., 1, http://www.vauban.de/info 3. Rumming, Hannover Kronsberg /abstract.html. Handbook, 47. 6. Ibid.

4. Ibid., 48. 7. Ibid.

5. Ibid., 50. 8. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “In German 6. Ibid., 53. Suburb, Life Goes On without Cars,” New York Times, May 11, 2009, http:// 7. Ibid. www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12 8. Ibid. /science/earth/12suburb.html 9. Ibid., 56. (accessed May 15, 2012).

10. Ibid., 23. 9. Hannes Linck, Quartier Vauban: 11. Ibid., 51. A Guided Tour (Freiburg: District

12. Ibid., 54. Association Vauban, 2009), 17.

13. Ibid., 120. 10. Ibid., 13.

14. Ibid. 11. Scheuerer, “Vauban District,” 4, http://www.vauban.de/info 15. Ibid. /abstract4.html. 16. Ibid., 122. 12. Ibid. 17. Ibid., 71. 13. Linck, Quartier Vauban, 19. 18. Ibid., 78. 14. Scheuerer, “Vauban District,” 4, 19. Ibid., 82. http://www.vauban.de/info 20. Ibid., 14. /abstract4.html.

21. Ibid., 15. 15. Linck, Quartier Vauban, 41, 43. 212 | Notes

Chapter 6. Observations and has been publicized by Charles across Neighborhoods Waldheim in The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006). 1. William J. Clinton Foundation and US Green Building Council, “Clinton 8. Cecily Maller et al., “Healthy Nature Climate Initiative to Demonstrate Healthy People: ‘Contact with Nature’ Model for Sustainable Urban Growth as an Upstream Health Promotion with Projects in Ten Countries on Six Intervention for Populations,” Health Continents,” press release, May 18, Promotions International 21, no. 1 2009. (March 2006): 45–54, http://heapro .oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/45 2. Climate Positive Development .full.pdf+html (accessed August 8, Program, within the Sustainable 2012). Communities Initiative of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. 9. Ibid., 51.

3. Interviews by author with Bo01 10. Ibid., 52. planner Eva Dahlman, December 11. Reported to the author by the Lund 2008, Malmö, Sweden, and City Planning Ofﬁce, Lund, Sweden, Hammarby Sjöstad planner Malin May 2012. Olsson, March 2009, Stockholm, 12. Melanie Dodd, “Overview,” in Esther Sweden. Charlesworth and Rob Adams, eds., 4. Author’s calculation. The EcoEdge: Urgent Design Challenges 5. US Centers for Disease Control and in Building Sustainable Cities (New Prevention, “How Much Physical York: Routledge, 2011), 10. Activity Do You Need?,” http://www .cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone Chapter 7. A Road Map /guidelines/index.html (accessed July for the United States 5, 2012). and Beyond 6. Richard J. Jackson, Designing Healthy Communities (companion book to 1. Peter Muller, “Transportation and PBS series of the same title) (San Urban Growth: The Shaping of the Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012). American Metropolis,” Focus 36, no. 2 (Summer 1986): 8–17, http://www 7. Although its antecedents go back to .web1.cnre.vt.edu/lsg/Intro/trans.htm a student’s thesis in 1994, “landscape (accessed July 20, 2012). urbanism” is generally recognized as having begun with James Corner 2. Patrick M. Condon, Seven Rules for (Field Operations) and others at the Sustainable Communities: Design University of Pennsylvania School of Strategies for the Post-Carbon World Design. It coalesced at a conference (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010), sponsored by the Graham Foundation 17–22. in 1997 titled “Landscape Urbanism” 3. Ibid., 18, 19. Notes | 213

4. Muller, “Transportation and Urban 13. Robert T. Dunphy et al., Developing Growth.” around Transit: Strategies and

5. Ibid. Solutions That Work (Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute, 2004). 6. For a discussion, refer to “Shrinking 14. Reid Ewing and Robert Cervero, Cities,” Planetizen, http://www “Travel and the Built Environment,” .planetizen.com/taxonomy/term/697 Journal of the American Planning (accessed July 14, 2012). Association 76, no. 3 (May 2010): 7. Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn: 265–94. What Happens after They’re Built 15. Robert Cervero and Erick Guerra, (New York: Viking Press, 1994). “Urban Densities and Transit: A Multi- 8. For example, see Hacienda Business dimensional Perspective,” Working Park, a planned unit development Paper UCB-ITS-VWP-2011-6 (Berkeley: at the Pleasanton, California, BART University of California, Institute of station. Transportation Studies, 2011), http:// 9. US Environmental Protection Agency, www.its.berkeley.edu/publications “Making Smart Growth Happen,” /UCB/2011/VWP/UCB-ITS-VWP-2011-6 http://www.epa.gov/dced .pdf.

/sg_implementation.htm (accessed 16. Erick Guerra and Robert Cervero, November 16, 2012). “Cost of a Ride: The Effects of 10. American Public Transportation Densities on Fixed-Guideway Transit Association, 2011 Public Transportation Ridership and Costs,” Journal of the Fact Book, 62nd ed. (Washington, American Planning Association 77, no. DC: American Public Transportation 3 (Summer 2011): 267–90.

Association, April 2011), 7, table 1, 17. Rob Adams, “Reprogramming Cities “Number of Public Transportation for Increased Populations and Climate Service Systems by Mode,” http:// Change,” in Esther Charlesworth www.apta.com/resources/statistics and Rob Adams, eds., The EcoEdge: /Documents/FactBook/APTA_2011 Urgent Design Challenges in Building _Fact_Book.pdf (accessed November Sustainable Cities (New York: 12, 2012). Routledge, 2011), 36.

11. Brian McKenzie and Melanie Rapino, 18. California Council on Science and Commuting in the United States: 2009, Technology, “California’s Energy American Community Survey Reports Future: The View to 2050,” Summary ACS-15 (Washington, DC: US Census Report (Sacramento, CA: California Bureau, September 2011), http://www Council on Science and Technology, .census.govprod/2011pubs/acs-15.pdf May 2011). Converting to biofuels, (accessed October 13, 2012). electricity, or both for vehicle fuels 12. Robert Cervero, The Transit Metropolis: is among the ﬁrst four actions A Global Inquiry (Washington, DC: recommended in the report’s “Key Island Press, 1998). Findings and Messages” section. 214 | Notes

19. Energy efﬁciency strategies are 29. Harvey Bryan and Dan Hoffman, highlighted by Robert Socolow “Comfort/Urban Heat Island Study: and Stephen Pacala in the article Downtown Phoenix Urban Form “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Project” (Tempe: Arizona State Climate Problem for the Next Fifty University, 2008). Years with Current Technologies,” 30. Art Rosenfeld, “White Roofs to Science 305, no. 5686 (August 13, Cool Your Building, Your City and 2004): 968–72. (This Is New!) Cool the World” 20. Edward Mazria, videotaped (presentation to Global Superior testimony before the US Senate Energy Performance Partnership Committee on Energy and Natural [GSEP] Working Group on Cool Roofs Resources, February 26, 2009, http:// and Pavements, Crystal City, VA, architecture2030.org/multimedia September 12, 2011), http://www /videos (accessed September 16, 2012). .globalcoolcities.org/wp-content

21. US Environmental Protection Agency, /uploads/2011/09/Rosen “Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the feld-Presentation.pdf (accessed United States: Facts and Figures,” November 12, 2012). http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz 31. Ibid., 22. /municipal/msw99.htm (accessed 32. Jun Yang et al., “The Urban Forest in September 9, 2012). Beijing and Its Role in Air Pollution 22. Calculation by author using biogas Reduction,” Urban Forestry and Urban production and electric generation Greening 3, no. 2 (2005): 65–78. efﬁciencies from OnSite Power 33. Martin Felsen, “Urban Design Systems. with Water, USA” (presentation at 23. See the cost reduction curve for solar SUDes Conference “Urban Water, photovoltaics in ﬁgure 7.5. Urban Form,” Lund University, Lund, Sweden, September 21, 2011). 24. The photovoltaics on the building in Bo01 are owned and operated by the 34. National Research Council, Water energy company Sydkraft. Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nation’s Water Supply through 25. For further information, see Paul Reuse of Municipal Wastewater Rauber, “Solar for All,” Sierra, January/ (Washington, DC: National Academies February 2013. Press, 2012), http://www.nap 26. Valerie Nelson, “Achieving the Water .edu /catalog.php?record_id=13303 Commons: The Role of Decentralised (accessed October 12, 2012). Systems,” in Water Sensitive Cities, 35. Vicki Elmer and Harrison Fraker, ed. Carol Howe and Cynthia Mitchell “Water, Neighborhoods and Urban (London: IWA Publishing, 2011), 10. Design: Micro-utilities and the Fifth 27. Ibid., 15. Infrastructure,” in Water Sensitive 28. Ibid., 11, 13. Cities, ed. Carol Howe and Cynthia Notes | 215

Mitchell (London: IWA Publishing, .state.nj.us/dca/divisions/dlgs 2011), 193–207. /programs.au_docs/40a_12a_1.pdf

36. Environmental Protection Agency, (accessed September 10, 2012). “Municipal Solid Waste.” 47. Kerry A. Dolan, “Largest U.S. ‘Zero

37. Cecily Maller et al., “Healthy Nature Net Energy’ Community Opens Healthy People: ‘Contact with Nature’ in California at UC Davis,” Forbes, as an Upstream Health Promotion October 14, 2011, http://www.forbes Intervention for Populations,” Health .com/sites/kerryadolan/2011/10/14 Promotions International 21, no. 1 /largest-u-s-zero-net-energy-com (March 2006): 51, http://heapro munity-opens-in-california-at-uc .oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/45 -davis/2/. .full.pdf+html (accessed August 8, 48. Robert D. Yaro, Regional Plan 2012). Association, “Before the Next Storm,”

38. Lester R. Brown, World on the Edge: November 12, 2012, http://www.rpa How to Prevent Environmental and .org/2012/11/before-the-next-storm Economic Collapse (Washington, DC: .html (accessed January 7, 2013). Earth Policy Institute, 2011). 49. For an update on Governor Jerry

39. Environmental Protection Agency, Brown’s efforts to repeal California “Making Smart Growth Happen.” redevelopment law, see Karen Gullo, “California Court Strikes 40. Ibid. Down Redevelopment Funds Law,” 41. Net energy is the sum of the energy Bloomberg Businessweek, January 4, taken from and delivered back to the 2012, http://www.businessweek.com utility on an annual basis. /news/2012-01-04/california-court 42. Environmental Protection Agency, -strikes-down-redevelopment-funds “Municipal Solid Waste.” -law.html (accessed January 5, 43. Author’s discussion with Siemens 2012). leadership, Beijing, January 13, 2012. 44. Randy Katz et al., “An Information- Chapter 8: Conclusion Centric Energy Infrastructure:

The Berkeley View,” Sustainable 1. Cecily Maller et al., “Healthy Nature Computing: Informatics and Systems 1, Healthy People: ‘Contact with Nature’ no. 1 (March 2011): 7–22. as an Upstream Health Promotion 45. The ﬁrst US example of a zero net Intervention for Populations,” Health energy neighborhood (described later Promotions International 21, no. 1 in this chapter) is an example of this (March 2006): 52, http://heapro kind of leadership and collaboration. .oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/45

46. For a description of these powers, see .full.pdf+html. Local Redevelopment and Housing 2. See California Assembly Bill 32, Global Law N.J.S. 40A:12A1–63, http://www Warming Solutions Act, http:// 216 | Notes

www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm, Future: The View to 2050,” Summary and Senate Bill 375, Sustainable Report (Sacramento: California Communities, http://www.leginfo Council on Science and Technology, .ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_0351 May 2011), 3.

-0400/sb_375_bill_20080930 4. Peter Calthorpe, Urbanism in the Age _chaptered.pdf. of Climate Change (Washington, DC: 3. California Council on Science and Island Press, 2010), 7. Technology, “California’s Energy 5. Ibid., plates 20–23. Index

Figures/photos/illustrations are indicated by Kronsberg, 78f, 136f a “ f ” and tables by a “ t .” Vauban, 137f block types, 130, 200. See also specific abandoned areas, 158–159 neighborhoods accessibility, 162–164 EcoBlock concept, 4 adaptation, 2 high-rise and low-rise, 23–24 aesthetics, 181–183 pattern, 103f, 104–105 air perimeter block concept, 51 filtration, 29 Bo01, Malmö, Sweden, 4, 11–12, 121–122. quality, 175 See also energy, Bo01; green space Andersen, Jeppe Aagaard, 21f factor, Bo01 Andersson, Jan-Erik, 30f aerial view, southwest, 12f aquifer-seawater heat pumps, 6, 30–32, 37–38 architect-developer team plots, 19, architect-developer team, 19, 19f, 22, 28, 37, 19f, 22, 28, 37 126 bicycle system, 18 Argonne National Laboratory, 168f block plans for, 134f Art Rosenfeld effect, 164, 164f block type, 130 ARUP, 4 building and living, 16 automobile, 156–157, 163–164. See also comparative plan for, 132f car-free living concept context plan of, 14f density, 23–25 BART. See Bay Area Rapid Transit eco-cycle, 15, 33 Baugruppe Kleehauser, 110, 116 edge buildings, 22f Baugruppen, 99–100, 105, 111, 114, 115. See also first block interior, southern view, Vauban, Freiberg, Germany 11f, 23f building performance, 117 first block plan, 21f original housing units, 108f funding, 15–16, 18, 35, 38 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), 163 goals, 36, 38–39 Beddington Zero Energy Development green space, 24–27, 37, 131, 139f (BedZED), 5–6 green space plan, 27f bicycle system, 130 height, 23–24 Bo01, 18 infill soils date and location plan, 16f Hammarby Sjöstad, 49, 62 information and knowledge health and, 127 dissemination, 16 Kronsberg, 70f, 76–77 LEED-ND rating for, 39, 40t, 41t US development, 160–161 lessons learned, 35–39 Vauban, 101 location within Malmö, 14f West Village, 187, 187f master plan of, 20f, 124f biodigester, 116, 147, 149, 190f materials, 34–35, 39 biogas, 6, 33–34, 55, 111, 116, 147–149, 150–153, Öresund Bridge view from, 13f 165–166 parking, 18 block plans pedestrian networks, 18 Bo01, 134f process and plan, 13–17 Hammarby Sjöstad, 51f, 135f promenade plan, 21f

promenade seating, 22f City of Stockholm’s Environment and public transport, 18 Health Administration, 45 resilience, 152–153 “City of Tomorrow.” See Västra Hamnen section drawing of, 138f city-developer relationship, 156 social agenda, 35, 39, 150–152 Clean Energy Collective, 170–171 soil decontamination, 15, 16f climate change, 1–2, 9, 193 storm-water, 26–27, 27f, 28f, 33, 38 as driving force, 122–123 sustainability criteria and, 6–8 looking forward, 204 temperature ranges per year in, 15f Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI), 122

transit plan, 17f, 128f CO2. See carbon dioxide transportation, 16, 17–19, 36 cogeneration, 6, 54–55, 107, 116, 144, 183, Turning Torso, 23, 24f, 37 201 urban design principles, 8 retroﬁt potentials, 166–167 urban form, 19–24, 36–37 Vauban, 109t urban planning, 15 collaboration, interdisciplinary and waste, 33–34, 33f, 38 interagency, 198 waste collection station, 33f Colorado, 170–171 water, 16, 33 combined heat and power (CHP), 74, 82, 83 Brooklyn Grange, 180f stations, 84 Bryan, Harvey, 174 community participation, 98, 100, 114, 116, 143, 183, 199 California, 204. See also speciﬁc places across neighborhoods, 126 water infrastructure, 172f “community solar,” 170–171 California Council on Science and comparative plans, 132f, 133f Technology, 204 context plan “California’s Energy Future: The View to Bo01, 14f 2050,” 204 Kronsberg, 71f Calthorpe, Peter, 2, 204 Stockholm, 45f scenario impacts, 206f, 207f Vauban, 100f

carbon dioxide (CO2), 2, 65 West Village, 186f emission per person, 32 cooling degree days (CDD), 15f emission reductions, 72, 74, 81–82, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5–6, 13 81f, 83, 87, 91–92, 152, 205 green space and, 131 Davis, California, 185–186. See also West US emissions, 182 Village, Davis, California VMT and, 127 de Monchaux, Nicholas, 177f car-free living concept, 99, 100–101, 114 density, 23–25, 162–164 car-sharing programs, 99, 101 developer. See architect-developer team; CCI. See Clinton Climate Initiative city-developer relationship; speciﬁc CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and developers Prevention Disch, Rolf, 98, 107, 110 CDD. See cooling degree days Dolan, Kerry, 192–193 Centers for Disease Control and “double-good” environmental strategy, Prevention (CDC), 127 45–46 C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, 122 Druck, Jütte, 72f, 85f, 125f Chambers, Brian, 138f Chicago, Illinois, 175 Echeverri, Natalia, 132f, 133f, 145f, 146f, 147f water boulevards, 176f EcoBlock concept, 4 China, 4, 175 eco-cycle, 15, 33 CHP. See combined heat and power ecological services, 131 Chrysler 300 advertisement, 3 EIA. See environmental impact analysis City Council Vauban Committee, 99 electric energy, 54, 56, 143, 152–153 Index | 219

energy, 74, 123. See also solar energy; thermal supply goals, 54 energy; waste-to-energy systems; wind thermal power station, 55 energy; speciﬁc systems total energy from waste, 57t conservation standards, 6 vacuum waste system, 61f demand reduction, 38–39, 141, waste ﬂows, 54–55, 149, 150 143–144, 200 waste-to-energy cycle, 57f development model, 148 energy, Kronsberg, 73–74, 86–87, 92 distribution system, 31f CHP, 82, 83–84

efﬁciency, 143, 188–189 CO2 emission reductions, 81–82, 81f, electric, 54, 56, 143, 152–153 83, 87 local renewable, 6, 15, 28, 30–32, comparative percentages of 37–38, 65, 143, 152–153 renewable energy supply, 142f observations across neighborhoods, LEH, 82 141–148 microclimate zone, 84–85, 85f, 86f reduce/produce diagram, 148f performance data, 146f renewable supplies, 142f, 144–145, QAP, 82–83 147, 148, 200–201 renewable energy supplies, 144, 145 supply and demand, 27, 30 solar thermal seasonal storage, supply retroﬁt potential, 165–171, 84–85, 84f, 85f 180–181 standards, 82 urban landscape and, 180–181 target consumption, 83 US strategies in, 164–165 wind turbines in, 84f West Village, 188–189, 191 energy, Vauban, 115, 143 energy, Bo01, 36, 141, 143, 149 biodigester, 116 balance, 31, 32, 32f, 38 cogeneration plants, 109f CDD, 15f comparative percentages of comparative percentages of renewable energy supply, 142f renewable energy supply, 142f consumption projection for, 109, 109t evacuated tube collectors, 30, 30f framework, 107 HDD, 15f heating standards, 107f heating energy consumption in passive house, 108f, 110 units, estimated and observed, 29, performance data, 147f 29f, 30 Plus Energy house, 107, 108f performance data, 145f renewable energy supplies, 144, 145 renewable energy supplies, 144, 145 solar collectors, 110f requirements, 27–28, 37 solar energy power plan, 110f supply, 30–32 supply and demand, 110–111, 111t system diagram, 31f engineers, 28 total energy consumption in units, environmental impact analysis (EIA), 73 estimated and observed, 29, 29f Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), energy, Hammarby Sjöstad, 53, 56–58, 62, 182 63, 64 environmental systems integration, comparative percentages of 183–185, 200–202 renewable energy supply, 142f environmentally responsive building, measured performance versus goals, 54t 164–165 percent supplied by waste versus EPA. See Environmental Protection different demand goals and Agency measured performance, 57t European Millennium Housing performance data, 146f Exposition, 11, 14, 35, 121 production from waste streams per exercise, 127 person, 56t EXPO 2000 World Exposition, 69, 70, 71, renewable energy supplies, 144, 145 72, 121 220 | Index

Fabian, Thomas, 108f green street, 175 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, 157 curb extension, 175f food, 179–180 greenwashing, 185 waste systems, 33–34, 165–166 Greenwich Millennium Village, London, Forum Vauban, 99–100, 111, 126 5–6 Fraker, Harrison, 51f, 134f, 135f, 136f, 137f, 169f Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy 4, 43, 43f, 52f, 121–122, 143. See also Systems (ISE), 97 energy, Hammarby Sjöstad freeway era, 157 aerial view of, 44f Freiberg, Germany, 97. See also Vauban, bicycle system, 49, 62 Freiberg, Germany block plans for, 51f, 135f Vauban’s location within, 99f block type, 130 Freiburger Auto-Gemeinschaft, 99 car trip reduction, 127 fuel efﬁciency, 3 comparative plan for, 132f Fuller, Buckminster, 9 decontamination and, 45 funding, 122, 126 districts, 52 Bo01, 15–16, 18, 35, 38 green space, 52–53, 63, 131, 139f Kronsberg, 72, 74 green space plan, 52f across neighborhoods, 123 Hammarby Gård illustration plan, redevelopment projects in US, 47f 194–195 Kappseglingen courtyard plan, 47f solar energy and, 169–170 Kappseglingen courtyard section Vauban, 99, 110, 114 elevation, 47f lakeside walkway, 53f geothermal. See aquifer-seawater heat LEED-ND rating, 65, 66t, 67t pumps lessons learned, 61–65 Germany. See Freiberg, Germany; location in Stockholm, 45f Hannover, Germany Main street spine plan diagram, 50f global ﬁnancial crisis, 122 master plan, 46, 50f, 124f goal, importance of, 198 parking, 48 Gonzalez, Timothy, 180f pedestrian networks, 49, 53f, 62 Great Recession, 122 performance data, 64 green infrastructure photovoltaic facade screen in, 58f strategies, 172–174 process and plan, 44–48 three-dimensional, 203f public transport, 48–49, 50, 62 green roofs, 106f resilience, 152–153 green space, 37 section drawing of, 138f Bo01, 24–27, 131, 139f Sickla Canal, 44f, 53f

CO2 and, 131 Sjöstad model, 55f Hammarby Sjöstad, 52–53, 63, 131, 139f social agenda, 61, 150–152 Kronsberg, 79–81, 131, 140f storm-water, 59, 60f observations across neighborhoods, street plan, 51f 130–131, 141 sustainability criteria and, 6–8 Vauban, 105, 105f, 106f, 131, 140f temperature ranges per year in, green space factor, Bo01, 24 46f green points criteria, 25 transit plan, 49f, 128f greenery, partial factors, 26 transportation, 48–49 hard surfaces, partial factors, 26 urban design principles, 8 paved surfaces, partial factors, 26 urban form, 49–51, 62–63 green space plan waste, 59–61, 61f Bo01, 27f wastewater cycle, 59f Hammarby Sjöstad, 52f water, 58–59 Index | 221

Hammarby Sjöstad Project Team, 45 bicycle system, 70f, 76–77 Design Code goals, 46–49, 52, 53, block plans for, 78f, 136f 59–61 block type, 130

environmental program goals, 47–48 CO2 emission reductions, 91, 92 Hannover, Germany. See also EXPO comparative plan for, 133f 2000 World Exposition; Kronsberg, context plan, 71f Hannover, Germany; Quality funding, 72, 74 Assurance Program general development plan, 76f Agenda 21, 72, 91 green space, 79–81, 131, 140f energy objectives, 74 infrastructure and amenities plan, 78f housing shortage, 69 LEED-ND rating, 93, 94t, 95t Kronsberg’s location within, 71f lessons learned, 91–93 hard surfaces, 26, 131 location within Hannover, 71f HDD. See heating degree days master plan, 125f health beneﬁts, 127, 181–183, 203 Mulden-Rigolen system, 87f, 88, 88f of contact with nature, 141 open space system plan, 79f Health Promotion International, 141 parking plan, 76, 76f “Healthy Nature Healthy People: passive house, 86–87, 86f, 87f ‘Contact with Nature as an Upstream pedestrian networks, 70f, 76 Health Promotion Intervention for process and plan, 71–75 Populations,” 141 process-based environmental heat island effect, 174 impact analysis, 72f heating degree days (HDD), 15f public spaces plan, 77f height, 23–24 public transport, 72, 76 high-rise blocks, 23–24 resilience, 152–153 holistic urbanism, 123 section drawing of, 138f horizontal developers social agenda, 90–91, 92, 150–152 Malmö City as, 14, 36 storm-water, 88, 91–92 role of, 126 street trees plan, 80, 80f Stockholm as, 61–62 sustainability criteria and, 6–8 Housing Expo Company, 15 temperature ranges per year in, 71f housing markets, 122 trafﬁc concept plan, 73f human agency, 183 transit plan, 129f Hurricane Sandy blackout, 1f transportation, 75–77 hydraulic fracturing, 167 urban design principles, 8 hypercontrast, 23–24, 36–37 urban form, 77–79 view to countryside, 80f information and knowledge viewing mounds, 81f dissemination, 16 waste, 88–90, 89f, 92 inward building, 44 water, 87–88 ISE. See Fraunhofer Institute for Solar zoning, 79 Energy Systems Kronsberg Advisory Council, 73 Kronsberg Energy Concept, 74 Jackson, Richard, 127 Kronsberg Environmental Liaison Agency Johaentges, Karl, 70f, 80f, 81f, 84f, 85f, 86f, (KUKA), 73, 83 87f, 88f, 89f Johansson, Lennart, 44f, 52f, 53f, 58f, 60f, 61f land use, 159, 205 park-and-ride, 163 Kluft, Ian, 172f strategies applied to US, 160–164 Kronsberg, Hannover, Germany, 4, 69–70, Vauban, 103f 69f, 89f, 121–122. See also energy, landscape, urban, 173–174 Kronsberg aesthetics and health, 181–183 aerial view of, 70f, 90f air quality, 175 222 | Index

energy and, 180–181 McBride, Joe, 175 expanded role, 183, 202–203 Melbourne, 163 food and, 179–180 microclimate, 20, 200 microclimate, 174 retrofit potential and, 174 of opportunity, 158–160 zone, 84–85, 85f, 86f storm-water, 175–179 micro-utilities, 2–3, 148, 184 strategies, 91–92 mitigation, 2, 193. See also carbon dioxide urbanism, 131 Momin, Mahammad, 17f, 128f, 129f, 138f, wastewater, 175–179 139f, 140f landscape-hardscape ratio, 131 Mosaic, 170–171 leadership, 198 Mulden-Rigolen system, 87f, 88, 88f Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Nam, Nancy, 49f, 50f, 51f, 52f, 134f, 135f, Development (LEED-ND), 2 136f, 137f, 148f, 202f Bo01 rating, 39, 40t, 41t neighborhood scale, 2, 8, 182, 193, 197– Hammarby Sjöstad rating, 65, 66t, 198. See also micro-utilities; specific 67t neighborhoods Kronsberg, 93, 94t, 95t New York, 1f, 2 point system, 39, 65, 93, 117 Vauban, 117, 118t, 119t Oakland, California, 170–171 LEH. See Low Energy House Olympic Games 2004, 45, 121 Lindhe, Jens, 11f, 23f Ørestad, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5–6 LIP. See Local Investment Program Öresund Bridge, 13f Living Machine®, 177 Öresund Strait, 11, 13 greenhouse example, 178f process rendering, 178f park-and-ride, 159 local food, 180 land use, 163 Local Investment Program (LIP), 15, 17, parking 18, 35 Bo01, 18 location code network, 177f Hammarby Sjöstad, 48 location code sample site, 177f Kronsberg, 76, 76f location code site diagram, 177f photovoltaics over structure, 171f Low Energy House (LEH), 74, 82 Vauban, 101, 102f, 114 low-rise blocks, 23–24 Partnership for Sustainable Luoni, Stephen, 178f Communities, 182 passive house, 86–87, 87f, 108f, 110, Malmö City, Sweden, 13, 15–17. See also 144 Bo01, Malmö, Sweden; Quality diagram, 86f Program standards, 6 agencies, 35–36 paved surfaces, 26 Bo01 location within, 14f pedestrian networks, 130 energy distribution system, 31f Bo01, 18 as horizontal developer, 14, 36 Hammarby Sjöstad, 49, 53f, 62 Mobility Office, 18 health and, 127 mode split average, 19 Kronsberg, 70f, 76 Malmö University, 13 US development, 160–161 master plan Vauban, 101 Bo01, 20f, 124f performance data collection, 5, 6, 7, 54. Hammarby Sjöstad, 46, 50f, 124f See also specific case studies Kronsberg, 125f Persson, Bengt, 27f, 28f, 33f across neighborhoods, 123 Petersen, Torben, 28f Vauban, 125f Plus Energy house, 107, 108f materials, 34–35, 39 Portland, Oregon, 163, 175f Mazria, Edward, 165 potential development, 159 Index | 223

process and plan, 7–8 Sickla Canal, Hammarby Sjöstad, 44f, 53f Bo01, 13–17 Sjöstad model, Hammarby Sjöstad, 55f Hammarby Sjöstad, 44–48 sludge. See wastewater key dimensions in, 198–199 smart grids, 153 Kronsberg, 71–75 smart growth, 130, 160–161 observations across neighborhoods, social agenda, 39 123–126 Bo01, 35, 39, 150–152 Vauban, 98–100 Hammarby Sjöstad, 61, 150–152 West Village, 186–187 Kronsberg, 90–91, 92, 150–152 process-based environmental impact observations across neighborhoods, analysis, 72f 150–152 public commons, 179, 185, 202–203, 208 Vauban, 113–114, 116, 150–152 public space, 3–4, 149 social sustainability, 150–152 greening of, 105 Sohane, Deepak, 138f, 203f Kronsberg, 77f soil Vauban, 104f, 114, 115 decontamination, 15, 16f public transport, 126, 130, 160 infill date and location plan, 16f Bo01, 18 management, 90 Hammarby Sjöstad, 48–49, 50, 62 solar energy, 6. See also specific Kronsberg, 72, 76 technologies Vauban, 101, 102f, 105 collectors, 110f West Village, 187, 187f “community solar,” 170–171 farm, 168f Quality Assurance Program (QAP), 74–75, financing, 169–170 82–83, 91 ISE, 97 Quality Program (Malmö City and location of technology and, 167 developers), 14, 17, 34–35, 36 retrofit potentials, 167–171 energy supply and demand, 27, 30 seasonal thermal storage, 84–85, 84f, 85f Raboff, Joakim Lloyd, 12f, 13f, 22f, 24f Vauban power plan, 110f recycling, 149, 191 solar photovoltaics, 7, 30, 58f, 107, 110, 167, redevelopment agency, 193–195 189 renewable energy. See energy application of, 169 resident cost reduction graph, 170f behavior of, 30, 143 on facade, 171f engagement, 199 over parking structure, 171f resilience, 152–153 on roof, 171f, 190f retrofit potential, for US, 159, 163 solar water heating, 107, 152 aesthetics and health, 181–183 evacuated tube, 30, 30f air quality and, 175 space within space within space, 22–23 energy supply, 165–171, 180–181 Sperling, Carsten, 106f, 108f, 109t food and, 179–180 Stern, Nicholas, 6, 122, 185 microclimate and, 174 Stockholm, Sweden, 50. See also storm-water, 175–179 Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, wastewater, 175–179 Sweden riparian bands campus hydroscape, 178f context plan of, 45f Ritchie, Adam, 9 Hammarby Sjöstad’s location in, 45f Rosenfeld, Art, 174. See also Art Rosenfeld as horizontal developer, 61–62 effect perimeter block concept, 51 transportation infrastructure Sarriguren, Pamplona, Spain, 5–6 investments, 48 Schoenen, Daniel, 108f Stockholm City Plan 99, 44 sewage. See wastewater Stockholm City Planning Administration, shading, 30 45 224 | Index

storm-water management, 149, 175–179 transportation, 2, 199–200. See also Bo01, 26–27, 27f, 28f, 33, 38 bicycle system; pedestrian networks; green street curb extension, 175f public transport Hammarby Sjöstad, 59, 60f access, 162 Kronsberg, 88, 91–92 Bo01, 16, 17–19, 36 Mulden-Rigolen system, 87f, 88, 88f demand reduction, 38–39 planters, 175f Hammarby Sjöstad, 48–49 retention canal, 28f health and mode of, 127 retention pond, 89f Kronsberg, 75–77 swale, 113f Kronsberg traffic concept plan, 73f US, 172 observations across neighborhoods, Vauban, 102, 111, 112, 112f, 113f 126–127 West Village, 191, 191f strategies applied to US, 160–164 strategic residential intensification, 163 urban form related to, 62 streetcar development, 156 Vauban, 100–102, 102f, 114 suburban expansion, 156, 157–158 West Village, 187 Sunpower Inc., 168f, 171f Transurban, 98f, 104f, 113f sustainability. See also specific case Turning Torso, Bo01, 23, 24f, 37 studies 12 percent solution, 204–205, 206f, 207f criteria, 5, 6–8 2030 Plan, 165 at neighborhood scale, 8 “twice as good” principle, 47 Ritchie on, 9 social, 150–152 Ungern-Sternberg, Sven von, 99–100 strategies, 7–8, 9 United States (US), 205. See also retrofit whole-systems approach to, 9, 64 potential, for US; West Village, Davis, Svenska Bostäder (SVEBO), 13–16, 28, California; specific places 35–36 Art Rosenfeld effect, 164, 164f Sweden. See also Malmö City, Sweden; automobile in, 156–157 Stockholm, Sweden bicycle system, 160–161 economic boom, 44 city-building history, 155–158 financial assistance, 61 city-building process, 4, 158–159

housing expositions, 13–14 CO2 emissions, 182 LIP, 15, 17, 18, 35 economy, 122 Sydkraft, 30, 38 energy strategies, 164–165 system design, 3 environmental systems integration, systems integration, 183–185, 200–202 183–185 environmentally responsive Tham, Klas, 14 building, 164–165 thermal bridges, 30 funding redevelopment projects, thermal energy, 54, 55 194–195 seasonal storage, 84–85, 84f, 85f green infrastructure strategies, Tianjin, China, 4 172–174 Tianjin University, 4 health, 127 Toyota Prius, 3 land use strategies, 160–164 transit plan pedestrian networks, 160–161 Bo01, 17f, 128f poverty, 157–158 Hammarby Sjöstad, 49f, 128f redevelopment agency, 193–195 Kronsberg, 129f smart growth, 130, 160–161 Vauban, 129f storm-water systems, 172 West Village, 187f suburban expansion, 156, 157–158 transit-oriented development, 4, 126, 162, transportation strategies, 160– 162t, 199–200 164 systems and context, 161 urban infrastructure, 8–9 Index | 225

urban landscape of opportunity, block type, 130 158–160 businesses and services, 117 waste, 165–166 car trip reduction, 127 wastewater systems, 165–166, commercial buildings in, 102, 103f, 172–173 104 water systems, 172–173 community participation, 98, 100, University of California, Davis, 185– 114, 116, 126, 143 186. See also West Village, Davis, comparative plan for, 133f California context plan for, 100f urban design demographics, 116 competition, 98 funding, 99, 110, 114 landscape strategies, 91–92 green roofs in, 106f principles, 8 green space, 105, 105f, 106f, 131, 140f strategies, 22–23 heating standards, 107f sustainability strategies and, 7–8, 9 housing typologies, 108f urban forest, 175 land use in, 103f urban form, 199–200 “learning while planning,” 98–100, Bo01, 19–24, 36–37 114, 126 Hammarby Sjöstad, 49–51, 62–63 LEED-ND rating, 117, 118t, 119t Kronsberg, 77–79 lessons learned, 114–118 observations across neighborhoods, location within Freiberg, 99f 130 main park boulevard in, 98f transportation related to, 62 master plan, 125f Vauban, 102–105, 115 parking, 101, 102f, 114 West Village, 188 pedestrian networks, 101 urban planning, 15 plaza in, 104, 104f urbanism, 207f process and plan, 98–100 “green,” 204–205 public space, 104f, 114, 115 holistic, 123 public transport, 101, 102f, 105 landscape, 131 resilience, 152–153 Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change section drawing of, 138f (Calthorpe), 204 social agenda, 113–114, 116, 150–152 utilities. See also micro-utilities; speciﬁc storm-water, 102, 111, 112, 112f utilities storm-water swale, 113f integration, 183–185 sustainability criteria and, 6–8 scale, 2 temperature ranges per year, 101f smart grids, 153 transit plan, 129f Utz, Ariel, 29f, 31f, 47f, 77f, 78f, 79f, 87f, 88f, transportation, 100–102, 102f, 114 102f, 139f urban design principles, 8 urban form, 102–105, 115 vacuum toilets, 111 vegetation in, 106f Västra Hamnen (Western Harbor) “City of vertical green in, 106f Tomorrow,” 11–12 waste, 112–113, 116 Vauban, Freiberg, Germany, 4, 97, 97f, water, 111–112 121–122. See also City Council Vauban Vauban actuel, 99, 116 Committee; energy, Vauban; Forum vehicle miles traveled (VMT), 127 Vauban aerial view, 98 waste, 38, 43, 153 aerial view of original housing units, Bo01, 33–34, 33f, 38 108f collection stations, 33f, 61f bicycle system, 101 food, 33–34, 165–166 block pattern, 103f, 104–105 Hammarby Sjöstad, 59–61, 61f block plans for, 137f Kronsberg, 88–90, 89f, 92 226 | Index

observations across neighborhoods, biodigester in, 190f 149–150 context plan, 186f organic, 150 energy, 188–189, 191 recovery, 201 environmental response diagram, removal, 60 189f solid, 149 external shading, 190f types, 88 goals, 187 US, 165–166 as model, 192–193 Vauban, 112–113, 116 process and plan, 186–187 West Village, 191 public transport, 187, 187f waste-to-energy systems, 6, 54–56, 63, 149, site plan, 188f 183, 201. See also energy, Hammarby solar photovoltaics on roof, 190f Sjöstad; specific systems storm-water management, 191, cycle, 57f 191f energy production from waste transit plan, 187f streams per person, 56t transportation, 187 reduce/produce, 202f urban form, 188 retrofit potentials, 165–166, 180–181 vision, 185–186 supply versus different demand waste, 191 goals and measured performance, 57t water, 191 total energy from, 57t Western Harbor. See Västra Hamnen wastewater, 111–112, 149–150, 175–179 whole-systems approach, 9, 64, 115, 116, cycle, 59f 122, 123, 159 treatment plants, 55, 58 community approach, 205 US, 165–166, 172–173 integration at neighborhood scale, water, 16, 153. See also aquifer-seawater heat 182, 193 pumps; solar water heating; storm-water resilience and, 153 management subsystems in, 198 Bo01, 16, 33 technical expertise, 199 boulevards in Chicago, 176f William J. Clinton Foundation’s California’s infrastructure, 172f Climate Positive Development conservation, 149 Program, 6 Hammarby Sjöstad, 58–59 wind energy, 6, 30–32, 38 Kronsberg, 87–88 farm, 168f observations across neighborhoods, 149 location of technology and, 167 US systems, 172–173 machine, 169f Vauban, 111–112 retrofit potentials, 167–171 West Village, 191 wind turbines in Kronsberg, 84f West Village, Davis, California, 182–183, 205 aerial view, 192f Yang, Jessica, 14f, 45f, 71f, 99f, 100f, 125f bicycle system, 187, 187f Yaro, Robert, 2, 193