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Economic Effects of Pacific Halibut Closures on Businesses on the North Coast and the Age, Growth, and Reproductive Status of Pa

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Economic Effects of Pacific Halibut Closures on Businesses on the North Coast and the Age, Growth, and Reproductive Status of Pa ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PACIFIC HALIBUT CLOSURES ON BUSINESSES ON THE NORTH COAST AND THE AGE, GROWTH, AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF PACIFIC HALIBUT IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND CENTRAL OREGON By Miki Tajima Takada A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Natural Resources: Fisheries Committee Membership Dr. Timothy Mulligan, Committee Chair Dr. Joe Tyburczy, Committee Member Dr. Laurie Richmond, Committee Member Dr. Alison O’Dowd, Graduate Coordinator December 2017 ABSTRACT ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PACIFIC HALIBUT CLOSURES ON BUSINESSES ON THE NORTH COAST AND THE AGE, GROWTH, AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF PACIFIC HALIBUT IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND CENTRAL OREGON Miki Tajima Takada Traditionally, the recreational fishery for Pacific halibut has been open in California from 1 May through 31 October. In 2014, however, the Pacific halibut fishery was closed in California during the month of August for the first time in history in an effort to reduce harvest and bring total catch closer to what is allocated to our region by the Pacific Fisheries Management Council (PFMC) Catch Sharing Plan. To determine the effects that the closure had on businesses along the North Coast, I conducted an economic impact survey in 2014. The results of the survey showed that fishing-related businesses lost between zero percent and eight percent of their revenue in 2014, as a result of the closure; lodging and traveler service companies lost between 0.3 percent and one percent of their revenue in the same year. None of the businesses changed the number of employees as a result of the closure. We estimated a decrease in revenue for businesses on the North Coast to be between $189,750 and $222,250. Age and growth are important components in stock assessment models, but biological data in general are scarce on populations of Pacific halibut found in northern California. For this reason, I conducted a study that examined the age and growth of ii Pacific halibut landed in this region, expanding on a previous study to examine possible interannual variation in the age/growth structure, and broadened the study into central Oregon, to compare two distinct bioregions. Results from my study show that mean size- at-age of female Pacific halibut from northern California and central Oregon was larger than those from the IPHC setline surveys in most of Alaska, but similar to those from Oregon and Washington. In addition, fish from this study in northern California and central Oregon were smaller for a given age than those from the 2014 IPHC survey conducted in northern California. Possible reasons for the trend in size-at-age include poor oceanic conditions during my study, the movement of slower-growing halibut into northern Californian waters, and sampling error. The maturity stage of female gonads is also an important component in stock assessment models, but these data are also scarce for Pacific halibut populations in northern California. For this reason, I conducted a study that characterized the maturation of Pacific halibut landed in northern California and central Oregon. I also compared the macroscopic maturity staging method currently utilized by the IPHC against the more rigorous microscopic methods (microscopic staging and measuring oocyte diameter). Results of this study and that of Perkins (2015) indicate that Pacific halibut caught in northern California and central Oregon matured three years earlier than those caught during IPHC setline surveys in waters off of Alaska, and about a year earlier than those caught by the IPHC in Oregon and Washington. The length-at-50%-maturity for Pacific halibut caught in northern California and central Oregon was smaller than that of fish caught in the IPHC setline survey. In addition, for all three stages of maturity observed in iii females (immature, mature, and resting; spawning-stage females were not observed) there was at least 66 percent agreement between macroscopic and histological staging methods, with the highest level of agreement (94 percent) seen in mature ovaries. This study largely validated the macroscopic staging methods because of its high accuracy in identifying mature ovaries; the inaccuracy in distinguishing resting versus immature ovaries had little effect on length- and age-at-maturity analysis. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors, Professor Tim Mulligan and Dr. Joe Tyburczy, for taking a chance on me and accepting me into the fisheries program at HSU. They also provided guidance and constructive criticism when needed. Besides Professor Mulligan and Dr. Tyburczy, I would also like to thank Dr. Laurie Richmond, who was also on my committee, for her insightful feedback and encouragement. I also could not have completed my project without the support and assistance of the Humboldt Area Saltwater Anglers (HASA), a non-profit organization that supports the sustainable stewardship of fish resources and represents the fishing interests of the North Coast. Scott McBain and Casey Allen, as well as the entire HASA board, were instrumental in helping me complete my thesis, especially the section on the economic effects of the closure in 2014. Several members of the halibut fishing community were very generous donors, donating many halibut samples to my project. Gary Blasi, Matt Dallam, Red and Nancy Jioras, Sherry and Tim Klassen, and Jim Yarnall – thank you! I could not have completed the Oregon portion of my thesis without the assistance of the people that work for the Betty Kay charter boat company, out of Charleston, Oregon. The filleters at Betty Kay, Jacob Moore, Speedy Gonzalez, and Auston Salazar were instrumental in helping me get my halibut samples, along with Gaylene Smith, the office manager at the Betty Kay. v My sincere thanks also go to Joan Forsberg, at the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC), Lyndsey Lefebvre at the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center in Santa Cruz, and Liz Perkins. Without Joan’s training on otolith aging and Lyndsey’s on microscopic maturity staging, I know that I would not have been able to complete my thesis. I am also indebted to them because they checked my work on many, if not all of my samples, despite their extremely busy schedules. Liz taught me the IPHC protocol and how to process my samples; I could not have asked for a better mentor. Special thanks also go to Professor Rafael Cuevas-Uribe, Professor John Reiss, Dr. David Bastion, and Sabine Mader for their assistance with the maturity staging portion of the project. Their assistance in helping me create a protocol and analyzing my data were invaluable. I am also grateful to Professor Andre Buchheister for his assistance on cohort data analysis, as well as to Professor Steve Hackett for his assistance in analyzing the data I obtained from the economic impact survey. Pacific Choice Seafood enabled me to collect the samples by lending me totes to place at Woodley Island Marina and providing ice for the totes. A big thank-you, also, to my lab mates: Michelle Succow, Jay Staton, Ian Kellmartin, and John Deibner-Hanson, for putting up with me, and for letting me use the good computer, because that was the one that was attached to the microscope I needed to use. Thank you, also, to Justin Alvarez, for teaching me how to calibrate said microscope. Finally, I would like to thank my family: Waka and Kazuo, my parents, and Ken, for their support. I could not have asked for a better partner than Jim McCord, who was supportive and patient, especially when it came to my car, which smelled like fish for an vi entire summer. I would also like to express gratitude to the McCords, Jane, James, and Jean Marie, for putting up with me. I am also grateful to my friends, Molly Schmelzle, Brandon Drucker, and Ryan Whitmore for their support and for keeping me on track. HASA, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and California Sea Grant provided funding for this project. Additional funding was provided through scholarships by the George and Beverly Allen Student Assistantship, the Humboldt Marine and Coastal Science Institute Student Research Fund, the Graduate Equity Fellowship, and the HSU Textbook Scholarship. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ v LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................ xviii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Basic Life History ....................................................................................................... 1 History of Fishing for Pacific Halibut ........................................................................ 4 Regulations Surrounding Pacific Halibut ................................................................... 7 Pacific Halibut Fishery in California ........................................................................ 13 Objectives of this Study ............................................................................................ 23 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................
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