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Ett Förtätat Malmö – Hur Ser Framtiden Ut?

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Ett Förtätat Malmö – Hur Ser Framtiden Ut? Ett förtätat Malmö – hur ser framtiden ut? A densified Malmö – what will the future bring? Författare: Valentino Dordevic & Michaela Jönsson Handledare: Jonas Alwall Examensarbete i Fastighetsvetenskap FF321F Kandidatnivå 15hp Innehållsförteckning 1. INLEDNING ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PROBLEMOMRÅDE .......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNINGAR .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 AVGRÄNSNINGAR ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2. FORSKNINGSBAKGRUND ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 BRUNDTLANDKOMMISSIONEN ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 GENERELLT OM FÖRTÄTNINGSFORSKNINGEN ................................................................................................. 5 2.3 VAD ÄR URBAN SPAWL? ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.4 VAD ÄR FÖRTÄTNING? .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Positiva aspekter .................................................................................................................................... 9 2.4.2 Negativa aspekter ................................................................................................................................. 11 3. TEORI ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 PLANERARENS TRIANGEL ............................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.1 Sociala planeraren ............................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2 Ekologiska planeraren ......................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.3 Ekonomiska planeraren ....................................................................................................................... 16 4. METOD ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 4.1 VALET AV METOD ......................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 INTERVJUSTUDIE ........................................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 FÄLTSTUDIE .................................................................................................................................................. 20 5. RESULTAT ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 5.1 MALMÖ STAD................................................................................................................................................ 21 5.1.1 Översiktsplan ....................................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.2 Hyllie, Västra hamnen, Rosengård och Sorgenfri ............................................................................... 23 5.2 FÄLTSTUDIE AV FOKUSOMRÅDEN I MALMÖ ................................................................................................. 27 6. DISKUSSION.................................................................................................................................................... 34 6.1 KONFLIKTERNA I PLANERARENS TRIANGEL .................................................................................................. 34 6.2 MALMÖ OCH PLANERARENS TRIANGEL......................................................................................................... 34 6.3 ÄR ETT FÖRTÄTAT MALMÖ ETT POSITIVT MALMÖ? ..................................................................................... 35 6.4 VIDARE FORSKNING ...................................................................................................................................... 36 7. SLUTSATS ........................................................................................................................................................ 37 REFERENSLISTA ............................................................................................................................................... 38 1. Inledning På 1800-talet började en rörelse som aldrig verkar sluta - urbaniseringen (Svanström 2015). Städer världen över har sedan dess bara vuxit och vuxit till de storstäder de är idag. Samtidigt har befolkningen ökat och fortsätter i takt med städerna, hela tiden att växa. Enligt United States Census Bureau (2018) beräknas det år 2018 finnas 7,46 miljarder människor på jorden och redan 2014 bodde 54% av dessa i en urban miljö (Förenta Nationerna [FN] 2014). År 2050 beräknas dessa siffror stiga till 9,6 miljarder (Forsberg 2013) respektive 66% (FN 2014). På nyheterna pratas det bland annat om hur stor bostadsbrist det är i Sverige och samtidigt även hur svårt det är att komma in i bostadsmarknaden för olika grupper (Alestig 2017). En annan aspekt av problemet med denna befolkningstillväxt är att städerna expanderar samtidigt som planetens markyta förblir densamma - där finns snart inte mer yta att exploatera. Problemet med att städerna växer på bredden, är att de börjar ta upp mer och mer markyta vilket resulterar i att det allt mer viktiga jordbruket och skogsmarkerna får mindre plats och naturresurserna avverkas i en allt snabbare takt (Länsstyrelsen 2015). Lösningen på dessa problem torde därför vara att sluta bygga ut staden på bredden och istället fokusera på och bygga en tätare stadskärna. Överallt, i öst och i väst, har vi exempel på städer med höga invånarantal på en relativt liten yta. För att kunna husera alla dessa människor, har detta i de flesta fall gjorts via en tät stadskärna och med byggnation av höghus. Städer som Dubai, Hong Kong och New York har länge varit ett bevis på att vi har de teknologiska lösningar som möjliggör att bygga på höjden och på så sätt förtäta staden. Om man ser till yta och befolkningsmängd i Malmö med en parallell till Manhattan i New York, som i mångas ögon räknas som höghusens huvudstad, kan man se att även om Malmö är 77 km2 stort och Manhattan bara är 58,8 km2 rymmer den sistnämnda ca. 1,6 miljoner människor (United States Census Bureau 2015) medan Malmö idag endast huserar ca 330 000 människor (Malmö stad 2018a). Det finns städer närmare än New York där skillnaderna mot Malmö är stora. Om vi sträcker oss över sundet till grannlandet Danmark och dess huvudstad Köpenhamn hittar vi en stad som till ytan sett är ungefär lika stor som Malmö men som rymmer dubbelt så många invånare (Danmarks statistik). 1 En förtätad stad bidrar inte bara med att lösa nationella frågor såsom att rädda Sveriges bördigaste och viktigaste jordbruksmark från att bli exploaterad eller till att lösa bostadsbristen (Rådberg 2014). En förtätad stad bidrar med största effekt på stadens invånare. Faktorer som är grundläggande för en hållbar utveckling såsom stadens miljö, ekonomi och sociala frågor är de tre faktorer som direkt kommer påverkas vid en förtätning och arbetet ser olika ut beroende på städernas olika förutsättningar. Malmö stad har under en tid arbetat för ett tätare Malmö, och det finns ett flertal exempel på detta, men var finns de och hur arbetar Malmö stad med förtätning idag? I översiktsplanen (2014) beskrivs det vilka fokusområden som kommer vara de prioriterade och vad kommunen vill lägga vikt och resurser på vid utvecklingen av ett tätare Malmö. Genom att granska dessa mål med teoretiska glasögon vill vi undersöka om Malmö stad arbetar med förtätning på ett sätt som är hållbart ur de tre perspektiven socialt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt. Den nya reviderade översiktsplanen (2018) har redan godkänts av kommunstyrelsen och stadsbyggnadsnämnden och är i skrivande stund uppe på kommunfullmäktiges bord för att godkännas innan den kan läggas till handlingarna. 1.1 Problemområde Hållbarhets- och miljötänket präglar samhället dagligen genom att vi ständigt påminns om att vara medvetna om det avtryck vi lämnar på jorden. Det berör allt ifrån att välja ekologisk och närodlad mat till att cykla istället för att ta bilen (WWF 2017). Vi introduceras dagligen till det nya samhället där vi bland annat ska använda oss utav kollektivtrafiken och bo smartare. I takt med denna utveckling av samhället är det viktigt att även stadsutvecklingen följer med i samma riktning. Jordens yta förblir densamma och för att vi inte ska expandera stadens omkrets ytterligare måste vi istället anpassa utvecklingen på den redan befintliga exploaterade marken och göra en förtätning av
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